When the envoy left Guangzhou, they (Chinese officials) paid 14,000 taels of silver in advance to purchase the goods to be shipped. They not only asked our people to pay 10% interest per month, but also asked us to give them the promise we agreed with them after obtaining free tr

When the envoy left Guangzhou, they (Chinese officials) paid 14,000 taels of silver in advance to purchase the goods to be shipped. They not only asked our people to pay 10% interest per month, but also asked us to give them the promise we agreed with them after obtaining free trade was not fulfilled (author's note: because the Dutch did not obtain the privilege of free trade), and our people expressed their dissatisfaction. They actually refused to pay the 14,000 taels of silver owed to us (the 14,000 taels of silver owed to us have been deducted). In response, the envoy would negotiate with the Guangdong vassal kings and protest against their unfair behavior. After that, the Guangzhou government issued a notice that any citizen strictly prohibited him from using sedan chairs to pull the Dutch into the city, and ruled out the possibility of our envoys going to protest. Soon after, the businessman Francois Landtsman and Baron were sent by the messenger to meet the young vassal king and municipal magistrate. The middle of the way encountered an official who ordered his subordinates to attack the messengers on the sedan and beat them with sticks. Our people were forced to get out of the sedan and return to their residence on foot. It is said that the official was greatly annoyed by not receiving our gifts, using it as a revenge. Later, our capable translator Paul Durette, who helped us a lot in the capital and was brutally killed in his home one night. Our people saw that the opportunity was not good, and planned to leave Guangzhou, preparing to say goodbye to the various vassal kings in Guangzhou. One of them said they had a dental disease attack, while the other said they would give gifts first and then meet. 〔104〕

Under this situation, the Dutch mission could no longer stay in Guangzhou, so on February 22, he returned to Bacheng by two clutch ships. The Dutch mission arrived in Guangzhou in 1655 and left in February 1657. This time it took 20 months. Not only did it show a very respectful attitude towards the Qing Dynasty officials from the local to the central government in terms of etiquette, but it also consumed a lot of money in giving gifts and expenses on the way to the north. According to Wei Sihan's statistics, it costs nearly 10,000 guilds and more than 28,000 taels of silver, which does not include the money extorted by Guangdong officials. [105] According to Nihof's statistics, the total cost of the mission reached 98,831 Florida (FI), of which three of which were related to Guangzhou: 4019 Florida to the governor and other officials in Guangzhou; 5935 Florida to the governor and the governor and the general; 43,278 Florida in Guangzhou, Beijing and along the way, including living expenses, boat rentals, etc. [106] But the result disappointed the Dutch. What they most hoped to get was to obtain the privileges of China's free trade, but they did not succeed; they only obtained the permission to "recruit a mission of 100 people every eight years to China, and send 20 people north, and at the same time log in to trade in Guangzhou." The Qing government also claimed: "This is all a decision made for our (referring to the Dutch). [107] 4. Reasons for the failure of the Netherlands to establish a Tonggong trade relationship with the Qing Dynasty during the Shunzhi period

The Dutch East India Company began to seek to open the door to free trade with the Qing Dynasty since the Qing Dynasty entered Guangdong. From the tenth to the thirteenth year of Shunzhi, envoys were sent three times, hoping to communicate with the Qing government and gain privileges for free trade in the Qing Dynasty. Especially the third mission, the scale is large, the gifts are abundant, and the attitude is disrespectful. It can be said that the Dutch side has tried its best to open up the door to the trade relations between Qing and Dutch, but the final outcome is "coming to the court once every eight years", "the goods brought in are traded in the museum and cannot be sold privately on the sea in Guangdong." The tribute trade that only once every eight years does not meet the urgent need of the Dutch East India Company for China's trade. From this point of view, the mission of the Netherlands during this period was a failure. As for the Qing Dynasty, allowing the Dutch to pay tribute every eight years was to "think that the road was dangerous and far" and "to show that they were compassionate to distant people." Of course, this is purely an excuse. The Qing Dynasty was not enthusiastic about the proactive demands of the Netherlands to establish Tonggong trade with China during this period, so it restricted the tribute trade with the Dutch to once every eight years. This promise of "one tribute in eight years" was just a gesture that the Celestial Empire had to make "benefit the gentle and distant people". Therefore, for the Dutch East India Company, which actively demanded Tonggong trade, they failed.Why does this failed ending occur? I think there are several reasons:

(I) The Qing government's concerns about the Dutch

Shortly after the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, its ruling foundation was not solid. I hope that the four barbarians would "re-re-represent to the court", "re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re-re- The Qing Dynasty accepted the Dutch mission just to show its status as the sect leader. "If a country in the Netherlands has never been able to communicate with the word of justice, and now I am here to come back, I wish to be righteous and honest, and this is something that has not been seen in the vast world." [108] This satisfys the vanity of the "Advanced Kingdom of the Heavenly Kingdom". But in order to avoid trouble caused by excessive interactions with foreigners, "my method of dykes seems to be unsolicited." Moreover, the Netherlands has always been "immortality of Yi" and "crawling and fierce". In the Ming Dynasty, the Dutch robbed Portuguese ships and harassment and occupation of Chinese territory by the Dutch in the maritime areas of Macau, South Australia, Xiamen and Taiwan-Penglish areas, and the harassment and occupation of Chinese territory have left a deep impression among the Han scholars and officials. After entering the Qing Dynasty, he plundered Chinese merchant ships and plundered Chinese population on the coast of China and across the Southeast Asian region. For example, in July 1653, Dutch merchant ships publicly robbed three Chinese merchant ships in Siam, robbed more than 30,000 deer skins, cowhides, and said in a disrespectful way: "This is a privilege given by the King of Siam. To prevent the export of deer skins, we just exercised our rights." [109] His piracy undoubtedly aroused the strong indignation of the majority of Chinese merchants and also aroused the Qing Dynasty's vigilance against the Dutch. Although the compassionate attitude shown by the Dutch after entering China has eliminated the concerns of some Manchurian officials, [110] For most Han scholars and officials, the Dutch were still in a stage of extreme distrust. According to the report of Sebastāo Manrique in 1649, "Chinese officials in Guangdong Province reported to their kings considering all these things, saying that the Portuguese in Macau were good people and wanted to do business, while the Dutch were different, doing evil in various oceans and the whole world like pirates." [110] Officials in Guangdong Province represented by Li Qifeng are still worried that once the Dutch trade in China is opened, it will bring serious consequences to the country's coastal defense. Just as Li Qifeng said: "The dangers of border territorial territories should be prevented." [112] It was precisely the Qing court's defensive mentality that restricted the tribute trade with the Netherlands to the smallest scale possible.

(II) The destruction of the Portuguese in Macau and the Jesuits in Qing Palace

Since the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese in Macau have become enemies with the Dutch from the east, especially in the competition for maritime trade interests, and the two sides are in a life-and-death struggle. The Netherlands wants to establish free trade relations with China, which is like killing the Portuguese Macau. Therefore, the Portuguese Macau carried out omnipresent damage to the Dutch mission's visit to China. "The Portuguese tried their best to slander the Dutch in the Tatars, and thus prevent us from obtaining China's free trade." [113] "It is undoubtedly instructed by the Macau people. Guangzhou's povij, or Chinese consultant, slandered the Dutch in front of the vassal kings, and has been notorious in China for centuries and has not been allowed to go to China." [114] "A love letter written by the Portuguese in Macau to the Tatar king in Chinese... was completely slandering, slandering, slandering and slandering the Dutch, using this method to hinder the company's trade in Guangzhou, and make the Dutch be considered suspicious and untrusted there." [115] "The Portuguese Macau were very surprised that our third time sending people to Guangzhou, especially the last envoy, went to Beijing to pay homage to the emperor. They tried every means to slander us in the Beijing Palace." [116] The Jesuits who lived in the Qing Palace for a long time were close to the Portuguese Macau, and the Portuguese Macau was the backing for providing financial assistance to Roman Catholic missionaries. If the Dutch gained trade privileges in China, it would inevitably break the situation where the Portuguese monopoly on China's trade and had a significant impact on Macau's economy. In addition, the Protestantism believed by the Dutch were enemies of the Roman Catholic Jesuits, so these Jesuits also participated in the secret destruction of the Dutch visit to China.The Jesuits Joshua Thompson, Lilys, Anwens and Moonige who served in the Qing Palace at that time, often spread some news that was unfavorable to the Dutch when they interacted with officials at all levels in the capital: "The Jesuits once told them (the officials of the Qing Dynasty) that we (the Dutch) had no country and were engaged in stealing at sea." [118] Especially Adam Schall Von Bell, who had been in the Chinese court for thirty years, was deeply favored by Emperor Shunzhi and was called "Mafa" by Shunzhi (Manchu, meaning of grandfather). Johnson Chan had a great influence in the Qing Dynasty palace. After the Dutch envoy arrived in Beijing, he was appointed as a member of the Ministry of Rites and even slandered the Dutch by any means. He exerted influence on the officials of the Ministry of Rites, saying that the Dutch were pirates and lived on small islands, and the gifts he brought were robbed, and he urged the Ministry of Rites to refuse the Dutch to come to trade. Therefore, officials of the Ministry of Rites investigated the Du Envoy many times and showed great distrust. Nihoff records:

These missionaries in Beijing are the scum among the believers of God and the scum of the whole world. They are here to vilify us, so that the two envoys must deal with all the officials who are curious and ask questions and then leave. When they asked about the two envoys’ titles of official rank in Batavia, we told them, and wrote them in writing and handed them over. Even so, they later asked nine questions about the return trip. 〔119〕

全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全全� [121] Johnson Tom used his influence on Emperor Shunzhi to protect the lifeline of missionary preaching-Macao from competition from the Netherlands. Therefore, it can be said that Emperor Shunzhi changed the tribute of one tribute in five years to one tribute in eight years, which is likely to be influenced by Johnson Chan.

(III) The need to deal with Zheng Chenggong

From the tenth to the thirteenth year of Shunzhi, the domestic political and military environment of the Qing Dynasty was not conducive to the Dutch government requesting Tonggong trade. At that time, except for some areas of the southwest and southeast coastal provinces, there were troops loyal to the Southern Ming regime to fight against the resistance, the entire Chinese mainland basically surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Fujian Province, where the Dutch often traded, was one of the important bases for resisting the Qing rule. Therefore, it was impossible for the Qing Dynasty to not notice that the reason why the army loyal to the Ming Dynasty could continue the war under Zheng Chenggong's command was because he had made great money in overseas trade with the Netherlands and other countries. [122] From 1652 to 1654, the Qing court always wanted to surrender Zheng Chenggong peacefully, but the peace talks broke down. [123] Therefore, starting from 1655, the Qing Dynasty increased its troops against the Zheng family on the one hand, and [124] On the other hand, it tried to cut off the trade between the Qing and Zheng, which was crucial to the Zheng family regime. In August 1655, just a few days after the Dutch envoy arrived in Guangzhou, he ordered the ban on all Chinese ships from trading along the coast. [125] Qing Dynasty officials must have known that Zheng was still doing business with the Netherlands in Taiwan. [126] In this way, they regarded the minimum tribute trade with the Netherlands as a destruction of the Zheng regime's economic sanctions policy and could not accept it. [127] It becomes natural to change one tribute in five years to one tribute in eight years.

(IV) Prevention of the two vassal kings of Guangdong

From the tenth year of Shunzhi, the Dutch East India Company sent a merchant ship to Guangzhou for the first time in the twelfth year of Shunzhi, the most active and enthusiastic supporters were King Pingnan Shang Kexi and King Jingnan Geng Jimao, who held the military and political power of Guangdong and Guangxi. As the two kings entered Guangdong, they had long seen that as the "Son of Emperors" Guangdong's foreign trade could increase their wealth. Therefore, shortly after they arrived in Guangdong, representatives participated in Guangdong's maritime trade. The previous quote "Miscellaneous Notes of Gongyan" records that when the Dutch came to Guangzhou in the tenth year of Shunzhi, "the general of the vassal government, Shen Shangda, used the profit of mutual trading to speak out, and then allowed the Dutch to enter Guangzhou for trade.According to Dutch information, Guangdong's vassal kings were the main participants in this trade:

Before we started trading, the vassal kings asked for some rare items such as doro velvet and amber, and would ask us to provide more in the future. Our people actually do not want to sell goods in this way. It is obvious that the vassal kings will certainly be less than the price we sell to merchants publicly. ...We found that merchants in the royal palace, especially Chinese who were pheasant, used various deceptive means when accepting goods or overweight silver, and even chose to transport them back, which was far from fair trade. 〔128〕

"The profit of mutual trading is to worship the king" and "the merchants of the palace" can fully demonstrate that the two kings have begun to engage in Guangdong's maritime trade. Therefore, their attitude towards the Dutch merchant group was much more active and enthusiastic than other officials in Guangdong Province. They not only held banquets to entertain Dutch merchants, but also arranged for the Dutch to live in, store goods and trade. After the delegation arrived in Beijing, "officers from the Guangzhou vassal kings in Beijing came to welcome the hospitality from the palace." [129] What's more, the Dutch were allowed to send missions to Beijing to pay tribute before informing the central government. This obviously violates the taboos of the court. He already possessed the military and political power in the Guangdong-Guangzhou region and further penetrated into the economic field of foreign trade. This caused the central dynasty to remain highly vigilant against these two officials in charge of southern Xinjiang. Later facts can also prove that the smuggling trade between King Pingnan and the Dutch and the Portuguese in Guangdong became a disaster for Guangdong. "Since the vassal of Shen Shangda took advantage of the ban on the sea, foreign ships did not arrive, so he colluded with the death to build large ships privately, and went abroad to serve as a market. The profits were not profitable. However, he had no profits in the traitors, and there was no national course." [130] "Any good markets in Guangdong, salt, iron, forests, etc. are often given to the vassals and subordinates, which will greatly harm the people." [131] The central dynasty had seen the essence of this trade at that time in the two vassals' active support for the Dutch Tonggong trade, and the beneficiaries were mainly the Guangdong vassal kings. In order to prevent the Guangdong vassal kings from further growing their economic strength, they cannot completely offend these two powerful vassal kings. The central government also needs to use the military strength of the two vassal kings to safeguard the security of the regime of the rigid and unified Qing Dynasty. Therefore, it is impossible to completely reject the Dutch tribute. Therefore, changing the originally proposed tribute to every five years to every eight years was a balanced strategy for the Qing Dynasty to weigh the international and domestic political situation at that time.

5. Discussion

Although the Dutch mission did not achieve its mission during the Shunzhi period, it did not find anything. Judging from the following points, the Dutch's mission is quite meaningful. First, although the open and legal trade relations with the Qing Dynasty were not established, due to close contact with the Guangdong vassal kings (especially the Pingnan King Shang Kexi), a maritime smuggling trade line was established in Guangdong:

businessman Baron reported that he arrived in Guangzhou safely from the senior officials on November 22 (1557), and the vassal kings there still acquiesced to trade there as before... The value of the goods shipped was

f.14,878,1,13, and the result was f.23,667,10,15. As long as they allowed us to trade on board in Humen Bay, there was no rush to set up a fixed store in Guangzhou. 〔132〕

Our people led the above two Clippers to successfully arrive at Humen Bay 12 Hollywoods from Guangzhou on July 10 (1658). The next day, the vassal king sent someone to board our ship to inspect the quality and type of goods we brought, and expressed his intention to reach a deal with us on the ship cargo. ...After the goods put into the above market are sold, f.135,038,13,2 are obtained. [133]

It can be seen that the maritime smuggling trade between the Dutch and Guangdong vassal kings in the Humen Bay area outside the sea in Guangzhou has become a regular economic activity. Second, it laid the foundation for the Qinghe joint attack on the Zheng Group in the second year of Kangxi. In the 12th year of Shunzhi, the Dutch mission was originally intended to unite the Qing Dynasty to deal with the Zheng Chenggong group, but because the Qing government did not pay attention to it, no consensus was reached. In the second year of Kangxi (1663), after the Dutch lost Taiwan, they once again proposed to help the Qing army to "assist the suppression of maritime rioters". [134] and signed an agreement with the Qing side, with the Dutch Navy to help the Qing army conquer Kinmen and Xiamen under the control of Zheng, and achieved success.[135] It is obvious that the Qing-Hols joint military operation in the second year of Kangxi should be the continuation of the military strategy of "union of Qing and destroying Zheng" proposed by the Dutch during the Shunzhi period. The above two points should be the gains of the Netherlands. For the Qing Dynasty, allowing the Dutch to pay tribute every eight years means including the Netherlands, a Western powerhouse that was rampant in China's sea in the 17th century and long regarded as its old enemy by China, was included in the tribute system of the Qing Dynasty. This was a precedent in the history of China-Europe relations, laying the foundation for further in-depth contact between the Qing Dynasty and the Netherlands, and opening a new page in the history of Sino-Dutch exchanges.

Note:

〔1〔1〕China's First Historical Archives, the first volume of "Compilation of Archives of the Macao Issues in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (hereinafter referred to as the "Compilation"), Volume 16, "The Minister of Rites Lang Qiu wrote a message to the Netherlands to send envoys to Guangdong to send a council to Guangdong to send a copy" page 33, People's Publishing House in 1999.

〔2〕Boxer, DutchMerchants and Mariners in Asia (1602-1795), Variorum reprints, London 1988; Jan Compaginie in War and Peace 1602-1799, Po Fung Printing Co, Hong Kong, 1979. J.E. Wills, Embassies and Illusions, Harvard University Press, 1984. L. Blusse, "History of Sino-Dutch Interactions", Lukoudian Press, 1989; Yang Yanjie's "History of Taiwan in the Times", Jiangxi People's Publishing House, 1992; [Holland] Bao Leshi [Zhong] Zhuang Guotu's "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Envoy of the Dutch Envoy", Xiamen University Press, 1989; Zhang Wenqin's "Trade and Exchanges between the Netherlands and Guangzhou Ports in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" was published in "Guangzhou and Ocean Civilization", Sun Yat-sen University Press, 1997.

〔3〔〔〔〔英〕 Hall, translated by Sun Yat-sen University Southeast Asia Institute (Volume 1), pp. 361-362, Commercial Press, 1982.

〔4〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕�

〔5〕〔History of Ming Dynasty Volume 325〔Biography of the Netherlands〔Also see Tang Kaijian's "Three European Kingdoms written by Xiong Mingyu in the late Wanli period", published in "Research on Chinese and Western Culture" by the Institute of Chinese and Western Culture of Macau Institute of Technology, No. 2, 2002.

〔6〕See Tang Kaijian's "Annotation of the Comprehensive Response to the Beginning and Final Response of the Response" page 132-142, Guangdong People's Publishing House, 2004.

〔7〕The previous disclosure of "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 12, "Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Tong Yangjia, please allow people in Haojing to trade and use wealth and wealth" page 23.

〔8〕C.lmbanlt–Huart: "History and Geography of Taiwan Island" page 21, Taiwan Research Series.

〔9〕See Zhang Jinsong's "Seeing the early trade between Japan and Zheng and Japan and the Netherlands in the Edo Locklands from the Diary of the "Nagasaki Holland Pavilion", published in "Research on Foreign Issues" No. 1, 1994.

〔10〕Previously revealed "History of Sino-Dutch Interactions", page 61.

〔11〕〔Nazaki Dutch Commercial House Diary〔〔Page 3, 228, quoted from the previous disclosure of "Seeing the early Japanese-Zheng-Zheng-Japan-Dutch Trade in the Edo Country from the Diary of the "Nazaki Dutch Commercial House Diary", "Research on Foreign Issues" Issue 1, 1994.

〔12〕C.F.S: Volume 1 of "Negated Formosa", it is compiled by Zheng Chenggong Historical Investigation Research Group of Xiamen University, pages 121-122, Fujian People's Publishing House, compiled by Zheng Chenggong Historical Investigation Research Group, Xiamen University.

[13] Cheng Shaogang translated and annotated "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 458, Taipei Lianjing Publishing Company, 2002.

〔14〕Previously revealed "History of Sino-Dutch Interactions" page 61.

[15] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 24, 1655" page 431.

[16] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 458.

[17] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on February 1, 1656" page 435.

[18] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on February 1, 1656" page 451.

[19] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 471.

〔20〔Qing Dynasty〔Liang Tingyu's "The Four Statements of the Sea Kingdom" Volume 3 "The State of the Netherlands", Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, page 205.

[21] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 471.

[22] Previously, the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 15, "Inspector Guangdong Supervisory Censor Yang Xunying reported that the Dutch ship Humen and Portuguese living in Macau were long-standingly cited. Please confirm whether the Tonggong-to-trade market should be allowed" page 30-31.

[23] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 14, "Guangdong Supervisory Censor Yang Xunying reported that the Dutch ship Humen and Portuguese living in Macau have long been said to have a dispute. Please confirm whether the Tonggong-to-people should be allowed to trade together" page 25.

〔24〔Japanese〕〔Japanese translation and notes by Naojiro Murakami, Chinese translation of "Diary of Batavia City" by Cheng University, Volume 3, May 1653, pages 119-120, Zhongwen Book Company, 1991.

[25] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 371.

[26] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 372.

[27] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 374.

[28] Previously, the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 14, "Yang Xunying, the Censor of the Inspectorate of Guangdong, reported that the Dutch ship Humen and the Portuguese living in Macau were long-standingly cited. Please confirm whether the Tonggong-to-people should be allowed to trade together" page 25.

[29] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 17, "The Minister of Rites Hu Shi'an wrote a report to the Dutch City Tribute that it is not trustworthy and that it has a grudge against the Portuguese living in Macau. Please strengthen the defense of the coastal areas" page 35.

〔30〕【Qing Dynasty】Huang Foyi: "Guangzhou Chengfang Zhi", Volume 5 "Huaiyuanyi" page 310, punctuation version of Jinan University Press, 1994.

[31] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 372.

[32] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" pages 374-375.

〔33〕Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 14, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng's instructed report that Dutch ships come to Guangdong to demand trade may have conflicts with Portuguese living in Macau, and must consider the long-term plan" page 28-29.

[34] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 377.

[35] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 373.

〔36〕Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 14, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng's instructed report that Dutch ships come to Guangdong to demand trade may have conflicts with Portuguese living in Macau, and must consider the long-term plan", page 27.

[37] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 17, "The Minister of Rites Hu Shi'an wrote a report to the Dutch City tribute that it is not trustworthy and has a grudge against the Portuguese living in Macau. Please strengthen the defense of the coastal areas" page 37.

〔38〕Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 14, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng's inquiry from the Dutch ships coming to Guangdong for trade may have conflicts with Portuguese living in Macau, and must consider the long term", pages 29-30.

[39] Previously, the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 15, "The Inspector Guangdong Supervisory Censor Yang Xunying reported that the Dutch ship Humen and the Portuguese living in Macau were long-standingly cited. Please confirm whether the Tonggong-to-people should be allowed to trade together" page 32.

[40] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 15, "Yang Xunying, the Censor of the Inspectorate of Guangdong, reported that the Dutch ship Humen and the Portuguese living in Macau, asked the Ministry to confirm whether the Tonggong-to-Tong trading should be allowed" page 32.

〔41〕The previous disclosure of "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 12, "Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Tong Yangjia, please allow people in Haojing to trade and use wealth and wealth" page 23.

[42] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 13, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng's article of submitting a letter to the Macao barbarians to surrender and pray for colleagues to treat each other as one's feelings" page 23.

〔43〕Tang Kaijian's "The Direction of the Macau-Portugal regime in the early Qing Dynasty and its Relationship with the Qing Government", published in "Chinese Literature and History Series" Volume 1, 2002, pages 88-91, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.

[44] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 14, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng's instructed report that Dutch ships come to Guangdong to demand trade may have conflicts with Portuguese living in Macau, and must consider the long-term plan", page 30.

[45] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 15, "Yang Xunying, the Censor of the Inspectorate of Guangdong, reported that the Dutch ship Humen and the Portuguese living in Macau, had long been accused of being asked to confirm whether the Tonggong-to-people should be allowed to trade together" page 32.

[46] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 17, "The Minister of Rites Hu Shi'an wrote a report to the Dutch City tribute that it is not trustworthy and that it has a grudge against the Portuguese living in Macau. Please strengthen the defense of the coastal areas" page 42.

〔47〕J.E. Wills (Wei Sihan), Jr. Embassies and Illusions, pp. 41, 1984. Wei Sihan said here: "Frerekside led a delegation to stay in Guangdong from August 29, 1652 to March 19, 1653." On August 29, 1652, he went to Guangdong to say that he was incompatible with the Netherlands' documents and it should be a mistake.

[48] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 374.

[49] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 374.

[50] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" pages 374-378.

[51] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 378.

〔52〕Jiang Shusheng's translation and annotation "Relan Chacheng Diary", Ⅲ-E1654-9 page 316, Tainan Municipal Government, 2003.

[53] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 379.

[54] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 382.

[55] Previously revealed "Jeranzha City Log", III-E1654-9 page 316.

[56] Previously revealed "Jeranzha City Log", III-E1654-9 page 317.

[57] Previously revealed "Diary of the City of Batavia" Volume 3, December 1653, page 140.

[58] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 381.

[59] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 383.

[60] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 383.

[61] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 382.

[61] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 384.

[63] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 382.

[64] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" page 373.

〔65〕Peter Auber,China:an Outline of its Government,Law,andPolicy,London 1834.PP86-87.

[66] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 469, and "Bacheng Report on December 17, 1657" page 490.

〔67〕〔Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties〔Chapter 4, "Translation of the Dutch State" page 377, Commercial Press, 1936. Previously, Zhang Wenqinwen interpreted "Eight Answers" as "Lanma Island", and mistakenly regarded the notes added when people sorted out files as the original text of the archives. The Governor of Bacheng should have been a preface written before July 14, 1655, so the location of the presentation is "Eight Answers", and "Eight Answers" is a different translation of "Batavia", which is a mistake.

〔68〕 "Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties" edited by C, "Translation of the Dutch Kingdom and the Two Kings' Literature", page 378.

[69] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" pages 469-470.

[70] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 470.

[71] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 470.

〔72〕〕〔Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties〔Chapter 4, "The King of Pingnan Revealed Posts" page 382.

〔73〔Holland Bao Lesi〔Zhong〕〔Study on "Records of the First Visit to China by the Envoy of the Lotus" Page 51, Xiamen University Press, 1989.

[74] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 470.

[75] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 473-474.

[76] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 490.

[77] Previously revealed "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Dutch Envoy"" page 53.

[78] Previously revealed "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Dutch Envoy"" pages 53-54.

〔79〕《Classic of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 505《Tribute, Chaoyi" Page 851, photocopy of Zhonghua Book Company, 1991.

[80] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 471.

[81] Previously revealed the "The State of the Four Seas" of "The State of the Constitution" Volume 3 "The State of the Netherlands" page 206. "Qinghui Dictionary Examples" Volume 503 "Tribute·Tribute" Page 1 of "Tribute" is slightly different. One is that there is no number of tributes, and the other is that the records of "Golden Sword" are missing.

〔82〕Previously revealed the "The State of the Four Seas" of "The State of the Constitution" Volume 3 "The State of the Netherlands" page 206. "Qinghui Dictionary Examples" Volume 503 "Tribute and Tribute" page 1819-820, which is completely consistent. However, the "Guangdong Dao Gongguo" stipulates that the envoys pay tribute to the 12th year of Shunzhi, and the Dutch tribute envoys who came to Beijing were also calculated in the 13th year of Shunzhi, which is actually a mistake. In the 12th year of Shunzhi, the envoys only arrived in Guangzhou and had not yet entered the capital. In the 13th year of Shunzhi, the Dutch envoys came to the capital. Both the king's tribute and the envoy's tribute were presented in the thirteenth year. Liang Tingyi's "Guangdong Customs Chronicle" (2002 reviewed by Guangdong People's Publishing House) Volume 22 "Trial Ship" 2 "Netherlands" pages 441-442 are the same errors.

[83] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 479.

[84] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 482.

[85] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 483.

[86] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 485.

[87] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 485.

[88] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 485.

[89] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 486.

[90] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 486. The last banquet of the East India Company Affairs Report was October 13, and the Diary of Nihof's Mission was October 14.

[91] The previous article revealed the "The State of the Four Seas" of "The State of the Constitution" Volume 3 "The State of the Netherlands" pages 206-207. "Qinghui Dictionary Examples" Volume 506 "Tribute and Gift" Page 1, 857 contains different texts but the content is consistent.

[92] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 486.

[93] The previous disclosure of "Qinghui Classics" Volume 505 "Tribute·Church" page 851.

[94] Previously revealed "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Dutch Envoy"" page 90.

[95] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 486.

〔96〔〔〔〔〔〔US〔Ma Shi, translated by Zhang Jiangwen and others in "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, Page 53, Commercial Press, 1963.

[97] Previously revealed "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Dutch Envoy"" page 85.

[98] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 487-488.

〔99〔Italian〕Ma Guoxian, translated by Li Tiangang, "The Thirteenth Year of the Qing Dynasty: Memories of Ma Guoxian in China" Chapter 19, Pages 91-93, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004.

[100] "A Brief Record of the King of Portugal's Sends to the Emperor of China and the Special Envoy of the Tatar Emperor Manesar Daniel (1667-1670) to Departure in Guangzhou", which is published in the "Historical Geographical Certification of Sino-Portugal Relations" page 167-198, Macau Foundation, 2000.

〔101〕《Shenzhi Shunzhi's True Records》 Volume 103 August Jiachen No. 13th year of Shunzhi, page 803-804, photocopy of Zhonghua Book Company, 1986.

〔102〕Leonard Blussé&K﹒ Falkenburg, Johan Nieuhofs Beelden van een Chinareis 1655-1657, Middleburg, 1987, p18. The translation here is quoted from the previous revelation of "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Dutch Envoy" page 40.

[103] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 487.

[104] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 487.

〔105〕J.E. Wills, Jr. Embassies and Illusions, p43, 1984.

〔106〕Chinese Repository, Vol.13, p407.

〔107〕Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662〔Nine "Bacheng Report, December 17, 1657" page 489.

[108] Previously revealed the "Compilation" Volume 1, 14, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng's report that Dutch ships come to Guangdong to demand trade may have conflicts with Portuguese living in Macau, and must consider the long-term plan" page 25.

[109] Previously revealed "Seeing the early Japanese-Zheng-Zheng-Japan-Dutch Trade in Edo Country from the Diary of the Dutch Commercial House of Nagasaki" page 21.

[110] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" Page 371: "The government there (the Qing government received the opposite report, ... The Chinese not only failed to see and discover the bad quality described by people in the Dutch, but they could only draw the conclusion from their interactions with the Dutch: they were fair merchants." "Report of Bacheng, January 31, 1657" Page 472: "On the contrary, we are increasingly understanding and support from the Tatar emperor and his officials, and they finally began to eliminate misunderstandings about us." "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1657" Page 483 －484: "Chinese court officials continue to destroy our favorable feelings left by repeated explanations from the Tatars." "Report on Bacheng, December 17, 1657" page 482: "This unqualified Tatar is still more useful to us than a gorgeously decorated Chinese, because this powerful Tatar has shown good intentions to us in many cases."

〔111〔Portuguese Manrik, translated by Fan Weixin, "The Missionary Route of East India", published in the Macao Cultural Magazine "Chinese Landscape in the Perspective of Iberian Literature in the 16th and 17th Century", pp. 251, Elephant Publishing House, 2003.

〔112〔Previously revealed "Compilation" Volume 1, No. 14, "Guangdong Governor Li Qifeng, the Dutch ships coming to Guangdong to demand trade may conflict with Portuguese living in Macau, must be discussed in the long term" page 30.

[113] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Sherlock Holmosa: 1624-1662"9 "The Report on Bacheng on January 19, 1654" page 371.

[114] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Sherlock Holmosa: 1624-1662"9 "The Report on Bacheng on January 19, 1654" page 371.

[115] Previously revealed "The Log of the Geranzha" Ⅲ-E, 1654 page 314.

[116] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Sherlock Holmosa" Holmosa: 1624-1662》9《Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657》 page 472.

〔1〔117〕see〔French〕Fai Lai, Feng Chengjun translated "Biography of Jesuits in China and Bibliography" by Joshua Tsang, Lilys, Anwensi, and Moonige, Zhonghua Book Company, 1995.

〔118〕Previously "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662〕9《Bacheng Report on December 17, 1657》 page 479.

〔119〕Previously "Research on "The First Visit to China by the Envoy of the Dutch"〔Previously "A Study on the First Visit to China by the Envoy of the Dutch"〔〔 〔120〕V.d.Horst,De eerste Nederlanders, Verre Naasten Naderbij, Vol.10,P31.

[121] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng on December 17, 1657" page 488.

[122] Before 1653, the Dutch and Zheng Chenggong Group had not yet broken down, and the trade between the two sides was extremely close. [Qing Dynasty] Yang Ying's "The Legend of the Kings" (Fujian People's Publishing House, 1981) page 63: In 1653, Zheng Chenggong wrote a letter To Zheng Zhilong: "The coastal areas are what I have; the East and West foreign trade are what I have grown and reproduced; the advance and war and retreat are more than enough." On October 21, 1653, Zheng Chenggong wrote to the Taiwan chief: "For several years, I have tried my best to fight the Tatars, which cost a lot. I thought it was necessary to send all kinds of ships to Batavia, Siam, Japan, Tokyo, officials and other places to trade, and use the income from them as military trade." See Johannes Huber,The Correspondenee between Zheng Chenggong and the Netherlands East India Company in the 1650, Chinese translation see "Proceedings of the International Academic Conference on Zheng Chenggong Research", Jiangxi People's Publishing House, 1989.

[123] See Gu Cheng's "History of the Southern Ming Dynasty" Chapter 24, Section 3, "The Qing Dynasty's Pleading Activities for Zheng Chenggong", China Youth Publishing House, 1997, pp. 743-763.

[124] Although the Dutch missions not only opened the economic purpose of China's trade, they also had the military purpose of jointly exterminated the Zheng Chenggong Group with the Qing government. This is about this issue in the first part of this article. Strangely, the Qing Dynasty seemed to be uninterested in the military operation of "Union of Hebei and Destroy Zheng". Therefore, when the Dutch mission visited Beijing, the Qing government did not mention the matter of "union of the Hebei Destruction of Zheng". The Dutch data explained this: "After our request for free trade was rejected, the messenger failed to try to show that we were interested in helping the emperor, and launched an attack on the national surname by the land and water. Because of such a major event, they (referring to the Qing government) would not easily believe that we have the right to decide on our own, especially that we did not mention any words in our letters to the emperor, and there was no other suggestion except free trade, and it was difficult to win his trust and pay attention to it. We believe that not only did our people not do things inappropriately, but did their best to do it. If we settle the matter, we might have a better chance in the future. Because the promise of providing aid from sea is not easy ("Bacheng Report, December 17, 1657" page 488). I think that on the one hand, the Qing government realized that it was not an easy task to ask the Netherlands to send troops from sea to attack Zheng Chenggong; on the other hand, because the Qing government rejected the Dutch's request for free trade, it naturally would not talk to the Dutch about "unification of Zheng with the United Holy Ho".

〔125〔Qing Dynasty〔Jiang Liangqi's "Donghuazi" Volume 7, 12th year of Shunzhi: "It is strictly forbidden to coastal provinces, and there is no limit of sails entering the sea, and violators will be given a serious punishment."

〔126〕 Although Zheng and He's relationship became increasingly tense after 1653, Zheng Chenggong continued to maintain trade relations with Taiwan. Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 19, 1654" Page 390: "Another letter (letter) comes from Guoxing, and the content is full of flattery, and how they strive to maintain friendly relations with the company, conduct trade, and hope that we can help their merchants. According to Guoxing, 10 large sailboats will be prepared to trade with the Grand Secretary (Taiwan)". It was after Zheng Chenggong issued a ban in July 1656 that "no Chinese within his jurisdiction allowed to go to trade with senior officials, and those who violated their heads" ("Bacheng Report on January 31, 1657" page 458), in 1657, Guo's surname actually allowed his subordinates to re-enter trade between China and senior officials. This trade opened in early September, and Chinese sailing ships quickly transported 11,000 dan of pepper from our people, at a price of 10 to 12 dan, and a large number of other commodities (Bacheng Report, January 6, 1658, pages 491-492).

〔127〕J.E. Wills, Jr. Embassies and Illusions, P43.

〔128〕Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662"9〔Bacheng Report January 19, 1654〔page 374-375.

[129] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 17, 1654" page 479.

〔130〕【Qing Dynasty】Hao Yulin's "(Yongzheng) Guangdong General History" Volume 62 "Art and Literature" 4 quotes Wu Xing's "Commentary on the Elimination of the Vastrous Governments" pages 3-4, Wenyuan Pavilion's Siku Complete Book.

〔131〕【Qing Dynasty】Wang Yue's "Shuixi Ji", quoted Liu Fengyun's "Research on the Three Feudals of the Qing Dynasty" page 144, Renmin University of China Press, 1994.

[132] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Bacheng Report on January 6, 1658" page 500.

[133] Previously revealed "The Dutch in Shermosa: 1624-1662" 9 "Report of Bacheng, December 14, 1658" page 503-504.

〔134〕《The Real Episodes of the Qing Dynasty Kangxi" Volume 12 March of the second year of Kangxi.

[135] Previously revealed Yang Yanjie's "Homoto-Homoto-Homoto-Homoto-Homoto-Homoto-Qing Dynasty" Chapter 8 Section 1 "Homoto-Qing Joint Attack on Zheng's Family" page 290-291.