Research on Jiangxi Place Names
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Abstract : This article first verifies the Taiwan place names on the "Fujian Coastal Defense Map" in the Ming Dynasty, pointing out that this map draws 22 important place names in Taiwan from north to south, not only fully draws the west coast of Taiwan Island from Keelung to Eluanbi , but also includes the Vase Island among the three northern islands in Taiwan and the Huangwei Island in the Diaoyu Islands. This proves that Taiwan was not only under the jurisdiction of Fujian during the Ming Dynasty , but also the Chinese knew Taiwan very well, and the Chinese were the first to draw a complete map of Taiwan. Some people used to believe that the Chinese in the Ming Dynasty had never drawn a complete map of Taiwan. According to the "Fujian Coastal Defense Map", this view is completely wrong. This map also draws Beigang and Wanggang , resolving the debate among predecessors about the location of these two ports.
keyword : Taiwan; Fujian; Haipong; Wugang; Beigang
For a long time, many scholars have proposed based on some maps of China and the West that they have seen that Taiwan was mistakenly painted as several islands before the 17th century, and believe that China's understanding of Taiwan's geography in the Ming Dynasty was always unclear, and mistakenly believed that China in the Ming Dynasty did not clearly depict Taiwan. Some people even came to the wrong conclusion that Taiwan did not belong to the Ming Dynasty based on this wrong understanding. Some people say that Spanish or Dutch first drew the complete Taiwan Island . In fact, they did not see the "Fujian Coastal Defense Map" collected by the library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the 6th year. This picture paints the western coast of Taiwan from Keelung to Eluanbi into a continuous and complete island, and 20 place names are evenly distributed on the west coast of Taiwan, and 2 place names are in Huavine Island and Huangwei Island. Because this picture has not been fully published for a long time, it is unknown to the world. This article has fully verified the Taiwanese place name in this precious map for the first time.
The second volume of "Attachment of Ancient Chinese Map" "Ming Dynasty Volume" intercepted and published some of the contents of "Fujian Coast Defense Map". The text in the appendix introduces that this drawing is painted on the drawing, 580 cm long and 41 cm wide, and the author is unknown. The beginning of this picture indicates: "The south is in front left, and the north is in back right." That is, this picture is in the east and west, the left is in the south and the right is in the north. Haicheng County was established in the 45th year of Jiajing (1566). The text on the picture also discusses the events of the 20th year of Wanli (1592) and the 25th year, so the picture may have been painted in the middle and late Wanli period to defend against Japanese pirates. This Ming Dynasty "Fujian Coast Defense Map" paints Taiwan and Luzon, which is extremely precious. However, the Ryukyu Kingdom in the 76th picture is actually Okinawa. The text of the "Ancient Chinese Map Collection" mistakenly believes that this Ryukyu Kingdom is Taiwan today. The so-called opening notation is actually annotation of Nan'ao Island on the picture, and finally says: "So Nan'ao travels to Xindi, the south is the front left, and the north is the back right. The focus is on guarding the south." Therefore, the front left and the north are the back right do not refer to the direction of the whole picture, but the whole picture is indeed the top east and the east down west, the left south and the right north. Jiang Yong and Sun Jingguo also introduced this picture. Sun Jingguo published the full picture in "The Essence of Map", so that we can understand the full picture of this picture. Regarding the Luzon and Okinawa sections of this picture, the author has another special article, and this article discusses the Taiwan section. This picture is the most detailed Fujian nautical chart in the Ming Dynasty. It reaches the north to Nancui Island in Zhejiang Province and the south to the junction of Fujian and Guangxi, and it fully draws Nanao Island, which belongs to Fujian and Guangxi Provinces. The important coastal defense area is attached with detailed text descriptions, introducing the war history and defense strategy here. Even marking how many ships can be parked in important harbors and avoid storms in a certain direction, the distance to the surrounding harbors is also marked, so this picture is very credible. This map also draws Beigang and Wugang, which solves the debate between Beigang and Wugang in one fell swoop, and solves the problem of Beigang location.
(I) Huangma Island and Hua Vin Island
"Ming Dynasty Coastal Defense Map" draws 6 small islands between Taiwan Island and Okinawa Island , and two names of Huangma Island and Hua Vin Island near Taiwan Island (Figure 1). Huangma Island is the Huangwei Island near Diaoyu Island, and Hua Vase Island is the Hua Vase Island. Chen Kan, who was on a mission to Ryukyu in the 13th year of Jiajing (1534), said: "I passed Diaoyu Island, Huangmao Island, and Chiyu Island, and I was overwhelmed by the eyes."Guo Rulin, who was on the 40th year of Jiajing, said: "I passed Huangmao on ten days, passed Diaoyu Island on the first day of the leap month, and arrived at Chiyu Island on three days. Chiyu is the local mountain in the boundary of Ryukyu. "Huangmao means yellow hair, also known as Huangwei Island, Chiyu means Chiwei Island .
(II) Chicken, Chiyun Port, and Freshwater
The picture marks Chicken and Chiyun Port in the north of Taiwan Island (Figure 2), and clearly shows a huge bay. It is across the mountains in the south, and there is freshwater, in a smaller estuary. The chicken cage in the north may be in Keelung Port Peace Island ( The indigenous Jilong Society on Sheliao Island ), Jilong Port is now Keelung Port , and Tamsui is the estuary of the Tamsui River in Taipei.
(III) Zhiba Mountain
This picture marks the Chiba Mountain on the south bank of the Tamsui River estuary, but the mountains are not in line with each other. This name should be Chiba Mountain (see Figure 2). This place is in the indigenous Zhiba Society, which is now Zhiba Mountain, which is now Zhiba City, Zhongli City, Taoyuan County. Lishan should refer to nearby mountains, but Zhibali is far away from mountains, so the mountains here may refer to the indigenous areas, or the terrace groups of Taoyuan.
(IV) Xingang
Tanshui River estuary south is a huge bay, and the cape south is marked with Xingang (Figure 3), and the south is a smaller bay. Xingang is the indigenous Xingang Club, which is in Xinminli, Houlong Town, Miaoli County, and is still today There are the names of Xishe and Dongshe. Houlongxikou is the prominent coast, with its north and south coasts sunken, that is, the bays of the north and south on the map.
(V) Bengshan
There is Bengshan south of the southern bay of Xingang (see Figure 3), which is the Bengshan Eight Society of the Qing Dynasty documents. Volume 6 of Huang Shuqi's "Taiwan Sea Envoy Cha Record" said that Bengshan Eight Society is: "Dajia Dongshe, Dajia Xishe, Wanli, Nanri, Maoyu, Fangli, Shuangliao, and Tunxiao. "Dajiadong Society is in the current Waipu Township of Taichung, Dajiaxi Society is in the current Da'an Township of Taichung, Wanli is in the current Yuanli Town , Nanri is in the current Yuanli Town , Maoyu is in the current Zhongzhengli Town of today, the room is in the current yard of today Yuanli Town, Shuangliao is in the current Dajia Town of Taichung, and Tunxiao is in the current Miaoli Tongxiao Town.
(Sixth) Niushan
月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月月� The place name of Fujian is mistakenly drawn to Taiwan Island. However, the place name of Taiwan Island in the picture is only one example, and there is no other misalignment.
(7) Sanlin and Erlin
(8) Wantou
(9) Small Fishing Island
Bay Head south, next to the river estuary, there is a small fishing island (see Figure 5). However, the island is not drawn on the picture. This small fishing island should be in the southwest of Yunlin County and has now become a land. From the south of Yunlin County, a large sandbank appears on the coast, so the name of a small fishing island appears. The name is also named by the Han people. It should be the place where Fujian people live when fishing in Taiwan.
(I) Beigang
Small fishing islands facing south, three small bays, and there is Beigang (Figure 6). It should be Beigang Town in the south of Yunlin County today, but it is not the center of Beigang Town. Beigang is a famous fishing ground in Taiwan in the late Ming Dynasty. It has many records in literature and has many studies by predecessors, but the predecessors still have many controversies about the specific location of Beigang. Li Xianzhang believed that Beigang ( Bengang ) became a settlement in the Qing Dynasty, and it seems that it is definitely wrong now.Because this statement lacks evidence, his reason is just the lack of historical materials from Bengang in the Ming Dynasty. Some people believe that Beigang is in the southern part of Yunlin County today, but there is no clear evidence. The south of Beigang in "Fujian Coastal Defense Map" is the big line head and Wugang, and the location of the big line head is very clear, which can prove that Beigang is indeed in the southern part of Yunlin County, and Beigang is not Wugang, which resolves the debates of predecessors in one fell swoop.
Beigang should be located in the area of Beigang Town in the southern part of Yunlin County to Liujiao Township in the northern part of Chiayi County, but not in the center of Beigang Town. Today's Beigang Town was originally Bengang North Street, but later it was simply called Beigang. Bengang Street was originally located in the current Chiayi County in Xinan. The flood in the 15th year of Qianlong (1750) divided Bengang Street into two parts, north and south. The flood in the eighth year of Jiaqing destroyed Nanjie. The residents of Bennangang moved to Nanxinggang, which is now Xingang. The original Nangang was called the old Nangang, which was on the south bank of Beigang Town today. The "Taiwan Full Picture" from the 21st to the 24th year of Qianlong's reign paints Bengang Front Street, Bengang Back Street, and Bengang North Street.
(II) Large thread head
Hokkien 's line and Shan homophone [suaā], Shan means sand zhou. Shan is a phono-shaped character created based on the pronunciation of the line. Because the sand shore on the coast is like a line, it is called a line (see Figure 6). This sandbank is located near Haomeiliao in the southwest of Budai Town, and is still very prominent now. So Haomeiliao is not a Wanggang, but a big thread.
(III) Wanggang, Mashagou
There is Wanggang not far from Beigang, and the big line end (Figure 7). As the earliest settlement opened by Han people in the Ming Dynasty on Taiwan Island, Wugang naturally has an extremely important position. However, there is no accurate conclusion about the specific location of Wugang.
Cao Yonghe quoted the theory of Yi Neng Jiaju, believing that Wugang is the mosquito port. Now the port is at the mouth of Bazhuanxi, and is located at the Mosquito Port Village at the mouth of Xinhuwei River. Hotan Qing believes that its development level was not as good as that of Mosquito Port at that time, and in short, they are all in southern Taiwan. The early Han forces could not reach Huwei Creek, and the tung was a place to raise fish. At that time, the Han people only came to Taiwan to catch fish during the fishing period, and it was impossible to open a fish tung, so the tung port could not be a tung port.
Nakamura Xiaozhi followed Lu Jiaxing's theory and believed that Wugang is in Budai Town, Chiayi County, and Chen Guodong agreed with this statement. According to Cao Yonghe's statement, he believed that the Dutch calculated the sea distance from Germany, and Delhi was equivalent to 7407.41 meters. "Diary of Batavia City" April 1636 says that Vavoralangh village is six or seven miles north of Wangkan. According to Vavoralangh, the indigenous Huwei River settlement of the Huwei River Basin. The location of the six or seven miles is the entrance of the Bazhang River between Chiayi County and Tainan City.
" Relan Chacheng Log " translator Jiang Shusheng believes that the port of Wugang is in Dongshi Township, Chiayi County, and it is said that it is in Budai Town. Dongshi is not in the Bazhang River Basin, so this statement is not true, but the saying of "Good Beauty" is not correct.
Some scholars pointed out that the incident was initiated by Cai in the tenth year of Jiaqing, and the deputy general of Fujian Navy still built the Qingfengque Fort, one said it was the port of Dongshi, and the other said it was in the Beimen Township in Tainan.
Wanggang in the middle and late Wanli period had declined, but in a southeastern Chinese sea chart published in the UK in 1646, there was no painting of Dayuan Bay, the core area of the Dutch rule, but a huge bay was drawn directly to Penghu Island , marked Wankan, that is, Wugang. Since this place is located east of Penghu Island, it is indeed Wugang. However, the Dayuan Bay in Tainan City is larger than that in Wanggang, and it should not be painted, so this picture is incorrect. This picture is from "The Secret of the Sea" (Figure 8, 1) edited by British Robert Dudley (1573-1649). It may be repainted from a Dutch map, so it is wrong. Therefore, this picture cannot show that the Wanggang was more important than Dayuan Bay at that time, but it does show that the Wanggang once had an important influence.
From a Taiwan map of "The Record of Traveling from Persia to East India" published by Dutch publisher Pieter van der Aa in early 1719 and republished in 1727 (Figure 8, 2), we can see that Fort van Wanckam is on the south bank of the sea estuary of a large river. This river flows from northeast to southwest, and to the south is Dayuan Bay, separated by some sandbanks, so the Wanggang River is undoubtedly the Bazhang River today. There is no toilet sandbank on the north bank of the estuary, and the sandbanks are all on the south bank, which is between Bazhang River and Jishui River.Because there are Jishui River and General Stream to the south of Bazhang River, there are many sandbanks. These sandbanks were the basis for the earliest Han people to live in Wugang. But it is also a threat to ship navigation. According to the Dutch records, in June 1630, two Chinese ships came to Dayuan Bay from the mouth of the Zhangzhou River. One was stranded at Wugang, and the other was drifting to the north of Ronduyt Zeeburch at the end of the north line.
The predecessor of Wanggang Fort should be the bases of Lin Feng and Lin Daoqian, so Wanggang should be in the area of , the salt water area of today. At that time, Bazhangxikou was not the current Haikou, but between Yizhu Township, Chiayi City and Yanshui District, Tainan City. Therefore, some scholars believe that Wanggang is in Budai Town today, which is wrong. The north of the Bazhang River entrance to the sea estuary of Bazhang River (Figure 9) was still on the seaside at the seaside in Yizhu Township, Chiayi County, which was published in the 55th year of the Kangxi period. It was still on the sea, which was the sea in the west of this place, and Budai Town was in this Houcheng Land area. There was also a salt field in the east of Haomeiliao. The etymology of Haomeiliao may be Xiaweiliao. The Fujian-Taiwan area is accustomed to turning the word "天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天�
Wanggang is indeed a mosquito port, and its pronunciation is very close. The "Guide to the Law of the Law" says:
Penghu Anau has Mazu Palace, there are no peaks in the mountains and many islands. At the fifth update of Yichen, Mosquito Port is also called Taiwan, and it is Beigang. The fresh water is removed from the body, and the veil is above it. Beat the dog.
From the perspective of needle road, the fifth update of Yichen (112°) in Penghu Island is the mouth of Bazhangxi. However, Xiang Da noted that Beigang, Mosquito Port, Yugang, and Bengang are one place. This is a misunderstanding. Yugang and Mosquito Port are one place. Bengang is located in the northern port stream in the southern part of Yunlin County today, and Bengang is Beigang. In the 18th year of Yongli (1664), the Ming Zheng's "Taiwan Arms Map" is now in the collection of Taipei Palace Museum . The picture shows that Mosquito Port is north of Madou Fanshe, and the note says: "You can moor boats here." It means that Mosquito Port is located in the north of Tainan today, which is Wugang.
Chen Guodong's article quoted the predecessors' statement. According to the "Diary of Batavia City", in January 1642, the Dutch passed through Wanggang and Xiaolongshe from Bengang and returned to Dayuan Bay, and then Bengang was in the north of Wanggang. In fact, the "Jerlandzha Diary" records that in December 2013, the captain of the Netherlands, Johan van Linga, led 20 soldiers to Vavorolang through Wanggang and Bengang. The Dutch wrote Wankan and Poncan, which completely distinguished. The "Batavia City Log" mentioned in February 1636 is 7 miles south of Vavorolang, and the Erlin (Girim) is 20 to 25 miles north of Dayuan. Erlin is now Erlin Town, Changhua County, and the Grandmaster is Relanzhacheng . The predecessors believed that Vavorolang is near Baozhong Township, Yunlin County. In this way, we can calculate that the location of Wugang is in the Bazhang River Basin. "Jerlandzha City Log" records on May 22, 1637 that the Dutch heard from Chinese who had been to Vavorolang that from Wugang to Vavorolang, it would take five or six rivers that I didn't know yet. It would take two days to walk by land, so Wugang could not be in the Beigang River Basin. Because Beigang Creek in Yunlin County is originally a tributary of Huwei Creek, there are no more than five or six rivers in the middle, and it takes two days to walk by land.
The "New and Old East Indian Chronicles" by Dutch pastor Francois Valentyn (1666-1727) was published in 1724-1726. There is a picture "Formosa and the Fisherman's Island" (Figure 1O). The north of this picture is adjacent to Canaal van Wankan, which is the Strait of the Wugang. There is Ponikas Creek in the north, and this river is the current Beigang Creek. Although this picture is exquisitely made, it is inevitable that there is a mistake. There is actually no Bazhang Creek on the picture. The big river in the eastern part of the Wugang Strait enters the sea from southeast to northwest. Now it is the Jishui River. This stream is close to the Dutch ruling center, so it covers Bazhang Creek instead. The Jishui River on the hill is called Mattamir River, which may be Madou River. The General Stream in the south was very small, and it was even shorter at that time, so the southern part of the Jishui River was Madou Society (in the current Madou District, Tainan City).
Author: Zhou Yunzhong
Source: "National Navigation" 2015 Issue 4
Selected manuscript: He Boyu
Editor: Li Chunyan
Proofreader: He Yutong
Review: Wu Xuefei
Editor: Liu Yan
(due to limited layout, please refer to the original text for the comments of the article)
Welcome to submit manuscripts! Welcome to communicate!
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