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Yuanjia 30th year (453), Liu Yilong, a great hero of the Southern Song Dynasty, was killed by the prince Liu Shao at the age of 47. At this time, it was less than a year since the old opponent of Emperor Wen of Song, Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, Tuoba Tao of Tuoba Tao, was killed by eunuchs.
Southern Dynasties The most representative of the two-hundred-year battle between the Northern Dynasties, the two emperors, the civil and military emperors, ended in this way. However, compared to Emperor Taiwu, Emperor Wen of Song died even worse because he was the first emperor to be killed by the crown prince.
Although Liu Shao killed his father and seized the throne, he still had to show that he was a filial son in front of the world. Therefore, he claimed to the outside world that Emperor Wen of Song died of a sudden illness and held a grand funeral. Later, Liu Yilong was given the posthumous title of "Emperor Jing" and the temple name " Zhongzong " according to law. Of course, Liu Shao's idea of hiding the truth is completely unrealistic. More than ten days later, Liu Shao's third brother, King Wuling and the governor of Jiangzhou, Liu Jun, raised an army and immediately captured the capital. It took only two months from Liu Shao's succession to his death.
After becoming emperor, Liu Jun abolished all the policies issued by Liu Shao, followed the old Yuanjia system, and abandoned the posthumous title and temple name given to Liu Shao by Liu Yilong, and gave Liu Yilong a posthumous title "Emperor Wen" and the temple name "Taizu". Today we call Liu Yilong Emperor Wen of Song, which is actually following Liu Jun’s plan, and our problem today also comes from this.
1. Calling ancestors or calling clans
Liu Yilong is one of the few emperors in the Southern Dynasty. At that time, Liu Yilong's brother Shaodi Liu Yifu was deposed and killed by powerful ministers Xu Xianzhi , Fu Liang and others. Then they chose to make Liu Yilong, who seemed to be easier to control, the emperor. Unexpectedly, although Liu Yilong was young (18 years old) he was rich and cunning, and he had plans to eliminate powerful officials in three or five ways, and he had great power. In the following 30 years, he worked hard to govern, encouraged farming and sericulture, rectified official administration, and focused on education in the founding of the country, which greatly increased the strength of the Southern Song Dynasty and was known as the "governance of Yuanjia". He then attacked the Northern Wei three times in succession and took the initiative. Although the three Northern Expeditions ended in failure, the second Northern Expedition caused a disaster in the south, but the three Northern Expeditions also wiped out the situation of passively being beaten after Liu Yu's death, and exerted the momentum of the Southern Dynasties, making the Northern Dynasties not daring to be ready for the time being.
Second Dimension Jia Northern Expedition
Therefore, although Liu Yilong did not have the military talent of "swallowing thousands of miles like his father", he was good at civilized governance, which made the Southern Dynasties clear and revived their achievements. It can be said that compared with other emperors of the Southern Dynasties, Liu Yilong was a very outstanding master of success.
And people at that time also called Liu Yilong the Lord of the Revival, as evidenced by history, Emperor Wen's important minister Wang Hong once praised Emperor Wen in the memorial: "Your Majesty, the sages and philosophers are in charge of the world, and the revival is bright and wise, and the revival is long."
Therefore, whether in the eyes of later generations, Liu Yilong was indeed very capable and could bear the honor of the revival of the Lord of the Revival of the Liu Song Dynasty. Therefore, whether it is the "Emperor Wen" who symbolizes the achievements of "Chongwei Heaven and Earth" and "Love the people" or the "Emperor Jing" who "has a great concern" and "profit and love the people", it is appropriate for Liu Yilong. To put it more simply, "Wenjing's rule" and everyone knows that Liu Yilong's historical positioning is a founding king like Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han.
00年后国后国后国新后
The problem lies in Liu Yilong's temple name. Let's first look at the "Zhongzong" given by Liu Shao. The ones who obtained the "Zhongzong" before Liu Song included Shang Dynasty Taiwu, Western Han Dynasty Xuan Emperor Liu Xun, Eastern Jin Yuan Emperor Sima Rui . The distance between Taiwu in the Shang Dynasty was too far, so we mainly look at Emperor Xuan of Han and Emperor Yuan of Jin. Emperor Xuan of Han made the contribution to saving the Han Dynasty, which prevented the "destruction of Qin" from Emperor Wu of Han in his later years, and successfully extended the life of the Western Han Dynasty for decades. Although Emperor Yuan of Jin was controlled by powerful ministers, the Jin Dynasty, which had been substantially destroyed, successfully continued, and opened the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties era.It seems that these Zhongzong's achievements are even greater than Liu Yilong's, but it must be said that Liu Yilong's name is "Zhongzong".
This is related to the development of temple names. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, after each emperor died, the subsequent emperors would set up temples to worship them, but this also brought about a problem, that is, if the temple of each deceased king was left behind, and a large number of ancestral temples would have difficulties in sacrificing. Just imagine if there were dozens of temples that needed sacrifices, then the reigning emperor would have nothing to do every day and would be busy with sacrifices every day. This is not the temple of the late emperor several times the center.
So in order to solve this problem, a solution was come up. That is, except for the generations of emperors who were closest to the reign of the emperor, the temples of those emperors who were relatively distant would be destroyed at a certain time. There is a professional term called "If you have the relatives, you will be alive." However, there are special circumstances. For emperors who have great achievements and great virtues, their descendants will give him a temple name to indicate that they will always set up temples and sacrifice. As long as the country exists for one day, these ancestors will always be able to eat cold pork head meat in the Taimiao.
This treatment is so tempting. You should know that there was no materialistic idea in the feudal era. It is a supreme honor to be sacrificed for generations. However, there are so many emperors in every dynasty, and everyone has such close relationships as father and son, grandparents and grandchildren. It is difficult to do if the temple name is given to whom and whom, so a mechanism for the award of temple name has been developed. Everyone should have heard a saying: "The ancestor has merits and the clan has virtue." There are two types of temple names, "ancestor" and "sect". Although the actual situation of granting temple names is much more complicated than this sentence, it generally follows this principle. In other words, people who have great achievements and great virtues cannot be given temple names. Therefore, during the Han Dynasty, the evaluation of temple names was very strict. There were dozens of emperors in the Han Dynasty, but only a few people had temple names.
However, this situation was broken during the Three Kingdoms period. From , Cao Wei period, temple names began to spread, and to the Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms, cats and dogs, as long as they have been emperors, they can get a temple name. In a word, the temple name is not that valuable at the beginning.
When it comes to Liu Yilong's temple name has shrunk. In addition, Liu Yilong's political achievements are still good, and he can also be at the upper level among the emperors of the Southern Dynasties, which is much stronger than most emperors of the Southern Dynasties. Such an emperor who is quite meritorious meets the standard of "virtuous". He can give the temple name, and "Zhongzong" also meets the actions of his accomplished king. Therefore, it can be said that although Liu Shao was ruthless, the temple name he gave Liu Yilong was still very objective, which was in line with the ritual system and Liu Yilong's historical positioning.
2. Taizu and Gaozu
But later this temple name was abolished. Emperor Xiaowu Liu Jun grandly named Liu Yi "Taizu". This is very problematic and very contrary to etiquette. Because this not only granted the "Taizu", who could only belong to the founding king, to the Shoucheng king, but also made Liu Yilong's status above the founding king of the Liu Song Dynasty, Liu Yu.
The temple name originated from the Shang Dynasty, but in the Zhou Dynasty, only posthumous titles were used, not temple names. In the Western Han Dynasty, both temple names and posthumous titles were collected, thus forming customization. Among the many temple names, "Taizu" has the highest status. Generally speaking, it will only be awarded to the founding emperor, also known as the founding emperor.
has the first Taizu since the emperor system
and Liu Bang is the first "Taizu" in the true sense. Wait, there seems to be something wrong. Didn’t Liu Bang claim to be “ Han Gaozu ”? What the hell is “ Han Taizu ”? Liu Bang is the "Taizu of Han", which is proof of history.
" Records of the Grand Historian: The Original Annals of Emperor Gaozu ": The emperor raised the subtleties, calmed down the troubled times, pacified the world, and became the Emperor Taizu of Han, with the greatest contribution.
As for why Liu Bang was called Emperor Gaozu of Han, the situation is very complicated. Some say it was the respectful title given to him by people at that time, some say it was the era of Sima Qian . Liu Bang was the great-grandfather of Emperor Wu of Han. Sima Qian, as a minister, surrendered to his generation and called Emperor Gaozu of Han, and so on, let’s not mention it here.
However, Liu Bang's Emperor Gaozu brought a problem.During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Pi established himself in the Han Dynasty, and became the founding emperor of Cao Wei, so he should be the Taizu of Cao Wei. But everyone knows that the foundation of Wei was actually laid by Cao Cao , and he was the real founding emperor. Therefore, in order to show that Cao Pi respected his father, he respected Cao Cao as "Taizu of Wei", but Cao Pi finally completed the founding of the country. Taizu gave it to Cao Cao, so what should Cao Pi do? You can't be called a clan in the future. He is not a ruler who is in charge of success. How did it be solved later? After Cao Pi's death, he put the temple name "Gaozu". Originally, Emperor Gaozu was not in the orthodox temple name system, but Cao Wei could not control so much, so he used it directly.
Cao Wei’s third ancestors began to play with the temple name system
From then on, the orthodox "Taizu" and the unorthodox "Gaozu" can be almost equal in terms of etiquette and law. If a country has a founder and a founder, then this is often called Taizu and that is called Gaozu, and they come together. But there are still some differences. "Taizu" has a slightly higher status in the Taimiao than "Gaozu". After the Eastern Han Dynasty developed the system of different rooms, all emperors were squeezed into one Taimiao. Then whoever can put the tablet in the middle highlights its high status. The one placed in the middle is usually Taizu (of course there will be a complicated procedure), and Taizu can match the sky when worshiping the world in the suburbs. There were disputes over the status of "Taizu" and "Gaozu" in the Jin Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, and in the end, the Taizu School won. From this we can see that in the Taimiao etiquette and law, Taizu's status was higher than that of Gaozu. This is also the reason why the temple name Gaozu was never used after the Song Dynasty.
Speaking of Liu Song, when Liu Yu established the Song Dynasty, he was both the founder and the founder of the country. In theory, he should be "Taizu". Liu Yu himself also had this meaning. After the founding of the country, he established the Taimiao, but did not establish Taizu, which was actually prepared for himself. But unexpectedly, after Liu Yu's death, he was only respected as "Gaozu". Why is Liu Yu only "Gaozu" ? The situation is unknown. Perhaps the Liu Song court thought that if an emperor could unify the world in the future, it would be unknown whether the temple name "Taizu" was given.
After Liu Yilong ascended the throne, he did not change the temple name for Liu Yu, and continued to use Gaozu until Liu Yilong himself was named Taizu. If you want to evaluate the achievements of Liu Yu and Liu Yilong, you must not be compared. Liu Yu's achievements are much greater than Liu Yilong. But in the end, Liu Yilong became Taizu, and the reason lies in Liu Jun.
3. Emperor Xiaowu
Liu Jun is Liu Yilong's third son, so logically he has no qualifications to inherit the emperor. Emperor Wen of Song wanted to change his crown prince in his later years, but because Liu Jun was not favored by Emperor Wen of Song for a long time and had no power in the court, Liu Yilong did not even consider him. Although Liu Jun later became the emperor, it was impossible for Liu Jun to succeed to the throne, whether from the perspective of patriarchal law or Emperor Wen of Song, which made his status very embarrassing.
Liu Jun himself later temple name Shizu
In addition, according to historical records, after Liu Shao killed his father and usurped the throne, Liu Jun, as a senior official, actually expressed his surrender to him. Although he later became the emperor, this was always an indelible stain, and he could not see the position of the wrong person no matter how he looked at it.
In order to get rid of the crisis brought about by legitimacy, Liu Jun must take action to declare that his ascendance to the throne is in line with the law. Liu Jun chose "filial piety". Because the throne is inherited between father and son and is family-oriented, although Liu Jun is neither a legitimate son nor favored, he attempted to prove that he is Liu Yilong's most suitable heir because he is "filial". The so-called "filial piety" is not what we are talking about now, such as "going home often to see you", but rather refers to Liu Jun's ability to fully inherit Liu Yilong's "spirit".
After Liu Jun ascended the throne, he completely abolished Liu Shao's new policy and changed to the old Yuanjia system in order to show the world that his standards for governance were completely inherited from his father Liu Yilong.
In addition, Liu Jun also showed his filial piety to Liu Yilong beyond his ministers. Even the year name at the beginning of his ascension to the throne was designated as "Xiaojian". Liu Jun's face project should be very successful, and even after his death, he was posthumously named "Emperor Xiaowu", which was the word "filial piety".
Liu Jun wants to strengthen his legal status. In order to do this, he not only shows that he has the legacy of his father in his actions in specific matters, but also elevates Liu Yilong's status in order to form a sharp contrast with Liu Shao, the culprit who killed his father and usurped the throne. Liu Jun used his approach to tell the world that I might feel awkward to succeed to the throne and that it did not meet the orthodox requirements, but only he is Liu Yilong's most suitable heir.
In the end, Liu Jun imposed the "Taizu" who should have belonged to the founding king on Emperor Wen of Song, who was the founding king, although it was not suitable for etiquette or law. But it was exchanged for Liu Jun's "very filial piety" towards Liu Yilong, and he portrayed him as Liu Yilong's legal heir.
Reference:
[1]Shi Jiang·Political and Economic Policy Research during the Song Dynasty of Emperor Xiaowu
[2]He Zhaofeng·Orthodox appeal and construction—An investigation of the temple name of Emperor Wen of Liu Song
[3]Di Yongjun·Temple name, posthumous title, honorary title and year number
[4]Guo Shanbing·Study on Several Issues in the Royal Ancestral Temple Etiquette of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties—And also discuss with Mr. Liang Mancang
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