Shanghai is a coastal city, and because it is backed by the Yangtze River, water transportation from the Qing Dynasty was one of its most important transportation methods. At that time, Shanghai was just a barren river beach. When transporting all kinds of goods, it arrived at the Huangpu tributary through the Yangtze River, which is today's Huangpu River unloading. Due to the rapid water supply of the river, it is difficult for ships that have unloaded the cargo to move against the current. If you want to sail, you must rely on manpower to drag the riverside. Over time, the originally deserted beach here was stepped on a path, and the most famous Bund in Shanghai was born here, and it also became the earliest dock in Shanghai.
Since then, Shanghai has entered a period of development, and goods from all over the world have been shipped here, and Shanghai has gradually become a trading port. It is not only an adventurer's paradise, but also a big ship that will lead the Chinese to understand the world. Speaking of large ships, Shanghai is also a factory for making large ships, and many world-class large ships come from Shanghai. The oldest shipyard can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty. This time we are going to introduce an old shipyard located in Binjiang District, Pudong, Shanghai. It was born in 1862 and records the development history of China's shipbuilding industry, and China's first 10,000-ton ship was launched here. It is the current Shanghai 1862 Art Center, which is the former Shanghai Shipyard.
Shanghai Shipyard is located in the Dalian Road Tunnel of Pudong Binjiang Riverside, with a history of more than 150 years. Its predecessor was Yinglian Shipyard and China Merchants Machine Shipyard, and Yinglian Shipyard was formed by the merger of multiple small factories. It is not easy to figure out its life experience. Let's take time back to the first year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1862). At that time, two British businessmen, Nikoson and Bao Yide, opened Xiangsheng Shipyard in Lujiazui section in Shanghai. At first, the factory was used to make arms, and then it began to build ships. At that time, two floating river gunboats and other ships were built for the Qing government. After that, it merged with another major shipyard, Jesson Shipyard, dominating the area, with 6 large shipyards and a capital of more than 5 million taels of silver.
Let’s talk about another German company, Ruirong Shipyard. It was built in 1900 and specializes in civilian ships such as barges and tour ships. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Ruirong Shipyard merged with a Bandung Iron Factory, a shipbuilding and seaship repair factory engaged in shipbuilding and seaship repair. It is also a German company, later known as Ruirong Shipyard. With the defeat of Germany in World War I, the owner of Ruirong Shipyard also became a British citizen, and the factory turned into a British enterprise. In order to better seize the market and avoid competition with each other, these British-style shipyards began to unite to form the British Universal Shipyard. The merged Yinglian Shipyard has become a Shanghai Taiwan shipbuilding giant, covering a total area of about 300,000 square meters, with 4 large docks and nearly 1,000 employees. In addition to building ships, it also undertakes the work of repairing foreign warships. Some episodes happened later. Due to the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army took over the British Universal Shipyard and changed the name of the general factory to the Yangshupu Factory of Mitsubishi Co., Ltd., and its main business also became the repair of Japanese warships. It was not until the victory of in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression that the Navy Department of the National Government took over the factory and returned it to the British side, and its name was changed back to the British Universal Shipyard.
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Then we will talk about another shipyard in Shanghai China Merchants Machine Shipbuilding Factory, which was founded in 1914. At that time, in order to expand its operations, China Merchants Group rented land in , Lujiazui section, Pudong, and opened China Merchants Group Inland Machinery Factory, which was later renamed China Merchants Group Machinery Shipyard. With the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the factory was reopened in Chongqing after several changes. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it moved back to Shanghai, and merged several small shipyards and formed three branches. In 1947, these three branches were integrated and a brand new state-owned China Merchants Machinery Shipyard was established.
This is how it was until after the liberation of Shanghai, the Shanghai Military Control Commission Shipping Management Office took over the China Merchants Machinery Shipyard and renamed it as the China Merchants Steel Co., Ltd. Shipbuilding Factory. In 1951, it was renamed as the Shanghai Shipbuilding Factory of the State Administration of Transportation of the Ministry of Transportation of the Central People's Government.In 1952, the Shanghai Military Control Commission requisitioned the British Universal Shipyard and renamed it the Military Control British Universal Shipyard. In 1954, the Military Control British Unicom Shipyard was incorporated into the Shanghai Shipbuilding Factory, and was finally renamed as the Shanghai Shipyard in 1985. The complex life experience of Shanghai Shipyard has come to an end.
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As time passes little by little, Shanghai shipyards have gradually begun to fail to meet the shipbuilding requirements of the new era. At the same time, it does not conform to the overall development and construction plan of Pudong, and the relocation of Shanghai shipyards has also become an inevitable result. After the Shanghai Shipyard was relocated in 2005, some of the original factories were redesigned and renovated. But how should we renovate it, what will the renovated factory be used, and how should we develop the surrounding land? This is a question worth thinking about. In early 2011, in order to position the old shipyard functionally, the construction party invited many art celebrities to concept and discuss. In 2012, the renovation plan will be submitted for approval and approved in 2014. The renovation began in the same year and the renovation project was completed in 2017.
Finally, the Lujiazui Riverside Financial City project developed by CITIC Pacific and China Shipbuilding Corporation was determined. The urban complex covers an area of about 1.36 million square meters, bringing together properties such as 8 Grade A office buildings, high-end commercial Shangyue Bay, shipyard 1862 Fashion Art Center, high-end apartment Jiulu and Shanghai Pudong Mandarin Oriental Hotel. Among them, the most dazzling one is the old shipyard factory with a history of more than 100 years. It has been preserved as a historical building and has also been given new functions. The renovated old shipyard has become a commercial art space "Shipyard 1862" that integrates fashion, art and exhibition.
This renovation invited the famous Japanese architect Kengo Kuma to work on the knife. What he is best at is the style of integrating tradition and modernity. His architecture tries to use traditional elements to connect the architecture with where it is located. In the process of renovating this old factory, Kengo Kuma retained the original shipyard structure, including the twisted chimneys and geometric support. Kengo Kuma once said that when designing, it retains the sense of scale that a huge space has as much as possible. Inside the building, there is a transparent line of sight in both vertical and horizontal directions. Especially the renovated atrium, it is like a hole. If the huge scale of the building is preserved in this hole, people can feel the original scale of the old shipyard. It also emphasized that it is important not to make it clean when transforming it, but to focus on retaining the beauty generated by this years, and to retain the texture and scale that are difficult to feel in contemporary art.
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In order to better understand the story before and after the renovation of this shipyard, we interviewed Ms. Liu He, deputy general manager and director of the chief teacher's office of the Engineering Management Center of China Shipbuilding Real Estate Co., Ltd. Ms. Liu He introduced that when Kengo Kuma first came, he liked such buildings very much, and thought he was very special, and was very interested in such a huge industrial space scale. In addition, this old factory has many historical relics, which are very precious. He thinks it should be preserved during the renovation. This renovation adopts a style of repairing the old as it is, and Kengo Kuma is also good at writing new ideas on traditional building materials, and as a creator, he designed the building as an overall creator. He also fully demonstrated his personal style in the renovation of this building, from the interior, landscape, signs, lighting and other concepts of the building were created by him personally.
For a building, renovation is much more difficult than new construction. On the one hand, it is necessary to ensure the stability of the original building structure during construction, and on the other hand, it is necessary to add many new functions to the originally limited space. Since this factory has been in use for a long time, it must be fully structurally verified before renovation to confirm whether it is safe. Some aging facilities and components need to be reinforced, such as several large chimneys outside the factory, the entire roof structure and parts that have been partially adjusted.After ensuring the safety of the original structure of the building, the next thing to do is to embed new facilities and functions into them bit by bit. But this building has another big problem, that is, it is very close to the flood control wall of the Huangpu River. Therefore, the entire building must also consider the impact of the flood season on the building during underground construction, to ensure the safety along the Huangpu River, and its construction is also quite difficult.
The entire project has been in the process of discovering and solving problems during its transformation, and it also encounters new problems every day. Unlike new buildings, many things such as the original drawings and original materials are not detailed, so many new problems and difficulties will be encountered during the design and construction process. For example, when you are building a foundation, you will suddenly find that there are many unknown objects under it, most of which are some residues left after rebuilding them again and again. Also, when you achieve the headspace, you find that there are differences in the layout and drawings of the beam, so you have to solve the sudden new problems while constructing them, and finally transform them.
In order to prevent the newly added modern equipment from erasing all the historical marks of the factory, everyone has made a lot of efforts. On the side facing the city and facing the Huangpu River, its original chimney was completely preserved, and it can be said that there was no major adjustment. On the other side facing Lujiazui, some adjustments were made, exposing some of the structures, and the newly added glass curtain wall was retreated internally. In order to place modern equipment in a limited space and hide it, the underground space should be used as much as possible during renovation. For example, in the old space, we made some basement like a needle, and put some modern units underground. For example, I have also spent a lot of effort to preserve the facade of the building as well as possible. For example, the old steam pipeline was renovated and used as an air supply port for air conditioners. It can be said that it combines old elements and imprints with new functions.
If you look at the renovated building facade now, you can't feel the newly added things because most of them are well hidden. For some old things, they cannot be hidden, and the old building structure must be exposed. For example, those old beams are called "prestressed beams", and they are not treated with special treatment. Including some of the previous electrical components above, some numbers drawn on it when driving the crane, the steel ladder used by workers climbed up and the plank road during maintenance were all preserved. You can clearly see these marks in many places in the factory, and there will be the feeling of interweaving and dialogue between modern people and historical people in different time and space. This is an interesting interpretation and inheritance of history, and it is also a respect and protection of old things in the new space.
This renovation has integrated the interior and exterior of the building. Whether it is outdoor or indoor, the selection of materials, including some signs and urban furniture, all use the original materials, maintaining the style of repairing the old as the old. Some new materials are relatively low-key, so that a harmonious coexistence relationship can be achieved with the old materials. The exterior wall part uses four different colors of cottage tiles to make a facade suspension treatment, and at the same time, it is a good response and excessive development between the brick wall on the north facade and the glass curtain wall on the south facade. The effect it presents is also very special, and when the sun shines in, it will form mottled light and shadow. The original precast concrete roof has now been updated with new thermal insulation and more energy-efficient aluminum alloy materials. There are also more than 600 skylights on the top, and when light is shining down, many spots will form on the ground of the atrium. These light spots and the light and shadow on the edges are intertwined, forming a different and harmonious effect that looks very romantic.
The atrium in the building has also been treated, and the decoration materials are different, such as using modern thick-resistant steel plates, glass, metal mesh ceilings, hanging tiles, etc. to compare them with the old, relatively rough ore materials. In addition, a fiber optic hanging lamp with more than 20 meters long is hung above the atrium, which forms a sharp and interesting contrast with the old brick wall columns on the side.The spatial effect is also very special, one represents the past and the other represents the future. When the lights come on at night, this relationship of softness and strength will appear, which is very interesting. Another thing is that there are many signs in the atrium. The pipes used for these signs are all old pipes demolished in the shipyard at that time. They were reprocessed as a whole and made into a very special design.
Finally, there is the 1862 Theater Space, which is another highlight of this transformation. This is a new modern theater built in the original factory. This is also a very good idea of Wei Yango. It well interprets the integrity of industrial space, including the reuse of the original mechanical structure, and is a very interesting space. At the beginning, the placement of this theater was studied for a long time. Should we swing forward or obliquely shift a triangle? Everyone discussed this direction for a long time, and also discussed it with well-known artists, and finally decided on the plan. The most distinctive feature of this theater is that it opened the wall behind it. In order to open the wall, it was also treated with a whole piece of glass behind it. When the performance reaches a certain level, the curtain can be opened and turned into a theater where you can see the Huangpu River, which is also its most distinctive feature. In addition, there is a platform behind the stage, so some scene performances can come in from the outside to achieve the effect of internal and external interaction. Finally, there is the positioning of this theater, which is not very similar to a traditional theater. Since it is a converted building, its acoustic conditions are not very good, so when it is positioned, it focuses on those pioneering plays. In addition, it must adapt to the development of various activities, so it is equipped with lifting stages and activity seats, so all companies and brands can use this venue for commercial activities.
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The renovated shipyard 1862 adds a lot of modern atmosphere and is used as a commercial art space and theater, but many historical imprints can still be seen. For example, the benches on the South Square were all crane beams removed at that time. After adjustments, they were placed outdoors as rest seats for use. There is also the huge steel structure in the factory, which is like telling people its history and stories. If you walk around inside yourself, you will definitely feel the designer’s good intentions when designing.
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