In terms of national culture and national spirit, Guan Yu is the embodiment of "loyalty and righteousness". Loyalty means being loyal to the lord; righteousness means being righteous to the brothers. "Loyalty" and "righteousness" are the two basic points of life for a stable life and the two basic elements of the overall social stability and order.
Based on the needs of social management, the rulers of various dynasties praised and rewarded Guan Yu. Guan Yu's title and title became increasingly great. He went through the process of "from marquis to dukes, from dukes to kings, from kings to saints, and from saints to emperors". Starting from Song Huizong, Guan Yu was awarded "Duke Zhonghui, Chongning Zhenjun, Wu'an, and Wu'an"; Emperor Taiding of Yuan Dynasty appointed Guan Yu as "King of Show Spirits and Brave Wu'an"; Emperor Ming Shen was even more exaggerated and appointed Guan Yu as "King of Show Spirits and Brave Wu'an, the Emperor of Guan Sheng"; Emperor Ming Shen was even more exaggerated and appointed Guan Yu as "The Emperor of the Three Realms of Demon Subduing Demons, the Emperor of Heaven and Saint Guan Sheng"; Emperor Shunzhi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, was the most concise and clearest, "The Emperor of Loyalty and Movement"; but when Emperor Guangxu of Dezong was complicated, "The Emperor of Loyalty and Movement of Wu's bravery and bravery and bravery to protect the country and protect the people, sincerely applauding Guan Sheng Emperor Xuande". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guan Yu's reputation reached an unparalleled level and became the two saints of civil and military who were on par with Confucius.
It is precisely under this cultural preference, from emperors to civilians, that people have whitewashed and polished Guan Yu's life as much as possible. "Losing Jingzhou" is a very important case. Regarding the loss of Jingzhou, it is not that Guan Yu had any problems with his force, ability, strategy, level, moral integrity, and character, but that Guan Yu was too proud and careless if he was not careful. Is this true for
? This is not the case in official history! The Guan Yu we hear and see is Guan Yu after the evolution of the Romance. Is there any responsibility for losing Guan Yu in Jingzhou? How much responsibility is there? We conduct specific analysis based on the official history " Three Kingdoms " and other materials.
1. Tactical level
After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei occupied five counties in Jingzhou, namely Nanjun , Changsha, Lingling , Guiyang, Wuling . Among them, Nanjun borrowed Dongwu. After Liu Bei got Yizhou , he fought with Sun Quan and returned Changsha and Guiyang to Sun Quan (equivalent to returning Nanjun). In other words, there are actually only three counties in Jingzhou occupied by Guan Yu. Compared with Sun Quan and Cao Cao, manpower, material resources and financial resources are very limited.
Sun Tzu said: "Prepare it in reality." The basic meaning is that when you are adjacent to a strong enemy, you should be cautious, be prepared for danger in times of peace, be prepared for any trouble, replenish your energy, and wait for an opportunity to move. The direction of Jingzhou is the place where heavy troops gather in the Eastern Wu, and it is also one of the main combat directions of Cao Wei . Both sides of Wei and Wu are far greater than Guan Yu in terms of comprehensive strength. "Touching Sun Quan in the east, and rejecting Cao Cao in the north" should be Guan Yu's basic strategy for defending Jingzhou. "Harmony" means not being able to fight, and "rejection" means avoiding war. We must avoid fighting against either side of Wu and Wei, and we must not fight on both sides.
Guan Yu was arrogant because of his courage, stubborn and arrogant, overestimated himself, and was arrogant. He raised an army to fight against Cao Cao under the condition of strong enemies on both sides. His troops, food, equipment, etc. were not good, and he was eventually defeated and died.
Guan Yu is not a military talent. Although Kong Wu is powerful, he has no strategic plan. Relatively speaking, Hanzhong is the portal of Shu Han and Cao Wei's portal. Cao Cao dreamed of getting Hanzhong, but Wei Yan was guarding Hanzhong for fifteen years and was safe and sound. Wei Yan was also a powerful general, but he was determined to be the word "guard" and was competent as a general who was independent. In terms of actual military merits and combat power, only Wei Yan, the Shu Han, could count military talents.
Therefore, at the tactical level, Guan Yu should be fully responsible for losing Jingzhou. It's not careless, it's ability.
2. Strategic level
According to the plan of "Longzhong for" Zhuge Liang in "The Three Kingdoms" "The general is the descendant of the imperial family, and his faithfulness is in the world. He is a hero, and he is in charge of heroes. He is like thirsty. If there are Jing and Yi, he will protect the rocks and obstacles, and the Rong people in the west, pacify Yi Yue in the south, build Sun Quan outside, and cultivate political principles within. If there is any change in the world, then a general will be ordered to lead the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general leads the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Who dares not to eat a pot of slurry to welcome the general? If this is true, hegemony can be achieved and the Han Dynasty can prosper."
The two routes of northern expedition were the basic national policy set by Shu Han from the beginning, the direction and ultimate goal of Liu Bei's group. And just when everything was smooth and developed and implemented according to the established plan, he had already occupied Jingyi and achieved the intermediate goal, Guan Yu lost Jingzhou. Jingzhou was half of the life of Shu Han, and losing Jingzhou would have a fatal impact on Shu Han's national strength and destiny. Guan Yu knew this, and Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang also emphasized this very much, but Guan Yu ignored the boss's national cause, ignored the national destiny, showed off his strength and struggle for victory, had no view of the overall situation and overall view, was stupid and short-sighted, and was just a brave man.
In terms of strategy, if you lose Jingzhou, Liu Bei should bear the main responsibility. The employment of people is improper, but no one is available. Guan Yu has a great influence, and it is okay to deal with it carefully. But he did not expect Guan Yu to be so arrogant and unable to hold on.
Just imagine, Sichuan and Shaanxi are high and densely packed, easy to defend and difficult to attack. If Jingzhou is preserved, Shu Han will unite with Wu in the direction of Jingzhou and use troops to Wei as the main battlefield, and have a greater chance of victory. If we really reach this point, Wei Yan's " Ziwu Valley Qiming " may be successful.
3. At the diplomatic level,
0 "Getting Sun Quan well outside" is the basic national policy of Shu Han. For Shu Han, for Cao Wei was a great enemy, but Wei was strong and Shu was weak, so joining the Eastern Wu was the only way to join forces with Eastern Wu. After Liu Bei occupied Yizhou, he made good friends with Sun Quan and handed over Changsha and Guiyang to Sun Quan, which was equivalent to clearing the old account of "borrowing Jingzhou". At this time, Eastern Wu did not want to use war. Sun Quan asked Guan Yu for a marriage, but Guan Yu flatly refused. According to the records in "Three Kingdoms--The Biography of Guan Zhang Ma Huang Zhao": "First, Quan sent an envoy to be his son Suo Yu's daughter, and Yu scolded and insulted his envoy, and refused to marry, Quan was furious. "According to the description of the 73rd chapter of " Romance of the Three Kingdoms ", "Zhuge Jin said: "I heard that Yunchang has arrived in Jingzhou. Liu Bei married his wife, a son, and gave birth to a daughter. His daughter was still young and had not been granted a name. I was willing to propose to the prince's prince. If Yunchang is willing to agree, he will discuss with Yunchang to defeat Cao Cao together; if Yunchang refuses, then help Cao take Jingzhou." Sun Quan used his plan and first sent Manfeng back to Xudu; but he sent Zhuge Jin as an envoy and came to Jingzhou. When you enter the city, you will see the long clouds. The ceremony will be completed. Yun Chang said, "What's the point of Ziyu?" Jin said, "I came here to marry two families: My lord, Marquis Wu, has a son, who is very smart. When I heard that the general had a daughter, I came here to propose marriage. The two families have a good relationship and worked hard to defeat Cao. This is a good thing, please think of him." Yun Chang was furious and said, "Why is my tiger girl willing to marry a dog son? If you don't look at your brother, behead your head immediately! Don't say more!" Then he called his left and right to expel him. Jin ran away with his head in his arms and returned to see the Marquis of Wu; he did not dare to hide, so he told the truth. Quan was furious and said, "Why are you so rude!" He called Zhang Zhao and other civil and military officials to discuss the strategy of taking Jingzhou.
Guan Yu's approach is unreasonable. If relatives don’t do it and become enemies, there will definitely be no good results. Even so, the Eastern Wu did not immediately attack the attack, but waited for Guan Yu to send troops to fight, and the rear was empty before attacking Jingzhou.
Guan Yu should be fully responsible for destroying the Sun-Liu alliance in an inappropriate manner.
4. In the internal affairs level
As a strong official who stands alone, military and civil affairs are the foundation of national strength and military strength. The people are prosperous and prosperous, the guarantee of strength. Before the troops move, food and grass take the lead, which is a famous saying since ancient times. Without selecting talented people and governing the people, everything is a castle in the air.
In terms of military governance, Jingzhou has no capable general who can lead troops independently, and Guanping and Liao Hua are just followers. In terms of internal political theory, Guan Yu knew nothing, and was arrogant and conceited, and could not use people. "The Three Kingdoms - Biography of Guan, Zhang, Ma, Huang and Zhao" records: Nanjun Prefect Mi Fang and are in Jiangling, and General Fu Shirentun Public Security Bureau, and always thinks that Yu is inferior to himself. When Yu Zhi came out of the army, Fang and Ren provided military resources, but did not rescue each other. Yu said, "It should be treated." Fang and Ren were both afraid and uneasy. So Quan Yin lured Fang and Ren, and Fang and Ren sent others to welcome Quan. Not knowing people, not knowing people, not using people, not tolerating people, Fang and Ren surrendering to Sun Quan is an important link in losing Jingzhou, and the responsibility lies entirely with Guan Yu.
The author of "The Three Kingdoms" Chen Shou is from Sichuan, and has an emotional tendency to respect Liu and suppress Cao. In his evaluation of Zhuge Liang, he said: "However, wise men are the best in governing the army, and the strange strategy is the shortcoming. The people's efforts are better than generals. However, the enemy they face may be worthy of being outstanding, and they are incompetent in attacking and defending different bodies. Therefore, although they have been mobilizing many people for many years, they have not been able to overcome them.In the past, Xiao He and Han Xin recommended Han Xin, and Guan Zhong praised Prince Cheng's father, both of whom were thinking about his strengths and failed to have both. Liang's tools can be political and political, but also the management of Xiao's ape. However, the famous generals at that time have no Chengfu and Han Xin, so their achievements are too late, and their righteousness is not as good as evil? Because the destiny of heaven is back, we cannot fight for wisdom. "What does it mean? That is to say, Zhuge Liang is a genius in governing the world, and Guan Zhong and Xiao He are not even able to match it. However, Shu Han did not have generals, so he failed to unify the world. It is a destiny that cannot be fought against. It also shows from the side that the so-called Guan, Zhang, Zhao, Ma and Huang are just empty names, not just generals who establish a pillar of the country.
Chen Shou's evaluation of Guan Yu was more direct: he commented: "Guan Yu, , Zhang Fei, are both called enemies of ten thousand people and are tiger ministers in the world. However, the feather is strong and proud, and the flying violent but without gratitude, and the short-term defeat is the norm of reason. "
So, it is definitely not "losing Jingzhou carelessly". A good hand of cards was smashed by Guan Yu.
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