Indonesian archipelago
Indonesian government has finally finalized the location of the new capital. The new capital is located on Kalimantan (Borneo), located on the eastern side of the central and eastern Kalimantan Island East Kalimantan Province North Penayan Basel County and Kutaikatan Negara County, with an area of about 180,000 hectares, about 3 times that of Jakarta . The political mechanics that follow Indonesia's migration of capital will also be reflected in economic and infrastructure.
Indonesia will soon go to the port city of Balibaban, with a total area of about 180,000 qian, about three times that of Jakarta.
Kalimantan Island is the third largest island in the world, with an area of 740,000 square kilometers, and about 20 Taiwan Island large. Most people's impression of Kalimantan is that it is the dense rainforest, the hometown of rare animals such as orangutan , proboscis monkey, and dwarf elephants of Kalimantan. It is at the geographical center of Southeast Asia, but it has been on the brink of politics and economy for a long time. There are three countries on this island. The island is divided into three countries. In the south is Kalimantan, Indonesia, accounting for about 73% of the area of Kalimantan, divided into five provinces: east, south, west, north and central; the northwest belongs to Malaysia , accounting for 26%, divided into two states: Sabah and Sarawak (collectively known as Shasha). Brunei , which accounts for 1% of the island, only owns territory in Kalimantan Island, and its political, economic, cultural and educational center is Sribagawan City . Labuan Island on the Brunei Bay does not belong to Sabah or Sarawak , but is a free trade port directly under the Malaysian federal government.
In short, this is an island with complex and diverse political sectors, and there has never been a unified regime in history. The political and economic centers of Indonesia and Malaysia are located in Java and Malay Peninsula respectively. The policies of the two countries often have criticisms from Java and Malay Peninsula. Therefore, marginality has always been an important theory for the humanities to study Kalimantan. American feminist writers have thoughtfully defined marginality: within the whole, outside the subject. Kalimantan research experts also emphasize that marginality is an important theory for understanding Kalimantan’s humanistic society.
2013 Brunei Sailing Race
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Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Land transportation circle between the three countries
Kalimantan Island satellite map
Indonesian media reports that the five reasons for Jokovic to choose Xindu are :
1. The risk of disasters such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, forest fires, volcanic eruptions and soil and rock flows is low;
2. It is located in the strategic location of the center of Indonesia;
3. There are urbanized Balibaban and Sanmalinda nearby;
4. The infrastructure is relatively complete;
5. About 180,000 hectares of land are owned by the government, and there will be no difficulties in expropriating private land.
Joko said that during his tenure, he studied the issue of moving the capital in depth, especially in the past three years, the results showed that this was the most ideal location for the new capital.
Kalimantan
However, with the migration of Indonesia, the above marginal theory may not be very applicable. As early as 2017, the Jokovic government announced that it would build a 2,428-kilometer railway plan in Kalimantan. Now with the capital moving, the railway plan is expected to connect Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, Malaysia, and Tawau, Sabah's third largest city, to form a railway network of Pan Kalimantan Island, and flip the marginal situation of Kalimantan Island.
Jakarta traffic problems
As for Brunei, which is divided into two parts, east and west, there is Lameng Province in Sarawak in the middle. In order to strengthen the connection between its eastern and western regions and neighboring cities, Brunei has begun to build the longest bridge in Southeast Asia (thirty kilometers) - the Tembronne Cross-Sea Bridge, which is expected to be completed this year. At that time, the eight-hour drive from Kota Kinabalu to Seri Bagawan can be reduced to six hours.
In addition, this area is conveniently located from the Harbour Baribapan City and the capital of East Kalimantan Province, Sanmalinda .
East Kalimantan Province location
In contrast, Malaysia has become the only country that marginalizes its Kalimantan territory. If the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur moves the capital to Kalimantan because of similar conditions to Jakarta, it will probably cause large-scale street protests.
The Malay Peninsula has a complete railway system and highway system. Its North and South Avenue and East Coast Avenue were completed in 1994 and 2015, respectively. In contrast, the main highways in its Kalimantan territory to this day are still two-way two-lane, not two-way four-lane. The Pan Kalimantan Avenue project, which connects the three countries of Kalimantan, faces relatively big challenges in Malaysia. Especially after the first party rotation in 2018, the Malaysian government made a slow progress in Shasha on the grounds of reviewing the previous dynasty projects.
As for the railway, the only thing Sabah operates is 134 kilometers, with a speed of only 80 kilometers per hour. In 1896, tobacco was transported to the port and was established by the British. Local modernization began only in 2007, but it is still far from the high modernization on Malaysia Peninsula .
Economist Layeda, a University of Sarawak, Malaysia, said that Indonesia's capital moves will not benefit Malaysia in the short term. As for the long-term impact, it depends on future growth. He said that Sabah is geographically closer to East Kalimantan than Sarawak. However, there are currently no expressways connecting the two places, which is a major obstacle to trade and communication between the two places.
In an interview with the Malay Mail, Layeda pointed out that the Pan Borneo Avenue and Kalimantan Railway projects are underway, but connecting the two avenues is still just a paper talk.
is located in the Sukano Monument in Palangkalaya, Central Kalimantan Province.
According to 2018 data, Indonesia is Sarawak's second largest export destination among ASEAN countries, with a total export volume of RM3.5 billion, but trade is usually related to Java and some other regions, but not Kalimantan. In Sabah, Indonesia is the fifth largest export destination, with a turnover of RM1.54 billion, but not much for Kalimantan.
Sabah State Iron, established by the British in 1896 due to the need to transport tobacco to the port. This photo was taken in 2014.
With the lack of federal funding, Sarawak has used state financial planning to build it. Faced with the large-scale railway construction in Kalimantan, is the Malaysian Federal Government willing to gradually complete the other half of the railway circle for Kalimantan Island - connecting Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, and Seribagawan with Kalimantan Railway?
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Malaysia's aviation restrictions
Indonesia's five major islands
Indonesia's new capital is close to Balibaban City and Sanmalinda City, the capital of East Kalimantan Province. The two places have international airports and are less than 90 kilometers apart. The total passenger capacity last year was more than 9 million. Indonesia allows airports so close to become aviation hubs, as if they were deployed before the new capital address was announced. The 99-km main avenue connecting Balibaban and Sanmalinda will shorten the passage between the two cities. The road trip currently takes about 3 hours, while the new road will shorten the passage time to about one and a half hours.
In contrast, the Malaysian federal government has restricted airports in Sabah and Sarawak from other second-tier cities, and cannot be upgraded to international airports. This also limits the opportunity for direct flights in these cities and the southern part of the Philippines and Kalimantan cities, thereby limiting economic development. These cities, such as Sandakan and Tawau in eastern Sabah, had close economic exchanges with the Philippines and Indonesia before its founding. It only takes one and a half hours to fly directly from Sandakan City to Davao City, the largest city in Finan City, similar to the time to fly directly from Tawau City to Balibaban City.
A few years ago, the Malaysian government allowed Tawau Airport to fly directly to Taragen City, the capital of North Kalimantan Province, to exchange warmly. Tawau City is about to become the closest foreign city to Indonesia's Xindu, with a distance of only 600 kilometers, almost the distance between , Singapore, , and Penang. Ironically, the city's sea, land and air traffic is the farthest from Kuala Lumpur, and it takes nearly three hours to fly directly. If Tawau Airport still cannot be upgraded to an international airport, its land and water exchange is enough to reverse its marginal status.
Brunei topographic map
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Island's Redistribution of energy
Many people still have original backward imaginations about Kalimantan. In fact, the development of some local cities has surpassed Kuching City or Kota Kinabalu in the past five years.
Dawn in the jungle
Of course, there are still energy security considerations when moving the capital. East Kalimantan has resources such as oil, gas and coal, and is located in central Indonesia without natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons and tsunamis. As a companion to the international seaport, Baliba will continue to provide coal export services. In terms of hydropower supply, the number of rivers and tributaries in East Kalimantan is sufficient to meet the development needs of the region in the past 50 years.
Dongkutai County in the north of Xindu has the largest coal mine in Indonesia, and Talagen City in the north also produces oil. The capital migration affects the energy distribution of Kalimantan, including Malaysia. The Sabah government had planned to import coal mines in East Kalimantan Province to ease energy shortages in the east. However, Indonesia's capital will rely more on its own coal mines and will be difficult to export to Sabah. If Sabah builds a coal-fired power plant, it will be threatened with its natural reserve, Maliao Basin. The basin contains 200 million tons of high-quality coal mines, which is the second largest storage capacity in the world. Mining coal mines or applying for a UN World Natural Heritage Site for this basin? Malaysian politicians are still fighting. The environmental damage caused by the migration of
is worth paying attention to. Sarawak often has controversial dam construction and is also eager to sell electricity to Xindu, Indonesia. After Sarawak built the Bagong Dam with a total power generation of up to 2.4 billion Watts, the Malaysian federal government suggested selling electricity to Kalimantan in exchange for a deal to sell electricity from Sumatra, Indonesia to the Malay Peninsula.
This proposal to destroy the Sarawak environment in exchange for the development of the Malay Peninsula was ultimately not implemented. Indonesian Xindu is far away from Sarawak than expected, and the feasibility of similar suggestions is reduced. The migration of Indonesian capital will change the marginal status of Kalimantan, and will further change the infrastructure and energy distribution of the three countries. Moving the capital will definitely threaten the environment of Kalimantan, and how to achieve a balance will require the test of the wisdom of the Three Kingdoms.
Shimi Island is located at the western end of Langkawi, with pure sand and lush green forest
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hill will the orangutan hometown still exist well?
Indonesia's new capital is located in the eastern Kalimantan province on the east side of the central Kalimantan Island. The Indonesian government claims to build a "forest city". The rainforests and natural resources on Kalimantan have long been affected by man-made development. With the migration of new capital, environmental people are more worried that the situation will worsen. Environmentalists pointed out that the development of Xindu will cause larger areas of deforestation, create more forest fires, and bring about environmental catastrophe.
Most of the forest land on Kalimantan is peatland, and the carbon content of peatland-type wetlands is 12 times higher than that of other tropical rainforest land. The carbon dioxide released by one hectare of peatland alone is 6,000 tons. Forest logging will increase Indonesia's greenhouse gas emissions.
According to the World Resources Institute, Indonesia is the fifth largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world, mainly because carbon-rich peatlands and forests are developed for other purposes. Famous American commercial media Rapid Enterprise reported that destruction of forests and peatlands will not only release a large amount of greenhouse gases, but will also cause forests to lose their ability to absorb carbon dioxide and are prone to forest fires. The rainforests on Kalimantan Island have been severely damaged. In 1970, three-quarters of the land was covered with forests. Due to the development of palm oil, pulp, logging and forest fires, the forest area has been reduced by 30%.
More than half of the world's deforestation occurred in Indonesia in 2015; Kalimantan, located in the south-central and southern Kalimantan Island, which is Indonesia's territory on Kalimantan, lost 800,000 hectares of forest land that year.
Joko once declared that the new city will be a green smart city. Indonesia's Minister of National Development Planning, Ban Bang, also said that Xindu Development will not reduce protected forest land, with at least 50% of public green spaces, integrating natural landscapes such as mountains and rivers, and will have facilities such as zoos, botanical gardens, and leisure parks.
But the media pointed out that new development will inevitably cause environmental problems, "just like Jakarta, the city will continue to expand."
Orangutan
There are nearly 71820 orangutans around the world, of which more than 600,000 are in Indonesia. There are 51 sub-ethnic orangutans around the world, 29 are in Kalimantan, 10 are in Sumatra, and 12 are in Malaysia. August 19th of each year is International Orangutan Day. Balibaban City is Indonesia's oil industry center, while Sanmalinda City is the main coal mine in Indonesia. The mining industry has caused local environmental problems and is one of the reasons for the rapid decline in orangutan population since 2000. The Indonesian government warned at the time that only 23% of orangutans survived within 100 to 500 years due to habitat destruction. If habitat is lost, the orangutan death rate continues, and the orangutans located in the town of Sampite in Shiluyan County, Central Kalimantan Province will disappear within 10 years.
However, the Indonesian government is still planning to build a new thermal power plant.
Wu
The capital moves to the subsequent impact on the arms race
Kalimantan Island zoning
Scholars point out that the new capital is not far from the turbulent southern end of the Philippines, Indonesia must adjust its national security deployment, and neighboring Malaysia and Brunei will also strengthen security, which may lead to an arms race or conflict.
Military expert Connie of the Indonesian University pointed out that Indonesia's national security policy should not only focus on dealing with domestic conflicts, but should pay attention to external threats, such as cyber attacks and air strikes. It must respond to these existing threats and national security needs, with caution and continuous improvement in defense capabilities.
Samalinda Islamic Mosque Center
With the migration of the capital, Indonesia must also build some new military facilities in North Penayan Basel County and Kutaikatannegara County.
Indonesian political analyst De Yuku pointed out that moving the capital can be said to be a two-sided attack. On the one hand, Indonesia can take advantage of this to strengthen its border defense with Malaysia and Brunei.
Indonesian new cities will choose between Sebaku District and Sanboga District in East Kalimantan Province, both near the Harbour Balibaban City.
Indonesia must strengthen its ability to defend its capital. These measures may cause doubts in Malaysia, Brunei, and even Singapore. For example, when military exercises are held, it may interfere with neighboring countries; it is worrying that these countries will also strengthen their own security, which may lead to arms races, or may cause conflicts.
In Europe, London is far away from Paris, Paris is far away from Berlin, and Berlin is far away from Moscow. These are all security risks expected by the deployment measures to defend the security of the capital.
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