Li Yukun Quanzhou Historical and Cultural Center
Charity welfare institutions set up in various prefectures and counties in the Song Dynasty include Jukaiyuan, Changpingzhan , Huimin Pharmaceutical Bureau, Luzeyuan, etc. Reside in a nursing home, taking in elderly, weak, sick, disabled, poor, orphans and no support. Fix the warehouse often, and use official money to buy grain into the warehouse. During floods and droughts, people have no food to save the poor. Huimin Pharmaceutical Bureau uses official money to fill the market, and reduces 20% of the price to benefit the people. The corpseless garden and the charity tomb are buried. The people's charity includes helping the poor, building bridges and roads, repairing temples, building water conservancy, providing medicine to relieve hunger, building roving gardens, and charity tombs. Below is a brief description of the ancient Quanzhou Luze Garden and Yi Tomb, and we will give a brief introduction to our views to the Fang family.
Louze Garden is a burial place set up by officials in the Song Dynasty. It was set up during the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1078-1085). Xu Du's "Xi Sacan Bian" says: "The method of Luze Garden originated from the Yuanfeng period of the Song Dynasty. I was the grandfather of the grandfather of the court officials as the envoy of Kaifeng Prefecture. I went to the Chenliu Buddha Temple and saw that the pile of bones were covered with wild areas. I had all the poor and had no choice but to bury them. I had what I saw and heard from the dynasties. I asked to denounce the official land several hectares to bury them, and I could report it to you. The grandfather of Chen, whose name is Xiang, has a good name." (1) Zhang Dai of the Ming Dynasty also said: Luoze Garden "founded in the Song and Yuanfeng period, it was established as a place for burial, and it was taken with marsh and dry bones, so that it would not be missed. In the early Ming Dynasty, people were ordered to establish a righteous tomb. In the fourth year of Tianshun, they ordered all counties to set up Luoze Garden." (2)
charity tomb, burying the ownerless corpse. "History of the Song Dynasty·Lizong Ji": "In the fourth year of Chunyou, the two Huai, Beijing, Hubei and Sichuan were ordered to collect the remains of wars over the years and establish them as a charity tomb."
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Luze Garden and Yizhong
Quanzhou Luze Garden in Song and Yuan dynasties. Jinjiang Luze Garden, the county magistrate Han Zhongtong built in the first year of Qiandao (1166). In the 12th year of Jiading (1219), Zhendexiu withdrew and broadened it. In the second year of Shaoxi (1191), Yan Shilu built Cong Tombs after Yongfu Temple in Dongshan, and guarded Deng Yi and added Cong Tombs outside the Simen City. Nan'an County Louze Garden was built in the east of Jiuri Mountain during the Song Dynasty. (3) Anxi County Luoze Garden, Song Chongningzhong (1102-1106) "Lingzhou County to Changping Coin". (4) Yongchun County Luze Garden, there is also Luze Garden in Xingshan Mountain, Dehua County. (5)
Quanzhou charity tomb in the Song Dynasty. Hui'an County charity tomb is located in the northern suburbs of the county. In the 14th year of Jiading, the county magistrate Zhang Baojian, "When King Ling'an (Zhang Xu) was in southern Fujian, there were sacrificed volunteers floating on the sea, so they gathered and buried here together." (6)
The Song Dynasty Luze Garden and Yizhong were mostly created and repaired by local officials. The source of their economy is recorded in the Anxi County Chronicles, which means that the money that is often closed is the money that is often closed.
Yuan Dynasty Quanzhou Luze Garden and Yizhong, with few records in literature. Volume 3 of "Anhaizhi", "Yitong·Fengkui" says: "After sipping in the east pit of Longshan Temple in Badu, I was originally locked in Dr. Zhang's tomb. During the Yuan Dynasty, I was Guanshan. I heard that the people chose to bury it, so I called him Doctor Ding and Shicheng Tomb."
Zhao Shendao, a native of Jinjiang, is kind and generous. In the 14th year of Zhizheng (1354), Quanzhou apologized for a year. He said that he had "hungry people carry the way" and set up porridge in Zhonghe Hall, "and he ordered those who were hungry to sit and offer them to them." Many people lived. Then another plague occurred in Quanzhou, "the dead were sleeping with each other." He said deeply, "Build a boat, put it under the wheel, and the monks dragged it with long ropes, searched along the street, or closed the door, and lined up to enter. The boats were buried outside the gates of each city, and they did not fall into several Kan every day. Some officials heard of the court and praised the door as "righteous scholar". (7) Zhao Shendao used a long rope to pull the dead body and sent it to the city gates to bury the crutches. This should be the tomb of charity.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Jia in Quanzhou built a tomb in the southeast corner outside Quanzhou City to cover the remains of Hu Jia. In the volume of "Zhufan Zhi", the article "Zhiguo·Dashiguo" records: "There is a foreign merchant who said that Shi'an is a great troupe. He lives in the south of the spring, is light on wealth and is happy to give, and has the habit of western soil. He builds tombs in the southeast corner outside the city to cover the remains of Hu Jia." The "Quan Shangshu of Quanzhou Dongban" says: "The tombs of the Fan Shangshu were built on the Pu Xiaxin in its field, and the power of the surround can be used to seal it. The land occupying the Dongdongban city of the spring. Once the grass and burrows and the rubble are shredded, the roads are widely used to cover the building, and the buildings are covered with walls and walls are strictly used to lock them.If any merchants who died in the sea died in our land, they would be buried there... Try to encircle them, so that they could make their squids and clothes without worry, and those who died without hatred." (8) The tombs made by Shi Nai are of a charity tomb.
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in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the charity tombs and charity tombs in Quanzhou
in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were officials who built Luze Garden in Quanzhou, and some people "save land" and county people sent their private land to send official repairs. Luze Garden has a wall built by monks.
is under the jurisdiction of According to literature records, there was a Jinjiang County Garden in Quanzhou in the Ming Dynasty. It was built about one mile outside Renfengmen in Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty. In the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), "Guard Gaoyue and rebuilt it, surrounded by walls, and ordered the monks of Dongchan Temple to guard it." (9) Nan'an District Garden, Yan Rongrui, the magistrate of the magistrate, built it in Sandu Foji Temple, and it is still here. (10) Anxi County Garden, "During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Yi was established in Yong'anli. The county magistrate Huang Zhidao sent his private land to the officials, with a total of six acres and built it around stone. ” (11) In the seventh year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, Xu Ren, the magistrate of Dehua, "built Luoze Garden and Yangjiyuan." (12)
Most of the charity tombs in the Ming Dynasty were built by local officials, and some people in the village bought land for Yishan and built charity tombs. The corpses and plagues of those who died of the Japanese were buried in the charity tombs.
Jinjiang charity tombs were located two miles outside the east gate. In the 15th year of Wanli (1587), the magistrate Li Weiwen donated the construction, "to be rich in property and to be buried as an official land." The people in the town carved Li Weiwen to worship the statue of Fengshan Temple. In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), Li Yuanrui of the county rebuilt and wrote "Records": "Mr. was a former Ming Jinshi, and donated his salary to paint the mountain to build a charity tomb. The people in the town have not sighed for hundreds of years, and worshiped the teacher's virtue. At that time, the stone statue was carved to worship it, and the morality is still as good as it is." (13) The charity tomb of Jinjiang County was in front of Mingjiao Mountain, 37th capital east of the prefecture. In the eighth year of Chenghua (1472), the Quanzhou Guard commander Deng Quan was created. Tong'an County charity tomb, one in Rongxi Pavilion in the east of the county, and the other in Chilan Forest in the west of the county. In the 19th year of Chenghua, the magistrate Zhang Xun bought a gap. (14)
Anhai charity tomb is called Zhaipu, and at the corner of Dongcheng, the people of Chenghua are Zheng Pu and the An surname are bought land and happy to be Yishan. (15)
Yongchun County charity tomb, Zhou Kangeng, the magistrate of Yongchun, "placing a charity tomb, covering the skeleton". Yan Juqing, a native of Yongchun, "placing a charity tomb, skull bones are storms, and the people of the towns respect their righteousness. ” (16)
In the Ming Dynasty, Japanese pirates invaded the southeastern coast of China, burned, killed and looted, causing great damage to social productivity and people's lives and property. The atrocities of Japanese pirates in Quanzhou caused barren fields, plagues spread, and corpses were everywhere. Gu Po's grandson Yinglan "sented his husband to raise bamboo mats, wrapping more than 16,000 corpses, and skeletons were used to separate men and women from them. The villages in the county are there, and they have their ambitions to say ". (17) Gu Yinglan will separate the corpses of the victims of the Japanese and the plague and spread them together. This is also a charity tomb.
Japanese pirates are domineering in Quanzhou, arousing the righteous indignation of the whole people. Some people died bravely. People admire their righteous deeds and buried the victims together. On August 28, 38th year of Jiajing, Japanese pirates invaded the area of Guantou in the east of the city. Nearby villagers rose up to resist, almost wiped out the invading enemies. Hundreds of villagers died bravely. People buried the victims together and built ten-class Gongma Temple to worship the heroes. On the 28th of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, the "Ten Classes" folk activity was held in the east of the city, "Be careful of the end and chase the distance" to commemorate the heroes. (18) In the same year, Japanese pirates invaded Jinjiang and were bravely resisted by General Ji, the guard general Ji in Xindian and Shedian. , Later General Ji and other soldiers died heroically, throwing their bodies out of the wild. The villagers spontaneously buried their bodies to pay homage to the dead, and raised funds to build General Ji's palace to worship General Ji and the fallen soldiers and soldiers. (19) On April 2, 39th year of Jiajing, Japanese pirates invaded Chongwu Institute, thousands of households of money, and a hundred households of Wang Tie led the army and civilians to fight against the Japanese. They fought for many days and had their best efforts. "The city was trapped and died, and the fields were filled." The enemy retreated and the people were restored, and they went to Houhu Road, Beiguan The eleven tiles were built under the stone tiles, and all the skeletons were buried. However, the loyal soul was accumulated and the righteous spirit was unsupported, and the sky was often cloudy. The commander of the government mourned him and pity him, so he set it up. "(20)
html in the Qing Dynasty. According to the "Jinjiang County Chronicles", the charity tomb of Jinjiang County was rebuilt Dongyue charity tomb in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747).In the 29th year of Kangxi (1696), Fujian Land Admiral Zhang Yunyi donated a charity tomb. He wrote his own "Records" and said: "If you are poor and have no complaints, you will be safe when you die; if you are wandering, you are particularly sad. Because you donate your salary to purchase five acres of civilian land, you think it is a charity tomb. Anyone who is lonely, poor and has no support, and who is displaced, will be buried by a crutch. The rest are not allowed to be buried in mixed places, and it is not allowed to be regarded as a free land invasion without boundaries. It is specially displayed on the stone. At the middle of the 29th year of Kangxi, the first-class marquis was in charge of Fujian Land Admiral Zhang Yunyi's record in Fujian." Fengshan Temple Zuo Sucuopu Yizhong was donated to build by Su Benjie in the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728). He wrote his own book "Records": "In the first month of the sixth year, Jie will be replaced, so it cannot be said but cannot be done. He donated the land at the foot of the Dongyue Mountain. It is a total of seven acres, and trees and stones are the boundaries. There are more than 600 cars that can accommodate Guangliu. I heard that those who cannot buy land were buried there. I was afraid that the fight would be fought, so I ordered them to be warned by the stone... I opened the coffin and did not invade the old crutches. I gave each other a foot to shelter each other. Who was buried? I registered for details." A charity tomb in Tangcuopu, Yuekou. In the seventh year of Yongzheng, the magistrate Tang Xiaoben donated the construction and wrote his own "Records": "This county has just left a town, and it is easy to bury it quickly. Donate its salary to buy it, so that the poor will not be buried. The living are dependent and the dead are at peace. It is also a subtle intention of Yang and Yin. In August of the seventh year of Yongzheng, the Tang Xiaoben was established in the affairs of Jinjiang County."
In the 18th year of Qianlong's reign, the epidemic in Quanzhou was severe. In the 23rd year, the plague resumed and lasted for 24 years. "The poor people had no money for funerals." The magistrate Wang Xie donated his salary to build 8 Xiangkeng Mountain Tombs, one first and the next to the next to the next, and two Yuekou Tombs, a total of 11. The gentry and businessmen were advised to donate land to buy land, "providing coffins and tombs to listen to the burial of the people. They also built 7 shop houses and 5 back buildings to recruit taxes and collect taxes, and received the expenses for the sacrificial and repair of Tsuka Mountain. Several directors took turns to take charge of the site." There are 8 Yangou Garden in Xiangkeng Township outside the east gate, 17 Dongshan border gardens outside the south gate, 11 Shishan tail garden outside the south gate, 25 large and small gardens in Huayuantou Township outside the north gate. In the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813), Guard Guo Zhengyi donated it to build it. It was next to the Li Gong Temple in Maitreya Pavilion outside the east gate, and the tomb land was banned.
5 Anping Yizhong: Feng Ke, Li Yu Ke, East Chengjiao, Qi Cen, Beimen Pu. The charity tomb of Shicheng, Liu'ao Township was built by Chen Yuancan, a native of Qianlong. In the charity tomb of Guihu Township, Huang Rutao, a town in Jinxiang Township, Qianlong, purchased another acre of land and buried it next to the old tomb. (21)
"The Memorial on the Good Deeds of Preparing a Coffin and Repairing a Tomb in Quanjun" records: In the 18th year of Qianlong, "the epidemic prevailed, and the poor had no resources to be buried, and the wild was exposed." Shen Junhua, director of Yuanmiaoguan in Quanzhou, advocated the establishment of a factory for funeral management. The temple was constructed and implemented more than 3,350 funeral cars, and each of them was given. Wuyin recommended hunger and offered donations to provide relief. From the spring of Yin and winter of Chen, it planned to provide more than 3,270 funeral cars, and donated more than 3,270 funeral cars, and donated monuments to engrave monuments and buried them. He continued to be ordered to repair and bury bones in the suburbs. Hua and others asked for ash preparation to repair and cover them. In the two years of Jimao and Gengchen, 3,579 coffins and pots were buried in Yueshan and other places, and 7,400 deposed tombs were still repaired, and 7,400 deposed tombs were created, and the charity tombs were rented for sacrifice. Yue Xinsi and Renwu, 13,000 deposed tombs were buried in the river cliffs in the northeast, and more than 7,300 gold was required. The son took the father and brother praised each other, and the relatives were not replaced." "Jingzhuan Guiwei Qiu, and according to the rules of the case, the son of Junhua, Shen Tingdong and others, he followed the rules. Now, he has renovated 2,998 tombs on the border of Xinshui City, repaired 1,138 soldiers' skeletons and 3,324 tombs, and rebuilt 3,324 tombs. He also built a coffin exposed in Dongchan Temple, and transported 320 old cages, and still provided 338 funeral carts, and explained the details of the business." (22)
Taiwan transportation 320 cages. In the Qing Dynasty, Fuzhou, Funing, Quanzhou, and Zhangzhou had many people and few lands, but the assistance was still insufficient. Taiwan's land is fertile and has a mild climate, so it is suitable for planting rice. It was cultivated by the people of Quan, Zhang and Guangdong, and had surplus food. It was given the grain to be called "regular supply" and prepare for the mainland military war. The amount of grain used to collect supply from Taiwan was called "military rice". Later, the rice grain of soldiers guarding Taiwan was increased by 85,297 stone per year and 89,595 stone per year in leap year. Merchant ships to trade in Taiwan shall be transported to the rice valley of each department and county in the mainland according to the size of the ship. Taiwan Transport Port, initially concentrated , Xiamen , and then Quanzhou Fengjiang was added. Someone died in the Taiwan Movement, and the common bones were put in bamboo cages. Tingdong, the son of Shen Junhua, the director of Yuan Miaoguan, also built the Dongchan Temple to expose the corpse coffin and the former cage of Taiyun.
According to the inscription, donors are very wide, including Yuan Miaoguan directors, Shangbang, monks and nuns, and low-level women in society. The donations range from more than one thousand taels to dozens of cents. Some donated tombs, coffins, shoes, clothes, trousers, etc. They have done their best to social welfare undertakings based on their own financial resources.
donors include Yuan Miaoguan directors Shen Junhua, Huang Yimou, Shi Zhaojun, Wang Shike and nephew Liankui, Chen Longqi, Xu Jiqing, Chen Yunkui, Chen Tinggui, Cao Tingfen and male Diandong, Wang Yuanshang, Wang Shidao, Zhang Gui, Xu Zhibo and male Wenwang, Chen Yi, Zhang Tingjing, Li Junlie, Chen Silian, Dong Zhongyue, Shen Tingdong, Li Bi, Chen Shilong, Chen Jiamo, Chen Shiqi, Zhang Shihua, Cai Shikuan, Chen Shiyu, and Lu Weiqin donated a total of 3,757 taels. Shangbang donated: Li Rong from Anxibang donated 34 members, Jiang Xizu from Yongde from Yongde, Weng Tai from Nan'an'an donated 31 members, Huang Chunqingguan from Yuji donated 5 members, Guangcheng No., Dingfeng No., Yufeng No., Yuyuan Shop, Quanfeng No., Yongtai Dianshop, Fashi Salt Hall, Puyuan Street, Taiji Street, Yixun Street, Guangyuan Street, Heyuan Street, Shengbao Street, Changmao No., Wancheng No., Hengyuan Street, Danyong No., each donated 1 member, Zhuang Yuanji, Shimao Street, Maoli Street, Yuyuan No., Yuyuan No., Fengyuan No., Derong Street, each donated 1 member. Seng Xingzong donated 10 officials and nun donated 16 documents. There are also Chen Huang, Chen Cai, Shen Chen, Chen Yang, and Lu Chen donations ranging from 600, 500, 60, and 20 papers.
In addition to donating money, Zhuang Yueguan donated a hill of elephant pit tomb, Sun Liang donated a piece of the tomb of Suncuo Mountain in Qili Temple, Sun Cunshan donated 530,000 yuan of real silver for beggar coffin, Deng Huiguan donated four coffin clothes and shoes, Fu Faguan donated fifty pairs of coffin hats, Wu Siguan donated ten pairs of coffin hats, and ten pairs of Huang Wu's coffin shoes.
About the mourning car, or the car that the mourner takes. "The Book of Zhou·Chunguan·Treasure Car": "The king's mourning car is five vehicles... and the tomb, and the car is opened to the pass." Sun Yirang's righteousness: "The mourning car is what a person rides." "The Book of Rites·Miscellaneous Notes": "The mourning car is nothing but the mourning car." Kong Yingda's commentary: "The mourning car is the car that filial son rides." Or it is said that it is the car carrying the coffin. " Biography of Emperor Mu " Volume 6: "The Emperor is the water of Zhou Gu Yao, and he used a circle of mourning carts." "Southern History·Biography of Concubines·Yin Shuyi": "The emperor came from the Nanye Gate, and passed the mourning cart, and he was sad and unbearable. Everyone on the left cried." "Text to the Gonggong of Xiang Dong" by Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty: "Now the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke
From the 18th year of Qianlong to the 28th year (1753-1763), 22 directors of Shen Junhua, Shen Tingdong, father and son Yuan Miaoguan and other people donated more than 6,858 funeral cars, repaired 26,722 abandoned tombs, repaired 4,717 coffins, and repaired 320 old cages from Taiwan transportation.
Jinjiang, Shenzhen, Shanghai, North and South Chicheng charity tombs have "has been a long time". In April of the 29th year of Qianlong (1764), "after the tombs collapsed, the tombs collapsed. The people in the village were heartbroken and suggested building, donating money and helping, and doing things to achieve success. I also worried that the tombs were full and overlapping for a long time, so I built a new tomb and filled the burial site." In the 48th year of Qianlong's reign, the charity tomb was "slightly narrow and slight... The public proposed the proposal and was completed in one fell swoop. The plan was to donate thousands of people in the flowers and then donate the rough stone mountain. The land was quite wide and flat, and the original farm was collected. I was afraid that the world would be in a vast and vast way, and improvised work would fill the gap." (23)
From the 12th year of Tongzhi to the first year of Guangxu (1873-1875), Lin Weiyuan, from Longxi, Zhuangzheng, and from Jinjiang, observed in Quanzhou. He "decorated materials with craftsmanship and extensive seals. After passing through the west mountain, he went down to the chariot, and Yingchunmen outside the gate. He went north to the foot of Qien Mountain, and then to the north to Qingyuan Mountain, and to the north to , and to the south to Shuangkeng and Qiandian, which caught the roots of the seven cities. If inside, if inside Outside, on the shore of the moor and on the front of the road, workers reported that their tombs were collected, and there were 20,000 of them. If you decorate the old and make new things, you will definitely investigate it. Therefore, those who were exposed and did not care about the past are now as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and the sacred is as good as the sacred, and some of them are prosecutors.
Nan'an County charity tomb. White Horse Tomb, Ninety-Man Tomb, Songyuan Yoshim, Dongshantou Yoshim, Qilin Mountain Yoshim, Jiaochang Yoshim, Panshan Yoshim, etc.(24) Chen Qiren's "Records of Building a Tomb of the Mountains of Jinxi, Nan'an" says: "Nan'an'an's hut is narrow, and the poor eaves and gangsters have private areas. The place where the Huali River is clear is like a Jinxi River, a horse pavement, a Buddha's trace, a brocade screen, a stone horn, a Houmao, Lingxiu, Pengxi, and Pan mountains are covered with clumps, floating and grim, and full of them." "This gentleman who is kind and kind is diligent and diligent, covers it up, and does not think about its exposure." From the 22nd to the 24th year of the Guangxu period (1896-1898), "more than 11,200 tombs were built, and 1,600 taels of platinum were built." (25) Among these gentlemen who are kind and kind, there is Wu Kecheng, whose courtesy name is Yi'an, and he is from Jinxi. "In the Guangxu Bingshen, he supervised the repair of more than 10,000 charity tombs in Jinxi. He went out morning and returned in the evening, and was diligent and cautious." (26)
Quanzhou gentry may donate a charity tomb; or buy a land as a charity tomb; or donate a land as a charity tomb; or donate a land as a charity tomb; or donate a land as a broad charity tomb or build a charity tomb.
Dehua Chen Yichi, loves righteousness, donates to set up a charity tomb, and the villagers behave with him. (27) Chen Mingsheng from Jinjiang said, "If you die, you will be mourning. If you buy the open land of Hongweipu and Houlinpu as charity tombs to listen to the burial of the poor." Zeng Tingbiao of Jinjiang "donated several hectares of production in Xikun to be a charity tomb, and the villagers rely on it." (28) An Hai Yan Sijing "donated the garden and advocated donation to purchase dozens of acres of mountain land to broaden the tomb." (29) Wu Guanshi of Nan'an built "more than 10,000 abandoned tombs on the mountain in nine days". Wu Fushu "had bought boots to build a charity tomb and used coffins to provide poverty." Zhang Zesu "when he built his own clan's large and small ancestral halls and various charity tombs, he could not describe it thoroughly. He was called "Zhang Shanren" in the county." (30)
Construction of Luze Garden and a charity tomb is a good deed. Believers of Buddhism, Taoism and other believers actively participate in the construction and management.
Many yoshi tombs are built near the temple so that monks can participate in the management. In the second year of Shaoxi of the Song Dynasty (1191), Yan Shilu built a tomb behind Yongfu Temple in Dongshan. The charity tomb of Anhai Feng's cave was taken in the east of Longshan Temple. Luoze Garden, Nan'an County, was built in Sandu Foji Temple in the third year of Jiajing (1524). Jinjiang Luoze Garden was rebuilt in the fourth year of Jiajing, and "the monks from Dongchan Temple were ordered to guard it."
Sangha actively participated in the construction of the Luze Garden. In the 14th year of Zhizheng (1354), Quanzhou apologized for a year, and the plague broke out again. "The dead were passed by each other." Zhao Shendao built a boat with wheels, and pulled it with the monks on a long rope, and sent it outside the city gates to buried it. The monk Faguo of the Mingdong Zen Temple led his disciples to pick up the dew and bury the burial garden along the way. The county magistrate Xiong Shangchu said "Rule Monk". From the 18th to 28th year of Qianlong (1753-1763), Shen Junhua, director of Yuanmiaoguan in Quanzhou, and Shangshen, and others, were mourning cars and repairing abandoned tombs. Among them, monks and nuns donated money.
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Overseas Chinese charity tombs
As Quanzhou people go abroad, the fine tradition of building charity tombs has also spread to Southeast Asia. The overseas Chinese who lived in Penang, in the Xianfeng period (1851-1874), created the Bochihua Yi Tomb. Because the "planning was not planned and paintings were not yet complete", it was even more desolate during the Guangxu period. So they raised funds to repair, carried out work, picked up the remains, and did not expose them; they slapped the flowers, and did not let the roots be exposed. Remove the filth in the old pavilion, and the burials can be rested when guests; transformed into a broad path, and worshiped all the chariots and horses. Choose people to guard the tomb, and all the utensils are complete. Build fences into walls, and do not let the cattle and sheep be used. Drive the double bridge to open the flowing water, and there is no worry about the spring tide; plant good trees to make thick shade, and the summer tide will be cool. Anyone who sets up this structure will be thorough and detailed. If you have any envy, leave it as a work payment." (31) The public tombs of Penang, Fujian Province in Malaysia were rebuilt from the 13th to the 16th year of Guangxu (1887-1890), and used 6,000 taels of silver, which Li Piyao advocated donations. After the repair, weave a fence into a wall, drive a double bridge to open the flowing water, watch the beautiful wood to provide a wide and thick shade, and build roads to serve as a sacrifice to the carriages and horses. To remove the filth from the old pavilion, you can rest your guests and friends, choose people to guard the tomb, and have all the utensils. Pick up the wreckage and no exposure was made.
The other overseas Chinese charity tombs built by Quanzhou overseas Chinese are also the Fujian Association of Perak, Malaysia, founded in 1893. It was originally intended to build a tourist tomb to facilitate the burial of overseas Chinese. The Fujian Association was re-established in 1897. The association belongs to Yishan (Yitung) in Fujian. Wang Shizhao wrote a couplet, "In the past and present, a dream is a dream; the breeze and bright moon are everywhere." Penang and Fujian Public Tomb were built in 1805. Zhou Mansha wrote a couplet, "The beautiful scenery is surrounded by green mountains, the spring is lush, and the dream of a deserted guest is long; the peace and harmony linger on the purple palace, and the auspicious clouds are far away, and come to attract the soul of the cold pavilion." Philippines Overseas Chinese Yishan is located at the junction of Manila and Galokan City. It covers an area of more than 510,000 square meters. It has crematorium, Gongde Hall, Ansheng Hall and other buildings. More than 30,000 caves are built beside the wall to collect bones. Wang Linge wrote a couplet, "The loess is everywhere in the green mountains, and the lonely soul in another place is worthy of its own; the beauty turns into white bones, who can escape in another year?" Hu Hanmin wrote a couplet, "If you don't return to your hometown, there should be a lack of peace in this place; we should support our righteous actions and give us a timely gift and blessing." There is Yishan Mountain in Thailand for burying overseas Chinese. The couplet of Wanfoshou Mountain in the Spring Prefecture and Evening County says: "The thousands of Buddhas are merciful clouds, bringing heroes back to the Pure Land; Shoushan Mountain is vast and beautiful, and there is a cave in the plain green field." During World War I, many Chinese workers died in France. Currently, there are 32 cemeteries in France that have Chinese workers, the largest is Nohanerle Cemetery, with more than 9,900 people buried. This tomb was built in modern times. Shi Zhaoji, the then Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, went to commemorate him and wrote a couplet saying, "I want to plant more pine and elm, and grow in the long run; this is also the same as the Geng robe, and the merits and labors are suitable for comparison." (32)
04
Regulation and management of charity tombs
The regulation of charity tombs in Quanzhou in the Qing Dynasty was that charity tombs had a certain scope, and the stele was erected as a record. The purpose of erecting a monument is to engrave the size, scope and prohibition of the tomb. The second is to "make a sense of contact and spread it to the future." It is stipulated that yes tombs are not allowed to be regarded as idle places and invade no boundaries. Those who are buried in the charity tomb are lonely, poor, and displaced guests, and the rest are not allowed to be buried in a mixed manner. Open the coffin and do not infringe on the old crazies. Give each other a foot and support each other. "Who is buried, please register for details." There are also graves. Wang Xie, the magistrate of Jinjiang, donated his salary to build 11 charity tombs, and instructed gentry and merchants to donate money to purchase land, "providing coffins and giving graves tombs."
Funds for sacrificial tomb sacrifice and repair include a household registration to collect grain and rent interest to make sacrifices. Jinjiang, Shenzhen, Shanghai, North and South, Chicheng, "Establish a household to collect grain, and record events in the classics." Yuan Miaoguan director Shen Junhua and others, "create a charity tomb and relies on breath to fill the sacrifice." Wang Xie, the magistrate of Jinjiang, built 7 shop houses and 5 back buildings in the ruins of Luozeyuan, recruited and collected rents, and filled the funds for sacrifices and repairs on the Tomb Mountain. Several directors took turns to take charge of the management.
05
号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生号生� There are many different opinions on the nature of the "dwarf tomb" and there is no consensus. Before this, Mr. Chen Sidong, an old senior of the Quanzhou literary and historical circle, "Records of Funeral Customs in Quanzhou" ("Xingyuan Writing Records", Lujiang Publishing House in 2003), Mr. Zhuang Weiji's "Sea Collection", Xiamen University Press in 1996, Mr. Wang Hongtao's "Late Silkworm Collection", Huaxing Publishing House in 1993, Mr. Fu Jinxing's "Cai Pu" and "Suan Quanshan"; Quanzhou City Licheng District Party Chronicles Committee edited in 1992, 2001 edition, "Quanzhou Customs", "Funeral Sacrifices and Clans", Fujian People's Publishing House in 2004 edition, "Records of Conventions of Overseas Chinese in Southern Fujian" by Mr. Liu Haoran, "Currents of Funeral Customs", Hong Kong Minnan Publishing Co., Ltd., 1998 edition, and Mr. Chen Guibing's "Quanzhou Folk Customs" by Mr. Chen Guibing, 2001 edition, "Funeral Customs" by China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Press, etc., have no mention of the "Dwarf Tomb" by Fengpu. Quanzhou Overseas Transport History Museum In the 1950s and 1970s, it specially went to the East China Sea to conduct archaeological surveys, edited and published the survey reports "Compilation of Historical Materials of Overseas Transportation in Quanzhou" (1959-1964), "Quanzhou Overseas Transportation Historical Sites Survey Materials·Quanzhou Donghai Album" (1978), and did not discuss the "Dwarf Tomb" of Fengpu. In the past twenty years, many academic seminars on the history, culture and folk culture of Donghai and Fengpu have been held, and the Quanzhou Laozi Research Association has been published; "The Gate of All Wonders - The History and Culture Research Album of the Fastone of the East China Sea" (2000), Quanzhou Laozi Research Association, Quanzhou Fengze District Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau: "The Gate of All Wonders - The Research Album of the Maritime Silk Road and Fengpu Folk Culture of Donghai" (2004), Chen Shuide, Wen Taiping: "The Light of the East China Sea Culture", 2000 edition of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Press, also did not mention the "Dwarf Tomb" of Wupu. This may be related to the fact that the "Imperial Gold" of the "Dwarf Tomb" has not been unearthed in large quantities, perhaps due to negligence.
Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum went to Fengpu to investigate and clean the tomb of the "dwarf" from October 2010 to 2011. Experts from the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences identified the collected bones to explore the "dwarf". They were also exhibited in Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum. The conclusion says:
The legend of "dwarf" in Fengpu is actually that when the villagers "picking bones" for a second burial, they may have mixed bones of other mammals. When later generations moved these imperial gold pots, they saw that there were both human bones and smaller bones in the pots. They found it incredible, so they mistakenly thought these small bones for bones of "dwarfs" and spread rumors, which eventually turned into the legend of "dwarfs" buried by the sea of Fengpu. It is actually a manifestation of the "burying good brothers (Yin Gong)" belief customs and bone-picking customs in coastal areas. It implies simple humanistic care and expresses the awe of life.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many people "had no funerals" in Quanzhou during floods and droughts, plagues and wars against Japanese destiny, and local officials, gentlemen, merchants, etc. created Yijian tombs to bury the remains. In the 15th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1587), the magistrate of Jinjiang, Li Huiwen, built the Dongyue charity tomb in Quanzhou. In the 8th year of Chenghua (1472), the Quanzhou Guard Commander Deng Quan built the front charity tomb in Mingjiao Mountain. In the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), the land admiral of Fujian, Zhang Yunyi, built a charity tomb in Fujian. In the 6th year of Yongzheng (1728), the magistrate of Jinjiang, Su Benjie, built the Sucuopu charity tomb. In the 7th year of Yongzheng, Tang Xiaoben built the Tangcuopu charity tomb in Yuekou. From the 18th to 24th year of Qianlong (1753-1759), Wang Xie, the magistrate of Jinjiang, built eight charity tombs in Xiangkeng Mountain, Xiannongtan, and Yuekou. "The Inscription on the Collection and Burial of Floating Bones" records that from Xishan, Xianian, Zhudun outside Yingchunmen, the foot of Qien Mountain, the foot of Qingyuan Mountain, to Shuangkeng and Qiandian, the roots of the seven cities, there are all Floating Bones, Lin Weiyuan and Zhuangzheng are widely sealed. From the 18th to 28th year of Qianlong's reign, Yuan Miaoguan director Shen Junhua and others built the Dongyue Mountain tomb and created a charity tomb. They also built the burial of coffin jars and clays in the river cliffs of the northeast inner and outer cities, the skeletons of Xinshui City, the skeletons of Manzhou Mountain, and the skeletons of the Manzhou Mountain, and the skeletons of the coffin jars, and the skeletons of the river cliffs in the northeast. It can be seen that the charity tombs, abandoned tombs and skeletons in Quanzhou are distributed in a wide range of numbers.
It is possible that the "Dwarf Tomb" in Queqiao Mountain in Fengpu is a charity tomb site. Why is the imperial gold in the "Dwarf" tomb smaller than the ordinary imperial gold? Why are animal bones buried in mixed animals? Further research is still available.
comments:
(1) "Cihai", Zhonghua Book Company 1991 edition, page 785.
(2) Zhang Dai : " Night Ship ", Volume 2, "Ministry of Geography·Merical Sites".
(3) Qianlong's " Quanzhou Prefecture Chronicle " Volume 33, "The Purpose of the Government".
(4) Qianlong's "Anxi County Chronicles" Volume 1, "City Administration".
(5) Qianlong's "Yongchun Prefecture Chronicle" Volume 18, "Address to the Public Administration".
(6) Edited by Hui'an County Cultural Bureau: "Hui'an County Cultural Relics Chronicle", page 33.
(7) Huang Zhongzhao: "Bamin Tongzhi" Volume 67, "People·Filial Piety and Friendship".
(8) Lin Zhiqi's "Collection of Zhuzhai" Volume 15.
(9) Daoguang "Jinjiang County Chronicles" Volume 68, "Tomb Statue".
(10) Qianlong's "Quanzhou Prefecture Chronicle" Volume 33, "Guozheng".
(11) Qianlong's "Anxi County Chronicles" Volume 1, "City Administration".
(12) Qianlong's "Yongchunzhou Chronicles" Volume 23, "Famous Officials".
(13) Daoguang's "Jinjiang County Chronicles" Volume 68, "Tomb Statue".
(14) Huang Zhongzhao: "Bamin Tongzhi" Volume 61, "Guozheng".
(15) "An Haizhi" Volume 3, "Yizhong".
(16) Qianlong's "Yongchunzhou Chronicles" Volume 23 "Famous Officials"; Volume 26, "Falling Yi".
(17) He Qiaoyuan : " Fujian Book " Volume 127, "Old British Chronicles·Weibu·Biography of Gu Yinglan"
(18) Editor-in-chief Gong Wanquan: "Ten Classes of the East Festival in Quanzhou City", International Yanhuang Culture Publishing House, 2010 edition.
(19) Chen Wei edited by: "Jiangnan Humanities and Tales", Hong Kong China News Publishing House, 2001 edition, page 175.
(20) "Chongwu Suo City" and "Steel".
(21) Daoguang's "Jinjiang County Chronicles" Volume 68, "Tomb Statue".
(22) Wu Qiaosheng, Lin Demin, and Lin Shengli edited: "Catalogue of Inscriptions of the Ancient City of Quanzhou", China Literature and History Press, 2009 edition, pages 134-136.
(23) "The Inscription on the Donation of the North and South Chicheng and the Newly Built Yizhong" and "The Inscription on the Newly Built Pushishan Yoshika", Zheng Zhenman and Ding Hesheng compiled "Fujian Religious Inscriptions Compilation·Quanzhou Prefecture Volume", Fujian People's Publishing House, 2003 edition, page 280; page 304. "The Inscription on the Burial of Flooded Bones" is the same as page 419 of the previous book.
(24) Volume 6 of the "Nan'an County Chronicles" of the Republic of China, "Cultural Chronicles".
(25) Chen Guoshi compiled: "Fengzhou Collection" Volume 9 "Records".
(26) Volume 34 of the "Nan'an County Chronicles" of the Republic of China, "People's Chronicles·Yi Xing".
(27) Qianlong's "Yongchun Prefecture Chronicles" Volume 34, "People·Falling and Yi".
(28) Daoguang's "Jinjiang County Chronicles" Volume 53, "People's Chronicles·Practice Dedicated Action".
(29) "An Haizhi" Volume 9, "Leshan".
(30) Volume 34 of the "Nan'an County Chronicles" of the Republic of China, "People's Chronicles·Yi Xing".
(31) Chen Huaiyang: "Preface to the Reconstruction of Public Tombs in Fujian Province of the Penang Island in the 16th year of the Guangxu period", "Fengzhou Collection" Volume 7, "Preface".
(32) Chen Fangyuan: "Collection of Overseas Couplets", 1996 edition of Hong Kong Minnan Publishing Co., Ltd.
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