In 2020, about 275 million people were taking drugs worldwide, and 13% of the total number of drug users suffered from drug use disorders, and the number of drug users is expected to continue to increase.

Introduction

885, John Pemberton invented Coca-Cola and described it as a "brain-healing and educational drink". The inspiration for the product "Cocacola" comes from cocaine "Cocaine" and cola fruit "Cola acuminata" (containing caffeine). This super drink containing cocaine + caffeine + sugar was popular all over the country during the US ban. It was not until cocaine was defined as a drug that the company removed the ingredients of cocaine, but thus established the market position of Coca-Cola.

In 2020, about 275 million people were taking drugs worldwide, and 13% (36 million) of the total number of drug users suffered from drug use disorders, and the number of drug users is expected to continue to increase. At the same time, there are 294 drugs included in international control, accounting for one-third of all new psychoactive substances found so far. [1]

The history and current status of drug abuse show that drug problems are serious and complex problems, and no one can stay out of it. We are educated to stay away from drugs as much as possible, but we do not systematically understand what drugs are. In reality, opioids are widely used as painkillers for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. At the same time, the treatment of drug users, return to society, and destigmatization plays an important role in drug control. Drug abuse should be treated with a scientific attitude.

This article is a note and summary of learning drug crime issues. It only represents personal opinions. I hope readers can comment and exchange.

1. Definition and term

. Drug: This article specifically refers to psychoactive substances, which refer to a type of chemical substances that can affect human emotions, behaviors, change consciousness states and have a reliance on them. The purpose of people using these substances is to obtain or maintain certain special psychological and physiological states.

. Drugs: The sociological concept of drugs refers to chemical substances that are highly addictive and prohibited in society. Unless otherwise specified, this article does not make any special distinction between drugs and drugs.

. Symptoms of withdrawal: Stop and reduce the special psychological and physiological symptoms caused by the use of drugs, such as insomnia, sweating, tremor, vomiting and diarrhea, loss of consciousness, etc.

. Drug abuse (addiction): emphasizes the negative consequences of using drugs, and users actively and repeatedly seek and use drugs regardless of the negative impact.

. Dependence: The user has adapted to the appropriate concentration of drug in the blood and has reached a stable physiological state. Withdrawal symptoms will occur when the drug is stopped and reduced.

. Tolerance: refers to the need for drug users to increase the dosage to obtain the desired effect, or the original dosage cannot achieve the effect pursued by the user.

2. Methods for studying drugs

1, Pharmacology , Pharmacokinetics

①. Absorption of drugs

Common drug administration methods include oral, injection, inhalation, drugs, etc. Injection methods, the drugs directly enter the blood, while other methods are absorbed into the blood through the intestines, lungs, etc. The different drug administration methods determine the time of the drug onset.

Take nicotine as an example. A cigarette is about 8 mg of nicotine. By smoking, nicotine can reach the brain within 8 seconds. The nicotine patch used for smoking cessation treatment has a lag time of 2 hours, and the steady-state blood drug concentration is only reached 8 hours after use.

Figure 1. Nicotine absorption peaks of different usage methods

②, drug metabolism

Drug metabolism usually occurs in the liver, enzymes change the structure of the drug, and changes in the chemical properties of the drug, thus causing it to lose its activity. There is an important concept in

drug metabolism, namely, the clearance half-life refers to the time it takes for the drug concentration to drop by half in the organism.

also takes nicotine as an example, which is mainly cleared through the metabolism of the liver. No metabolites have pharmacological activity. The half-life of clearance is about 2 hours. Only a small amount of nicotine is excreted from the kidneys in its original form. Therefore, moderate smoke addicts can't help smoking a cigarette in less than 2 hours to maintain the blood concentration of nicotine.

③, clearance of drugs

After metabolism, drugs are mainly excreted from the body through urine and feces. Usually 97% of the drugs are removed from the body, and 5 half-life of removal is required.

2. Screening and testing methods for drugs in the body

When the public security organs arrest a person suspected of taking drugs, urine screening, blood and hair testing are usually used as the basis for administrative penalties or forced isolation and drug rehabilitation.

screening and testing have different concepts.

①, urine screening

is generally screened with test strips. The time limit for urine screening is related to the individual's absorption and metabolic function, drug type, etc., and can generally be screened within 1h-3 days after taking drugs. The screening principle is similar to that of pregnancy test sticks (colloidal gold method, that is, designing antibodies based on drug metabolites or drug structure and making test strips). Generally, multiple sets of test strips are used in combination for screening.

Figure 2. Drug screening test paper

screening conclusions are usually reliable, but sometimes false positives may occur. For example, the person being tested has used other drugs containing ephedra, codeine, poppy, etc., and these ingredients may interfere with the results of the screening. The law also has ways to relieve the test. If the person being tested is dissatisfied with the test results, he or she may apply for laboratory testing within three days in accordance with Article 10 of the "Regulations on Drug Use Testing Procedures".

②, blood test

, generally after blood drawing, gas chromatograph, mass spectrometer, etc. are used for analysis. The conclusion is very accurate, but it is expensive. Therefore, if the screening is positive, blood is drawn for chemical testing.

③, new method: hair detection

drugs and their metabolites will enter the hair follicles through the blood circulation, be fixed by keratin and accompany hair growth. By performing chemical analysis of hair, a half-year history of drug use can be detected, which is also the most obvious advantage of hair detection.

The famous singer Xue Zhiqian was framed for taking drugs, which means that he used hair detection to prove his innocence. In the end, the framer Huang Yiqing was criminally detained for suspected provocation of trouble [2].

3. Drug dependence research and evaluation method - self-dose animal model

According to the provisions of my country's " Drug Administration Law ", non-clinical safety evaluation research must be conducted in my country to apply for drug registration, and must be conducted in a laboratory that has passed the " Drug Non-clinical Research Quality Management Standard " certification.

There is an animal model in which the experimental mice were carrying an intravenous syringe. There were two pressing rods in the experimental device, pressing one of them to inject drugs, and the other to inject saline. If the drug is a drug, the animal will quickly learn the correlation between the pressing rod and obtaining happiness and pressing repeatedly. This self-sufficiency model is a well-recognized method for evaluating drug psycho-dependence in the academic community [3].

Figure 3. Self-dose model

There is an important concept in the self-dose model called "breakpoint". The researchers adjusted the frequency of pressing and the dose of the injected drug: if one pressed once, one dose of the drug was injected, the ratio was 1; if 70 pressed times and one dose of the drug was injected, the ratio was 70. As the proportion increased, the mice would give up the compression. This ratio was called a "breakpoint", which was used to calculate how much effort the mice were willing to make to obtain the drug. The value of the breakpoint of

is not only to quantitatively measure the addictiveness of drugs, but also to explore drugs that treat drug addiction. For example, studies have found that injection of CART peptide in mice can reduce the breakpoint of cocaine in mice, which means that CART peptide reduces the mice's interest in cocaine and is a potential drug that can treat cocaine addiction.

4, Brain Imaging-PET Scan

PET Chinese name is positron emission type computed tomography. The researchers designed radioactive drugs (positrons) to be used to label biomolecules after being taken to the patient based on the site to be studied. The positron emitted by the radionuclide combines with the negative electrons in the tissue to cause annihilation radiation, and then detects the patient's brain through a PET detector, receives the signals generated by the annihilation of positive and negative electrons in the brain and performs image reconstruction, directly showing the different biological processes and molecular mechanisms of diseases in the body. PET imaging is mainly used to study receptor imaging, metabolic imaging and other related to drug addiction [4]. The number of receptors in the brain is high/ with strong metabolism in the has a brighter display in PET imaging.

Figure 4. D2 dopamine receptor imaging (left)

Figure 5 Glucose metabolism imaging (right) [5]

2. The location of drug action - brain

1. Brain deconstruction

The human brain is the basis of behavior and consciousness. Drugs make people feel unique, and their essence is that drugs participate in the work of the brain neural network and react drugally.

Figure.6 Schematic diagram of brain structure

The brain includes terminal brain , dibrain , brain stem and cerebellum.

① The end brain is mainly the left and right cerebral hemispheres. cerebral hemisphere is divided into 5 lobes, namely frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and insula (insula). Human body functions are related to the cerebral cortex, and psychological activities, cognitive functions, personality, language, movements, perceptions, etc. are closely related to the end-brain.

② dibrain is the brain tissue between the two brain hemispheres, with the upper end brain and the lower spinal cord central nervous system . The structures are divided into the hyperthalamus, dorsal thalamus, posterior thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus. It is the integrated center of the body and visceral sensory impulses, mainly responsible for transmitting perception, regulating physiological activities, biological clock, etc.

③ Brainstem, located below the brain, is a smaller part of the central nervous system. Responsible for maintaining individual life, including heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.

④ Cerebellar , located at the back and lower part of the brain. Responsible for maintaining body balance and integrating nerve impulses.

has a limbic system on the edge of the terminal brain, dibrain, and brain stem, and has extensive connections with each brain area, project emotions and emotions, participate in cognition and consciousness, upload perceptual information, and upload action reactions. Therefore, when the drug acts on the limbic system, it may have an impact on mental activities. [6]

2. Natural Reward-Dopamine Reward Circle

The natural reward system of the brain is the fundamental reason for human autonomous behavior and survival. When humans eat, win or complete the arrangements of certain gods, the brain secretes some happiness ingredient, which makes people feel happy, inspiring humans to repeat this behavior. [7] The oldest and most famous reward loop of

is the dopamine reward loop in the midbrain limbal lobe of the brainstem. The main physiological structure of the dopamine reward circuit of

is the limbic system, which is composed of the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, etc. (mainly the area connecting the brainstem, the dibrain and the end brain). The dopamine reward circuit uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter. When eating, shopping or sexually, the limbic system can produce dopamine secretion peaks, causing the brain to feel happy.

3. Behavioral addiction

The kidnapping of dopamine has no redemption, you and I are all prisoners of addiction. ----"The Selfish Gene"

The dopamine reward circuit is stimulated by behavior and in turn promotes people's motivation and prompts people to repeatedly do this behavior. The behaviors that trigger the reward mechanism can be positive, such as achievement, running, diet, or negative, such as gaming, destruction, sexual abuse, gambling, theft, and so on. Even the behavior of repeatedly watching "cute" pictures is part of behavior addiction:

Figure 7. Ling Nabelle [8]

Recently, "Ling Nabelle" became popular all over the Internet with her cute image. For life science , "cute" can actually be defined. Germans summarize cuteness into "baby illustrations", referring to a series of facial features of babies, including round faces, big eyes, high foreheads, etc. Time-varying in the baby's illustration can activate the dopamine reward circuit, but gender, hormone level, and age have a great influence on the sensitivity to identify cuteness [9], so young girls prefer to use cute emoticons.

4, synaptic , neurotransmitter-target of action of neurotransmitter-drug

Figure 8. Neuron cells

neurons are connected to the head and tail to form nerves, and information in the human body is transmitted along the nerves. The structure in which two neurons come into contact with each other is called synapses, which is a key part of information transmission. Synapses are divided into presynaptic membranes, synaptic clefts, and postsynaptic membranes.

Under normal circumstances, the previous neuron releases neurotransmitters in the presynaptic membrane. After the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, the latter neuron generates an electrical signal to continue transmitting the signal.To avoid continuous discharge, neurotransmitters cannot bind to the receptor for a long time and need to be decomposed or transported back to the previous neuron.

The onset of the drug is essentially a specific detail in this process.

is a coca because example:

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of cocaine blocking dopamine transport vector

presynaptic membrane secretes dopamine normally. Dopamine binds to the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane and causes the next neuron to generate electrical signals. But cocaine blocks dopamine transport vectors on the presynaptic membrane, resulting in dopamine not being recovered by the presynaptic membrane. Dopamine stays in the synaptic cleft for a long time, causing the postsynaptic membrane to continuously discharge and conduct happy signals, causing people to feel abnormally excited.

5. Neuroplasticity of the brain

The brain has amazing plasticity. Some blind people with congenital blindness can also reconnect with sound wave information to perceive space, realizing "ear instead of eyes". Similar to

, drugs can induce lasting changes in brain function. These changes in functions are related to changes in the plasticity of neuron structures in the brain-related brain regions, and ultimately lead to continuous changes in behavior and psychology that depend on animals or humans. Taking alcohol as an example, after long-term alcohol exposure, the dendritic spines (symptoms) of neurons in the brain reward key brain regions significantly decreased and increased the size of the remaining dendritic spines [10].

6, the effect of drugs on gene expression and epigenetic

This article once again emphasizes that drugs can change brain structure. In addition to affecting the process of nerve conduction, drugs are even involved in the regulatory mechanism of the epigenome of brain cells.

012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded the "G protein-coupled receptor study". This article uses this as an example to briefly describe the process of drugs participating in gene regulation: the G protein-coupled receptor consists of the outer part, the transmembrane domain, and the inner part of the membrane. The outer part is responsible for binding to neurotransmitters, and the inner part of the membrane is composed of trimers. First, the G protein coupling receptor binds to the drug, and then some α and βγ subunits in the membrane are separated and activate kinase . The activated kinase will act on other protein , and finally activate the transcription factor by phosphorylation of . The activated transcription factors bind to regulatory regions on the genes, regulate gene expression and ultimately alter protein levels. [11]

Figure 10. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors and gene regulation process

In short, dopamine receptor is essentially a protein, and the renewal of dopamine receptors in the brain is strictly regulated. However, the effects of drugs affect this regulation, reducing the synthesis rate of related proteins, resulting in a decrease in dopamine receptors. Further, the brain is subject to functional and behavioral changes, which leads to drug addiction and disease. The effects of

exogenous drugs can also methylate genome to , etc., making the genome unable to replicate and transcribe, and ultimately affect the epigenetics of the brain, and will no longer be developed here [12].

7. The harm of substance abuse to the brain

The harm of substance abuse to the brain is obvious. With the help of PET imaging, we can intuitively feel this harm:

Figure 11. Comparison of D2 dopamine receptor imaging between normal people and addicts [13] The comparison of brain PET imaging between normal people and addicts shows that after drug abuse, D2 dopamine receptors are significantly reduced, while lower levels of D2 dopamine receptors are often more impulsive. It should be taken seriously that alcohol abuse can also lead to a reduction in D2 dopamine receptors, which has the same effect as drugs.

Figure 12. Comparison of PET imaging at different stages after normal people and addicts detoxify cocaine. D2 dopamine receptor imaging (left), glucose metabolism imaging (right) [14]

Comparison of brain PET imaging between normal people and addicts shows that drug abuse causes harm to the brain, but this can be restored. After 4 months of detoxification, the D2 dopamine receptor and glucose metabolism in cocaine abusers can slowly recover. This phenomenon of extremely slow recovery is one of the scientific basis for community drug rehabilitation for three years and mandatory isolation for two years.

8, psychiatric disorders caused by drugs

"Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders in China" (CCMD-3), and the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in the United States" (DSM-5) include symptom standards and diagnostic criteria for mental disorders caused by psychoactive substances (code F10-F19).

According to CCMD-3, diseases related to drug abuse can be diagnosed as: acute poisoning, harmful use, dependence syndrome, withdrawal syndrome, psychiatric disorder, intelligence damage, amnesia syndrome , residual or delayed mental disorder, consciousness disorder, etc. In short, drug use can lead to all kinds of mental illnesses.

Figure 13. Psychiatric

4. Common substances of abuse

Academic circles classify psychoactive drugs into sedatives, opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalers, etc. The relevant common drugs are introduced as follows:

1. Alcohol (sedative)

Ethanol is the world's largest drug of abuse, and the proportion of people who have never drunk alcohol in their lifetime in the world is less than 5%. In the past 20 years, the incidence of alcohol dependence in my country has increased by nearly 50 times, and there is still a significant upward trend, and the situation is very serious.

①, Pharmacokinetics

enters the blood through the stomach and small intestine after drinking. After drinking, the blood drug concentration reaches its peak 30 to 45 minutes, and about 90% is decomposed through the liver (ethanol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ), and the half-life of clearance is about 4 hours. Drink 200ml of high-alcohol, and the removal time exceeds 12 hours.

②, Pharmacology and Poisoning Symptoms

Ethanol is actually a central nervous system inhibitor, and its inhibitory nature gradually increases as the blood drug concentration increases.

Alcohol first acts on the cerebral cortex, inhibiting rational thinking and social alertness, which leads to drinkers being irritable, reckless manic or depression, and naive. After the increase in blood drug concentration, the reticular activation system is inhibited, resulting in loss of consciousness and even inhibiting the center until death.

③, addictive, dependence and withdrawal symptoms

WHO disclosed in the early years that more than 140 million people around the world had severe alcohol dependence. Some articles analyzed that more than 40 million alcohol dependence patients in China were found to be more than 40 million. Symptoms of withdrawal include anxiety, unpleasantness, depression, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, chills, sweating, palpitations, hypertension, sleep disorders, tremors, twitching, etc.

④, Damage to the brain

The situation of alcohol changing neuronal morphology has been described in the previous article. In addition, alcohol has an impact on the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and medulla, which can cause serious diseases such as brain atrophy and alcoholic dementia.

2, nicotine

Figure.14 Electronic cigarette

nicotine is commonly known as nicotine. WHO reported that there were approximately 960 million smokers worldwide in 2012. my country has the largest smoker in the world, and some analysts believe that my country's nicotine-dependent patients may exceed 200 million. Currently, it is estimated that 5 million people die from smoking every year around the world, and nicotine is one of the well-deserved common substances of abuse.

①, Pharmacology and Poisoning Symptoms

Many central neurotransmitters are involved in the formation process of nicotine addiction, mainly acting on nicotine acetylcholine receptors and increasing the activity of the receptor [[15]]. Increase the amount of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine , dopamine, and stimulate sympathetic and pararenal medulla to increase the adrenaline content.

nicotine poisoning actually creates a sense of emptiness in the brain. After nicotine is quickly metabolized, it is supplemented by smoking, giving people false feelings such as confidence and relaxation.

②, addictive, dependence and withdrawal symptoms

only nicotine in tobacco ingredients will produce tolerant, dependence and obvious withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms: irritability, upset, anxiety, irritability, palpitations, inability to concentrate, joint pain, gastrointestinal discomfort.

3, caffeine

Figure.15 Coffee

In modern cities, coffee is one of the best-selling beverages, and caffeine is an important chemical substance in coffee. Caffeine is a food, medicine, or drugs, but in our country, no one knows caffeine better than Shanxi addicts.

Due to the natural disaster of in the last century, Shanxi farmers discovered that feeding caffeine to livestock can make livestock eat less food and work more. Later, in some difficult areas, some farmers began to consume caffeine to suppress their appetite, while eliminating fatigue, so that they could continue to work. From farmers in the 1960s, to miners in the 1980s, to drivers in the 1990s, the tradition of "refreshing" by inhaling excessive caffeine has quietly taken root in Shanxi...

①, Pharmacokinetics,

When drinking coffee, caffeine is absorbed from the stomach, and the blood drug concentration reaches its peak in about 1 hour. Metabolizes by the liver and clears the half-life for about 6 hours.

②, pharmacology and poisoning symptoms

The human body ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-ADP ( adenosine diphosphate )-AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is constantly hydrolyzed and synthesized to provide energy to our body. When we perform high-intensity (mental) work or lack of sleep, the synthesis speed of ATP will not keep up with the ATP consumption, resulting in the gradual increase in the concentration of AMP.

and AMP is not only a carrier that provides energy, but also an important neurotransmitter. When the concentration of AMP increases in the nervous system, it will cause people to lose their attention, anxiety, and memory. This is the body reminding the brain that it is time to go to bed.

The structure of caffeine is very similar to adenosine , and is a natural adenosine receptor blocker. After caffeine binds to adenosine receptors, although the body is very tired and constantly sends the signal of "I want to rest" to the brain, the brain is kept in the dark and continues to let the body work.

If the caffeine concentration is excessive and the adenosine receptor is completely blocked, it secretes adrenaline, making people jump and extremely excited.

③, addictive and withdrawal symptoms

is easy to become addicted and has dependence, but it is relatively easy to get rid of dependence. If you drink a cup of strong coffee at 5 pm, half of the caffeine remains in the body by 11 pm, it is likely to affect the quality of sleep, causing you to wake up early and need to take caffeine immediately to wake up. In the long run, it will lead to an increase in caffeine tolerance and dependence. Symptoms of withdrawal include depression, lethargy, emotional instability, nausea, muscle stiffness, etc.

⑤. Caffeine purified by

in my country belongs to the second category of psychotropic drugs in my country, and belongs to the drugs defined in the " Criminal Law HTML ". Smuggling, trafficking, transporting, and manufacturing of more than 200kg can be sentenced to death by .

4, heroin (opia)

Figure.16 Two magical drugs developed by Bayer Company [16]

There is a deferentiality in the synthetic order between opium, morphine and heroin. Therefore, the United Nations drug classification divides heroin into No. 1 to No. 4 according to purity and ingredients. No. 1 heroin is actually opium, so drugs extracted from opium are collectively called opioids. The rise of heroin in

still has a special history: morphine is analgesic, but its addictive nature makes doctors afraid to prescribe it at will, until Bayer claims to have developed "unadditive morphine" heroin. The launch of heroin has not undergone rigorous clinical trials, thus leaving hidden dangers.

The heroin that started out was limited in medical dosage, so few people abused it for a long time except for treatment and analgesia. Until addicts find that heroin is better than morphine...

When countries around the world discovered that the harmful consequences of heroin to individuals and society have far exceeded their medical value, there have been countless heroin addictive groups. In order to prevent heroin from continuing to proliferate, countries around the world have successively abolished the clinical application of heroin.

In 1953, the British government also deleted heroin from the British Pharmacopoeia, marking the complete end of heroin as a drug.

①, Pharmacokinetics

The main abuse of heroin is tin foil hot. Heroin is extremely lipid-soluble, 2 to 3 times that of morphine. After heroin enters the blood, it can quickly pass through the blood-brain barrier. The half-life of heroin removal is only 6 minutes, and it is metabolized in the brain to 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine, which work together to exert the efficacy of the drug. Due to the lack of research on 6-monoacetylmorphine, the pharmacokinetics of morphine are described below.

morphine can be distributed to lung, liver, spleen, kidney and other tissues, and the half-life of clearance is 1.7 to 3 hours. Morphine is mainly metabolized in the liver.It is mainly excreted through the kidneys, and a small amount is excreted through bile and milk.

②, pharmacology and poisoning symptoms

Herole is purely agonist of opioid receptors, but rarely binds to opioid receptors in the brain. The gray matter located in the human body on the medial side of thalamus , the third ventricle of the thalamus thalamus surrounding the thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus thalamus limbic system is related to emotional responses, opioid receptors located in the locus nucleus are related to euphoria, and opioid receptors located in the solitary nucleus are related to antitussive, antihypertensive and gastric juice secretion. The pharmacological effects of

heroin mainly come from the active metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine. By binding to a variety of opioid receptors present in the brain, spinal cord and intestine, it mainly agonizes μ receptors, delta receptors and κ receptors, producing central analgesic, sedation, respiratory depression, pupil reduction and inhibition of intestinal peristalsis.

According to the "Pharmaceutical Instructions" of morphine, morphine has a powerful analgesic effect, but also has obvious sedation and antitussive effect. It has an inhibitory effect on respiratory center , which reduces its reactivity to carbon dioxide tension. Excessive amount can cause respiratory failure and death.

poisoning symptoms:

central system: strong analgesic effects and euphoria, calmness, trance.

Perception: The body produces histamine , the skin appears extremely "comfortable itching", scratches unconsciously, and there are many scratches on the body due to heroin poisoning.

Respiratory system: Opioids have strong respiratory inhibitory effects, so antitussive drugs are often extracted from opium poppy, and heroin poisoning can cause respiratory paralysis and death.

Sexual function: significantly prolongs the erection time for men, but the sexual pleasure is weakened or even lost, and addicts can live without sex; the impact on women is greater.

Cardiovascular system: complications of the cardiovascular system, and most of these complications are difficult to deal with.

digestive system: yellowing teeth, significantly reduced food consumption, severe constipation, duodenal ulcer .

③, addictiveness, damage to the brain, withdrawal symptoms

opioids are all very addictive, because when humans use them to analgesic (or enjoyment), they unknowingly transform their physiological functions.

Originally, minor injuries and pain were nothing in front of humans, because after a period of time, the human body would automatically relieve pain. This is a morphine-like biochemical synthetic hormone hidden in the body, similar to the analgesic component (morphine) in opioid drugs.

endorphin not only protects humans from the pain of bone and joint friction, but also plays a role in regulating body temperature, cardiovascular and respiratory balance. It can be said that the reason why humans act freely and carry out high-intensity work is that the endorphin substances secreted by the body play an important role.

exogenous intake of opioids can feedbackly inhibit endorphin synthesis and reduce opioid receptor number and sensitivity.

When the human body's own endorphins "atrophy" until they stop secretion completely. The user's body can only rely on the morphine ingredients in opioids to maintain the physiological activities of the human body. Once it is not taken in time, the human physiological functions will be disordered, resulting in unbearable pain all over the body, just like thousands of ants eating bones. This is the origin of the withdrawal reaction of opioid drugs that make life worse than death.

5, cocaine

Figure 17. Inca woodcut [17]

cocaine is extracted from a coca plant and has a planting history of about 1,200 years near the Andes in South America, which plays an important role in the development of Inca religious culture. Cocaine was once used as a "magic drug" to treat eczema, asthma, depression, neuralgia, , alcohol and opium addiction, etc. The most famous drug is the "Coca-Cola" of that year.

To this day, there is still the custom of chewing coca leaves or making tea in some parts of the world. The pharmacological effects and other articles have been described in detail in the previous article and will not be repeated.

6, methamphetamine (stimulant)

Figure 18. Rock sugar (left) and methamphetamine (right)

amphetamine stimulants are huge. They are a group of central nervous system stimulants with a chemical structure similar to , and are adrenaline analogs.Methamphetamine is commonly known as "method" and belongs to excitatory amphetamine. It is the main type of drug abuse faced by my country in the future for a long time and needs to be introduced with a focus.

The popular abuse of amphetamine began in the war. During World War II, amphetamine was listed as military supplies . Germany and Japan widely used amphetamine to ensure the production of the people in the rear and keep the soldiers energetic. After the war, when the abuse of amphetamine was taken seriously, international regulation began in the 1970s. Less than a decade later, the public's impression of amphetamine changed from widely used and accepted drugs to drugs.

① and pharmacokinetics

The mean plasma half-life of intravenous methamphetamine was 12.2 hours respectively. 44% of methamphetamine was excreted as prototype drugs, 20% were metabolized to amphetamine and 4-hydroxy-methamphetamine, and the rest of the parts were metabolized into inactivated deamination metabolites through the liver.

②, Pharmacology

methamphetamine (MA) is a central nervous system stimulant. It mainly acts on central dopamine (DA) nerve endings. There are three mechanisms to affect the activity of neurotransmitters:

First, methamphetamine can enter neurons and nerve endings as a pseudo-neurotransmitter through dopamine transporter (DAT), replacing DA in the cytoplasm and vesicles. MA and DA are formed through DAT exchange. MA can diffuse to the plasma membrane and flip the DAT function, which promotes the non-vesicle release of presynaptic DA, and a large amount of DA in the cytoplasm flows out to the synaptic cleft, and the concentration of DA in the synaptic cleft increases.

Second, MA blocks the reabsorption of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) by presynaptic membranes. The concentration of DA in the synaptic cleft is relatively increased, thereby activating the reward neural circuit.

Third, methamphetamine can affect the function of VMAT2, prevent the cytoplasm from entering the vesicle storage, and release the DA stored in the vesicle to the cytoplasm. The three mechanisms of

work together to accumulate catecholamines located in the synaptic cleft, producing a powerful and long-lasting catecholamine-like effect on the postsynaptic membrane.

③, addictive

my country's National Drug Laboratory conducted relevant research on compound methamphetamine tablets doped with heroin. The results show that whether heroin is doped in methamphetamine tablets or not, it can form obvious drug dependence in a short period of time, but the mental dependence caused by heroin-doped compound methamphetamine tablets is greater and can effectively improve the "feeling of happiness and pleasure", thereby pursuing a larger abuse dose.

④, poisoning symptoms and harm to the brain

methamphetamine mainly stimulates the cerebral cortex and midbrain limbic system. The euphoric effects induced by methamphetamine (meth), cocaine and a wide variety of amphetamine drugs are clinically difficult to distinguish. One of the goals pursued by domestic smokers is to have fun. A methamphetamine user said: "Once you take methamphetamine, you can have sex for hours in a row."

Acute poisoning of methamphetamine can be divided into three stages: mild, moderate and severe. Mild poisoning is pursued by drug users. Moderate poisoning is the main cause of intervention by public security organs or media, while severe poisoning is the main cause of death.

Mild poisoning in the central nervous system is manifested as: euphoria, awake or easy to wake up, increased mood, increased self-confidence, increased sexual desire, hypersensitivity, alertness (allergic), concentration, anxiety, active thinking but difficult to penetrate deeper, increased activity, increased speech, decreased fatigue, faster breathing, and decreased appetite (full feeling).

Severe poisoning is manifested as schizophrenia symptoms: auditory hallucinations, sensitivity and suspicion, gradually appearing delusions of being victimized, surveillance experience, tracking experience, jealousy, etc. Under the dominance, it can be accompanied by violent behaviors such as impulse, self-harm or injury; thinking associations are relaxed and logically deteriorated; speech is unclear or continuous, stereotyped and spontaneous.

⑤, dependence and tolerance

has rapid tolerance, and long-term dependencies can tolerate higher doses and only have fewer symptoms. It has been reported that the first dose of methamphetamine at 1.5 mg/kg can lead to death, while long-term addicts can tolerate 5,000 to 15,000 mg of methamphetamine per day.

withdrawal symptoms after methamphetamine dependence can be divided into three stages: prodromal period, typical withdrawal period, and late withdrawal period.The main symptoms of each period are now divided into the following:

prodromal period (within 24 hours of stopping the medicine): irritability, irritability, bad temper; anxiety, nervousness, sensitivity; irregular behavior, inconcentration of thinking; thirst, which often leads to repeated use of medicine. During the prodromal period, some physical symptoms will occur: sweating, dry mouth, nausea, palpitations, trembling hands and feet, and headaches. This period can occur repeatedly.

Typical withdrawal period (discontinuation of medication for 24 to 72 hours): I really want to sleep, but it may occur simultaneously with insomnia; fatigue, lack of energy; unable to experience joy, feeling unwell or unhappy, and severe depression. This issue stops after a long period of sleep. Treatment or other intervention measures should not be used.

late withdrawal stage (after 72-96 hours of stopping medication): The main characteristics are strong hunger after waking up, persistent irritability, agitation, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The patients in this period have obvious thirst, which often leads to relapse, and may also use alcohol, sleeping pills, and opioids to help sleep.

7, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)

Hemp genus Dicotyledon Rose Order Hemp Family Hemp family annual herb. In addition to extracting drugs, hemp can also be made into edible oil, edible hemp seeds, beverages, hemp fiber, etc. Hemp has a history of about 6,000 years in my country. In "Lüshi Chunqiu", he called "hemp, wheat, beans, millet, and beans" the grains. In "Shennong Bencao Jing" records: "Horse is eaten more, people see ghosts, they go wild, and they take them for a long time to understand the gods." [18]

There are great differences between different varieties of cannabis, and international law regards marijuana as an illegal drug. But in practice, most countries do not attach much importance to the implementation of marijuana-related laws, resulting in the international efforts to deal with marijuana issues being abandoned halfway. In recent years, some countries have been conducting a campaign to legalize marijuana.

There are about 400 compounds in cannabis, and the main psychoactive substance in cannabis is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

①, Pharmacokinetics

is the most common inhalation of marijuana through the lungs by smoking. About 10% to 35% of THC is absorbed into the body through the lungs, and the average inhalation is 18%.

cannabis takes effect very quickly after suction, and you will feel it in a few seconds. The blood drug concentration reaches its peak in 10 to 30 minutes, and the blood drug concentration begins to drop after 1 hour. Mental and behavioral effects generally last 2 to 4 hours after a cannabis suction. The half-life of

THC is 1.6-59 hours, and the individual differences are very large. The liver is the main metabolic organ of the active ingredient of marijuana. THC is hydroxylated and carboxylated under the catalysis of liver microsomal enzymes, and metabolites are mainly excreted from the intestine and kidneys. The mechanism of action of

② and pharmacological

cannabinol is still unclear. Although a lot of research has been conducted on cannabinol analgesia, different results have been produced in clinical studies of cannabis smoking. This is because cannabis has both an excitatory, inhibitory and hallucinogenic effects. Their effects are related to the dose, variety, origin and individual sensitivity.

The human brain has endocannabinol, and many physiological and pharmacological phenomena caused by cannabis are related to the cannabis receptor. The analgesic effect caused by cannabinol is to directly activate the CB1 receptor or act through some other mechanisms, and it has great clinical potential application value.

③, poisoning symptoms

The most common effect on emotions is that it is mostly a sense of happiness or euphoria accompanied by sleepiness, and self-consciousness of inner peace and mental relaxation. Being friendly to people, smirking foolishly, and he laughs as well, becoming very talkative. Their emotions can change continuously with the changes in thinking activities, and will activities can control emotions. If you want to be happy, then the emotions will be excited, and vice versa.

In addition, marijuana can cause significant changes in perception. It is mainly manifested as the enhancement of various sensory experiences and the comprehensive perception disorders, and some users will have hallucinations. More people will have comprehensive time perception disorders and feel that time passes very slowly. One minute is as long as one year. Because of the slow time of self-consciousness, the person involved may feel that the time for orgasm during sexual intercourse is extended.

④, addictive and withdrawal symptoms

Research by the World Health Organization pointed out that about half of people who use marijuana every day will develop dependence. Withdrawal symptoms, which manifest themselves similar to the withdrawal symptoms of tobacco dependence.Common symptoms are agitation, anger or aggressiveness, loss of appetite or weight loss, stress, neurotic or anxiety, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, including weird dreams.

⑤. Changes to the brain

Research shows that long-term use of marijuana can cause damage to brain function, which is often manifested as sluggishness, lack of interest and pursuit of external things, lack of emotion, no desires and purpose, lack of enterprising spirit and upward spirit, and a decrease in social responsibility. In addition, marijuana use and schizophrenia are often accompanied by each other.

⑥, listing status

is prohibited from illegal planting of raw plants; THC is the first psychotropic drug.

8, ketamine (santhetic agent)

In 1962, the United States developed ketamine, which was widely used in battlefield emergency medical treatment during the Vietnam War, and was later used in general anesthesia by clinical medical treatment. In August 2020, the U.S. FDA approved dextroketamine for suicidal thoughts for the treatment of depression. The full name of ketamine in English is ketamine, so it is called "K powder" when used as a drug.

Figure 19. K pink

caused the illusion of separation of mind and body after using ketamine, and quickly fell into the characteristic of disappearing consciousness, and gradually became circulated in the black market. To facilitate transportation, the drug lord made ketamine into pure white fine crystal powder, which was inhaled through the nose when used. Around 2000, K fans began to become popular in domestic KTV, diba, dance hall and other entertainment venues.

①, Pharmacokinetics

, most of the ketamine enters the blood circulation and enters the brain tissue. Intravenous injection of 1 to 2 mg/kg will disappear after 30 seconds. After anesthesia, the consciousness will disappear. After eyes open and gaze, nystagmus, and the muscle strength of the limbs will be enhanced, showing a wood-stiff state. The half-life of clearance is 2 to 3 hours. It is mainly bioconverted to norketamine in the liver, and then gradually metabolized into inactive compounds excreted through the kidneys, and only 2.5% are excreted in the urine in its original form.

②, Pharmacology,

's main pharmacological effects are to inhibit the brain's connection pathway and block the projection of the thalamus to the neocortex. It excites the limbic system, which has a slight or slight excitation on the brain stem reticular structure. When the drug concentration increases, it inhibits the entire center. After the patient entered anesthesia, the pathway between the thalamus and the neocortex was blocked, but the activity of the thalamus and limbic system did not decrease, which was manifested as light sleep, no response to environmental changes, significantly reduced pain, forgotten recent events, staring at the eyes, seemed to be awake and blurred, and could not recall pain afterwards. Not only did it have no muscle relaxation effect, but it could increase muscle tone and sometimes there was no purpose-free limb activity. At the receptor level, ketamine can play a role through mechanisms such as inhibiting the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters by acting on NMDA receptors, opioid receptors, cholinergic receptors, and NO/cGMP signaling systems.

③, addictive, withdrawal symptoms

Ketamine hydrochloride injection The "Pharmaceutical Instructions" shows that psychological dependence may occur after long-term use, manifested as anxiety, irritability, directional disorders, insomnia, hallucinations and flashbacks, mental attacks, etc. Withdrawal syndrome may occur after long-term use.

④, Damage to the brain, Ketamine-related cystitis,

People who have been abused with K powder for a long time are usually speechless (stuttering) and speech vaguely (spoken) because of their semantic memory loss and the destruction of the central nervous system by K powder. In addition, the drug produces separation hallucinations that prompt changes in the brain's neuroplasticity, resulting in psychosis similar to schizophrenia. When

is sucked with K powder, 5% of the drugs are metabolized in powder form in prototype fine crystals, scratching the inner wall of the ureter, leading to characteristic disease: ketamine-related cystitis, which in severe cases can cause bladder contractions to one-tenth of that of a normal person. Many smokers have described ketamine-related cystitis in this way: "The urine is very urgent. Every time I urinate, it hurts like a torture, but I can't sprinkle much urine at all. But if I don't sprinkle, I can't help it, just like my bladder is about to explode."

⑤. my country's regulatory status

On June 9, 2001, it was included in the second-class psychotropic drugs for management.

In 2003, the Ministry of Public Security included it in the category of drugs.

In August 2004, ketamine was designated as the first psychotropic drug.

9. Xiaohua (volatile solvent, inhaler)

Xiaohua is nitrous oxide (N2O), a colorless and sweet gas. It was discovered in 1772. It can lose pain after inhalation, but it can still maintain consciousness. It is used as a separating anesthetic in medicine, especially in the dentistry and obstetrics and gynecology fields, and can also be used in cake making and industrial fields.

① and pharmacological

mainly inhibits the downward neural pathway, has the effect of mild anesthesia, pleasant mood, and reducing anxiety.

② Changes to the brain and addictive

can lead to changes in the demyelination of the bilateral frontal white matter, thinking disorders such as slow thinking, victimization, exaggeration, and mental disorders, and psychological symptoms such as delusion of victimization. Long-term abuse of laughter can lead to physical discomfort and mental disorders. They tend to be addicted and need to be paid attention to by clinical and regulatory authorities. [19]

10, new drugs and other drugs

Figure.20 "Stamps" drugs LSD

The Internet reported that Hangzhou police found suspicious "stamps"-shaped paper sheets from drug traffickers, which were identified as hallucinogen ergodiethylamine (LSD), reminding students and parents to pay attention. In fact, the history of human hallucination in eating wheat with ergot disease can be traced back thousands of years, killing tens of millions of people in Europe. LSD was first extracted from ergot in the 1930s and is a typical representative of hallucinogens, not a new "invention".

The new drugs commonly referred to in my country are usually compared to traditional drugs (opium, cocaine, marijuana), referring to the second and third generation drugs. The second generation drugs are mostly laboratory synthesized, while the third generation drugs have changed some functional groups of the drugs. According to this definition, methamphetamine, K powder, etc. can be included in the category of new drugs. [20]

As mentioned above, the supplementary introduction of the new drugs is as follows:

Cathyroidone: excitatory amphetamines.

ecstasy (MDMA): The main ingredient methylenedioxymethylstyrene, which is often mixed with K powder. It is a mixed amphetamine. It is extremely sensitive to rhythm after use and shakes its head according to the rhythm.

Magu: The main component is caffeine, which is mixed with methamphetamine. Caffeine causes an increase in dopamine secretion. The principle of action of methamphetamine is mainly to promote the release of dopamine and prevent reabsorption. Therefore, the two can have a synergy.

benzcyclidine: hallucinogen.

γ-hydroxybutyric acid, flunizepam, triazolam, etc.: central nervous system inhibitors, some drugs have an anterior oblivion effect and may be used as rape drugs.

5. Drugs and Society

1. Special causes of opioid addiction

Opioids are all extracted from opium poppy plants, including opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, etc. Opioids are the first choice for moderate to severe pain, acute pain, and cancer pain. Although they are addictive, they must be used to treat analgesia in clinical practice. Analgesia is a huge unsaturated market [21], and opioids will continue to be popular without the successful development of new drugs.

Figure 21. Opioid

Opioid addiction is partly due to wrong prescriptions or patients taking medication privately. This is why some patients are addicted to cough syrup.

2. Will I be addicted?

compares a large number of drug users with non-drug users, which can distinguish the characteristics of the two groups. This kind of study is called vulnerability study.

vulnerability is divided into risk factors and protective factors. Through comprehensive assessment, it is possible to evaluate whether an individual is addicted to drugs, and adjust his living habits according to the results or warn and help friends at risk:

①, risk factors

genetic factors (parents addiction to smoking and alcohol addiction), personality characteristics and temperament (risk and impulse characteristics), health status (depression, etc. are often co-morbid with drug use), judgment of drugs, attempts to use drugs by themselves and the age of first use of drugs, stress (social status and peer pressure), ease of obtaining drugs, etc.

②, protective factors

control, career achievements, interpersonal relationships, mental outlook, judgment, stress treatment, genes, family education, rich entertainment and sports, etc.

It should be noted that vulnerability is only an assessment of addiction tendency and cannot be expressed in equations.Protective factors do not mean immunity to drugs, so if you can stay away from drugs, you must stay away from them.

3. Drugs and crimes

Drug activities are prone to breed other crimes and cause serious social burdens. For example, drug trafficking gangs are often related to underworld organizations, drug transport endangering national border security, public security problems and violent injuries caused by hallucinations of drug users, pornography, gambling and drug relations, robbery and theft after the economic distress of drug users, etc. Therefore, my country's Criminal Law stipulates that smuggling, trafficking, transporting, manufacturing, and illegal possession of drugs are all crimes.

4. Addicts return to society

Destigmatization plays as important role in drug prevention and control as AIDS. A person becoming an addict may just be in the wrong place at the wrong time, or is unable to cope with the stress and do the wrong thing.

This article tends to define addiction as a disease. Since it is a disease, it should be treated, and society should also give help and opportunities to return to society. In drug rehabilitation practice, the higher the society supports addicts, the higher the subjective happiness [22], which to a certain extent compensates for the possibility of relapse due to emptiness and helps addicts return to society.

6. Anti-drug system

1. The origin of my country's anti-drug legal origin

The term legal origin belongs to a legal term, and is specifically a manifestation of the method. After searching, the origin of my country's anti-drug laws is mainly composed of the following written laws:

①, legal

"Drug Law", "Criminal Law", "Drug Administration Law"

②, judicial interpretation

"Reply of the Supreme People's Procuratorate on whether the supplementary catalog of controlled varieties of non-medical narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs can be used as the basis for identifying drugs", "Supreme People's Law" Interpretation of the Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in the Trial of Drug Crime Cases"

③, Regulations

"Drug Rehabilitation Regulations", "Regulations on the Management of Chemicals for Prevention of Drugs", "Regulations on the Management of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs"

④, Local Regulations

"Regulations on the Prohibition of Cannabis Drugs in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region", "Wuxi Community Drug Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Regulations", "Guiyang Regulations on the Municipal Community Drug Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation", "Heilongjiang Province Drug Regulations"

⑤, Departmental Regulations

"Measures for the Registration of Non-Medicinal Anesthetic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs", "Measures for the Identification of Drug Addiction", "Regulations on Drug Testing Procedures", "Interim Measures for the Management of Drug Rehabilitation Medical Services", "Basic Standards for the Treatment of Drug Rehabilitation Department of Medical Institutions (Trial)", "Basic Standards for Drug Rehabilitation Hospitals (Trial)", "Guidance Principles for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Opioid Dependence", "Guidance Principles for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Amphetamine Drug Dependence", "Guidance Principles for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ketamine Dependence", "Regulations on the Administration of Prescriptions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs"

2, Drug Management, Drug Identification Mechanism, Original Plant Plant Management

The essence of drugs is a chemical substance, and whether a substance belongs to a drug needs to be identified. An expert committee composed of experts in the fields of public security, food, medicine, hygiene, industry and information technology, customs, medicine, pharmacy, law, judicial appraisal, and chemical industry led by the Anti-Drug Office has shouldered the important task of drug identification to a certain extent.

According to the current laws in my country and according to different natures, chemical substances are classified into narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs, non-medical narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs, prone to toxic chemicals, ordinary chemicals, etc.

①, narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs

The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Health have published the "Catalogue of Narcotic Drugs" and the "Catalogue of Psychotropic Drugs", among which psychotropic drugs are classified as the first category of psychotropic drugs and the second category of psychotropic drugs. According to my country's laws, substances included in the "Catalogue of Narcotic Drugs" and "Catalogue of Psychotropic Drugs" have strict management systems. If they are illegally researched, produced, operated, used, stored, and transported, they are all suspected of committing drug activities in the sense of criminal law.

②, non-medical anesthetic drugs and psychotropic drugs

On October 1, 2015, the "Catalogue of Non-medical narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs" jointly published by the Ministry of Public Security and other departments came into effect. my country listed 116 chemical substances at one time. Because the substances in this catalog are addictive and no drug use has been found yet, any unit or individual is prohibited from producing, selling, transporting, using, storage and importing and exporting.

"Catalogue of Non-Medicinal Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs" is constantly expanding:

On March 1, 2017, 4 new fentanyl chemicals were added;

On July 1, 2017, 4 new chemicals such as U-47700 were added;

On September 1, 2018, 32 new chemicals such as cathhinone were added;

On July 1, 2021, 18 new chemicals such as fluoridemone and synthetic cannabinoids were added...

According to the approval of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the use of substances included in the "Catalogue of Non-Medicinal Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs" is suspected of drug activity crimes in the sense of criminal law. (Except for scientific research)

Figure.23 The manifestation of synthetic cannabinoid drugs [23]

③, chemicals that are prone to drugs

are classified into the first category (including: drugs in the first category of drugs), the second category, and the third category. The first category is the main raw materials that can be used for drug production, and the second category and the third category are chemical agents that can be used for drug production. For details of the specific classification and varieties of prematurely produced chemicals, please refer to the attached table of the "Regulations on the Management of Prematurely produced chemicals".

The production, operation, purchase, transportation, import and export of different types of premature chemicals have different restrictive conditions, licensing systems, filing systems and legal responsibilities. The "Regulations on the Management of Premature Chemicals" has made detailed provisions on this.

④, drug raw plants

my country prohibits illegal planting of poppy, coca plants, and marijuana plants, otherwise it will be suspected of illegally planting of drug raw plants.

3, prevention system

As of the end of 2020, there were 1.801 million drug users nationwide; 3 million people were not found for relapse for three years; a total of 427,000 drug users were investigated and dealt with throughout the year, of which 155,000 new drug users were found. [24]

my country's anti-drug propaganda and education work is undertaken by relevant organizations and units such as trade unions, the Communist Youth League, the Women's Federation, schools, news, publishing, culture, radio, movies, television, airports, train stations, long-distance bus stations, docks, hotels, entertainment venues and other public places, village committees, residents' committees and other relevant organizations and units.

All kinds of business places in my country have posted anti-drug slogans, and the prevention work has achieved good results, and the number of drug users has generally continued to decline. This is closely related to the policy of prevention and comprehensive governance of drug control.

4, drug rehabilitation and treatment system

When a drug addict is arrested, in addition to administrative penalties, the public security organs will also evaluate whether drug addicts are addicted in accordance with the "Measures for the Identification of Drug Addiction" and make administrative acts of drug rehabilitation based on this. Drug detoxification treatment measures include natural drug detoxification, drug detoxification treatment and drug maintenance treatment.

Addictive drug addiction can generally be divided into several stages: starting to try, abuse, addiction and relapse. However, my country's current treatment system is weak, and the policy emphasizes punishment after addiction, neglects most drug users in the pre-addiction stage and is prone to let them develop naturally into addicts.

①, Community Drug Rehabilitation

If a drug addict has the following circumstances at the same time, it is considered drug addiction: (1) There are drug components in the body; (2) There are drug use behaviors; (3) There are withdrawal symptoms or a history of drug use.

After drug users are identified as drug addiction, the public security organs will order them to undergo a three-year community drug rehabilitation. Drug users should abide by the drug rehabilitation agreement signed with the streets and townships and undergo regular testing.

②, compulsory isolation and drug rehabilitation

Figure 24. Inside the mandatory isolation and drug rehabilitation center,

, drug addicts are forced to be isolated and drug rehabilitation for two years: (1) Refusing to accept community drug rehabilitation; (2) Taking or injecting drugs during community drug rehabilitation; (3) Seriously violating the community drug rehabilitation agreement; (4) Seriously taking or injecting drugs after community drug rehabilitation and drug rehabilitation.

For people with serious drug addiction, they can directly make a decision to be forced to isolate and detoxify. Drug addicts can also voluntarily undergo mandatory isolation and drug rehabilitation.

③, voluntary drug rehabilitation

drug users are exempt from administrative penalties when they actively register with the public security organs or voluntarily participate in drug rehabilitation treatment. However, due to the lack of treatment institutions for new drug addiction, the voluntary drug rehabilitation mechanism is shrinking.

④, Community Rehabilitation

For those who are forced to isolate and detoxify, after the compulsory isolation measures are lifted, they will be ordered to accept community rehabilitation for no more than three years. The measures for community rehabilitation are basically the same as those for community drug rehabilitation.

5, drug control and punishment of crimes

①, drug control and criminal investigation

anti-drug control relies on daily monitoring:

Public security organs regularly conduct drug use tests on suspected drug users, forced isolation of drug rehabilitation personnel, community drug rehabilitation personnel, and community rehabilitation personnel. In 2017, Zhongshan police carried out "sewage poison testing" for the first time for daily testing. The police collected samples from various sewage treatment plants and conducted testing. If an addict smoked drugs, the drugs would enter the sewage pipeline network with excrement and be detected, and used technical means to further trace the source.

Figure 25. Drug Enforcement Dog

Customs and border guards inspect imported and exported goods.

People's Bank of China conducts daily anti-money laundering monitoring, etc.

According to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law, technical investigative measures can be implemented for drug crimes, relevant personnel can conceal their identities to conduct investigations (i.e., undercover plots such as film and television dramas), and delivery under control.

②, Crime

Drug crime is a type of crime, which refers to acts that violate anti-drug laws and regulations, undermine anti-drug control activities, and should be punished. Drug crimes can be divided into four types according to objective aspects: business-type drug crimes, sheltering and hiding drug crimes, possession-type drug crimes, and criminal acts that induce and force others to consume drugs.

my country's Criminal Law stipulates 12 types of drug crimes,

(1) Criminal smuggling, trafficking, transporting, and manufacturing drugs (Article 347): Smuggling, trafficking, transporting, and manufacturing drugs, regardless of the quantity, is a crime. The sentencing is different based on the type and quantity of drugs. It can be sentenced to detention, control, fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment and death penalty, and property punishment;

(2) Crime of illegal possession of drugs (Article 348): Illegal possession of drugs can be convicted and sentencing, but no death penalty is sentenced;

(3) Sheltering drugs Crime of product criminals (Article 349): The maximum statutory sentence of this crime is ten years of imprisonment;

(4) Crime of harboring, transferring, concealing drugs and stolen drugs (Article 349): Same (3);

(5) Illegal production, buying, selling, transporting drug-making items and smuggling drug-making items (Article 350): This crime punishes acts that obstruct the management of chemicals that are prone to drugs, and sentencing will not be sentenced to life imprisonment and death penalty;

(6) Illegal planting of original drugs (Article 351): Illegal planting of opium poppy and other plants may be sentenced, and the number of poppy planting in this crime is less than 3 The maximum sentence for 000 plants is five years in prison and a fine;

(7) Illegal sale, transportation, carrying, and possession of raw drug seeds and seedlings of raw drugs (Article 352): The maximum sentence for this crime is three years in prison and a punishment for property;

(8) Induce, instigate, and deceive others to take drugs (Article 353, paragraph 1): The maximum sentence for this crime is seven years in prison and a punishment for property;

(9) Forcing others to take drugs (Article 353, paragraph 2): The maximum sentence for this crime is ten years in prison and a punishment for property;

(10) Crime of harboring others to take drugs (Article 354): The maximum statutory sentence is three years in prison and property;

(11) Crime of illegally providing narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs (Article 355): Engagement of providing drugs to addicts with illegal and irregular occupations related to narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs to be sentenced to not more than three years in prison. If you seek benefits, you will be convicted and sentencing as the crime of drug trafficking;

(12) Crime of obstructing doping management (Article 355): Induce, instigate, instigate, and deceive athletes to use stimulants to participate in sports events, the maximum statutory sentence is three years in prison.

The provisions on the large number of drugs are large and large, please refer to the "Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in the Trial of Drug Crime Cases".

(13) Money laundering (Article 191): In addition, providing bank accounts, transfer funds, and exchange cash for concealing drug crimes can constitute this crime, and the maximum statutory sentence is ten years imprisonment and fine.

6, judicial practice

①, scope of drugs - Taking the case of selling laughter gas as an example

In recent years, the abuse of laughter gas has been serious. In April 2018, the Yunhe County Court of Zhejiang Province tried the first case of illegal business laughter gas in the country and made a first-instance judgment: the defendant was guilty of illegal business operations and sentenced to two years in prison and a fine of 50,000 yuan, and his illegal gains will be recovered.

This case is convicted of illegal business operations rather than drug trafficking. The deep reason is that although Xiaoqi is of drug nature, it is not included in the three catalogs ("Narcotic Drug Catalog", "Psychotropic Drug Catalog" and "Non-Medicinal Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs"). Also because our country's Criminal Law clearly stipulates the scope of drugs [25] and the strict legal principle of crime and punishment, it is not possible to define laughter as drugs for the time being.

Figure.26 Xiaoqi tank

In practice, the public security, procuratorate and judicial departments have realized the harm of Xiaoqi, so the investigation and punishment is no less than that of drugs, but Xiaoqi is not a drug for the time being, so what should we do?

happened to be included in the "Hazardous Chemicals Catalog" by the State Council, and the parties involved in this case illegally operated dangerous chemicals without administrative permission, so this case was ultimately convicted of illegal business operations.

②. The purity of drugs - drug trafficking adulteration, actually gave me an "extra sentence"?

Introduction - Black Market

According to investigations by relevant UN departments, many of the No. 4 heroin was mixed with other substances before the transaction, which significantly reduced heroin with original purity of more than 90% when used by the smoker. The actual purity of No. 4 heroin popular in the black market is generally less than 50%. This phenomenon is determined by the nature of the drug black market.

Figure.27 Shuangshi brand heroin [26]

drug production factories have very high purity. Shuangshi brand heroin, once created by drug lord Kunsha, has a purity of up to 99%. Basically, as long as the "dealer" sees this brand when he gets the goods, he will basically not doubt the purity. But for the "dealers" below, pursuing the greatest profit is their ultimate goal, so they often adulterate in drugs. When

drugs have been transferred to the hands of the smoker several times, they have often been resold many times, neither pure nor cheap. Take Hero, for example, mixed with flour, glucose, smurfs, and kasailu are already considered ordinary, and mixing wall ash, glass powder, and adding rat poison is not a rare thing. The reason why drug dealers dare to "do everything" is because drug transactions are not protected by law, and even if someone smokes fake drugs, there is no way to complain.

case - "The sentence of adulteration for drugs is not discounted, and the purity of 4% is still sentenced to death." The calculation of the number of drugs in

has caused certain troubles to judicial practice. For example, in the case of Li Huiyuan's drug trafficking, the defendant Li Huiyuan sold 598.2 grams of heroin, which is a large quantity, but the 302.2 grams of heroin seized was found to be only 3.98% of which was only 3.98%. Both the first and second-instance courts sentenced the defendant Li Huiyuan to death and executed immediately.

This is because my country's Criminal Law clearly stipulates that the number of drugs is not converted by purity [27]. No matter how purity the defendant sells, as long as it is confirmed that it is a drug, the number of drugs seized or evidence-proven drugs will be determined by the number of drugs seized or proven by evidence, rather than the number of drugs converted by purity.

But from the perspective of fairness and justice, the same behavior of selling 500g heroin, the content of 100% is obviously different from that of 0.01%. Therefore, in order to implement the criminal policy of "killing less and killing with caution", the purity of the drug is only considered when the adulteration determines the life and death of the drug dealer [28]. Therefore, the drug trafficking case of Li Huiyuan was changed to a death sentence reprieve during the Supreme Court's death penalty review procedure.

7. Social status - the attitude of this article

1. Drinking table culture

Drinking is an extremely important social function in modern society. Moreover, the wine culture has not been interrupted since the Western Zhou Dynasty and has been integrated into the depths of the Chinese bloodline.

Figure 28. Drinking Party

On the table, have you ever asked yourself why you still drink if you don’t drink well? Have you ever experienced such a scene: people who drink at the table toast each other, but those who drink tea do not deserve to raise their glasses.After three rounds of drinking, the drunk people began to call me brothers. You can only watch from the side with embarrassment?

In ancient times, the alcohol content was not high, and the metabolic rate could keep up with the intake rate, so I enjoy the drink. On the modern dining table, there are 52° high wines at every turn. People around you also have to persuade them to drink, "drink a little, practice alcohol..."

Although alcohol is not included in the three catalogs, it does not belong to the category of drugs. However, the current situation of modern medicine and society has proved that alcohol is addictive, tolerant, can harm the brain, and the abuse is serious and should be restricted.

Our country's laws have currently restricted the use of alcohol to a certain extent, such as imposing drunk driving and prohibiting parents from allowing minors to drink alcohol. The author of this article negatively evaluates alcohol and also proposes legislation to further restrict its use and improve the wine table culture from a customary perspective.

2, North American cannabis legalization campaign trend

North American cannabis legalization trend refers to the trend that North American people promote the legal use of cannabis raw plants.

Figure 29. The proportion of people supporting the legalization of marijuana in previous U.S. polls show that the approval rating for marijuana legalization has increased year by year. On this basis, in 1996, California, the United States kicked off the legalization of medical marijuana in the United States. In 2012, Washington and Colorado opened the trend of legalizing recreational marijuana around the world.

So far, industrial hemp in the United States is fully legal, medical cannabis in 34 states, and recreational cannabis in 10 states and 1 SAR.

①, Industrial Hemp

Topics return to the issue of drug-derived plant management. According to the United Nations Convention: Cannabis plants with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) less than 0.3% do not have drug value and are therefore not subject to international control.

Figure.30 Industrial hemp

In fact, my country has long become a major industrial hemp cultivation country. In 2017, the Heilongjiang Province Anti-Drug Regulations clearly separate industrial hemp from drug hemp, allowing the cultivation, sale and processing of industrial hemp. However, almost all the industrial hemp currently grown in my country are fibrous.

②, Medical marijuana

In fact, many American medical institutions first stood up to oppose the direct use of marijuana plants for medical treatment. They express sincere sympathy for patients and support research on new therapies and new products, but they do not currently recommend medical marijuana.

The root cause of the legalization of medical marijuana is that certain substances contained in the cannabis plant have been approved by the FDA as a drug, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) being used for nausea pain caused during cancer chemotherapy and loss of appetite in AIDS patients. So is it possible to use the cannabis plant directly to deal with medical problems? The answer to the question

is also very simple. The launch of drugs such as THC has undergone a lot of tests and research such as pharmacology. The production of drugs has strict dosages and procedures, and has indications and optimal dosages. There are other unstudied chemicals in the cannabis plant, and even the amount of active substances in the cannabis plant is unclear, which can cause harm to the human body. It is inappropriate to use the cannabis plant itself as a medicine to deal with various problems.

③, entertainment cannabis

As for entertainment cannabis, it refers to a cannabis plant with higher THC content. Shouldn’t it still be regulated?

Conclusion

Cherish life and stay away from drugs.

Reference

. 2021 World Drug Report, WHO ↑

. Source: Xue Zhiqian Weibo ↑

. Construction of the self-administration behavior model of rat methamphetamine, Sun Yan ↑

. The application progress of positron emission computed tomography technology in the research of drug addiction mechanisms, Wang Shuzhe ↑

. Source: "Addicted Brain", Emory University ↑

. The role of the midbrain-margin dopamine system in the reward effect, Deng Hongbing ↑

. The role of dopamine in nucleus accumbens in reward and reinforcement learning, Xu Benke, He Yun, Sun Anbang, Chen Yuncai ↑

. Source: Shanghai Disney Resort ↑

. WeChat public account of the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, "Cheonsha Daji"'s cute secret was found by me - "cute" characteristics activate the dopamine reward loop ↑

0. Alcohol dependence and synaptic morphological structural plasticity, Yu Yi, Hao Wei, Zhang Ruiling ↑

1. "Addicted Brain", Emory University ↑

2. Epigenetics Research on Drug Abuse, Zhai Haifeng, Wu Ping, Lu Lin ↑

3. Source: "Addicted Brain", Emory University ↑

4. Source: "Addicted Brain", Emory University ↑

5. The basis of neurotransmitters in tobacco and nicotine addiction ↑

6. Heroin and aspirin were both developed by Bayer, Germany, during the same period. The success of these two drugs allowed Bayer to lay the foundation for the overlord of the global pharmaceutical market. In 1902, Bayer's heroin profit accounted for 5% of the entire pharmaceutical industry. Now these two great heroes are one of the infamous and the other is still a magical medicine. ↑

7. A priest is taking cocaine, and the Incas believe this is a way to communicate with the Sun God ↑

8. The addictiveness and potential medicinal value of marijuana, Yuan Jiayu, Li Junxu, Zhang Hanting, Zhou Wenhua ↑

9. A case report on a psychotic disorder caused by sucking laughter gas and literature review, Lan Xiaochang, Wang Daping, Lan Xiaofeng ↑

0. The addictive mechanism and harm of new drugs, Li Yanxing, Tang Ziying, Wu Ping ↑

1. Are opioids ending? Wu Ge, Lin Shenxian, Zhu Qi, Yan Qi, Feng Yi ↑

2. Analysis of social support and subjective happiness and its correlation between heroin dependants, Liu Zhaoming and Li Zunqing ↑

3. Source: Guizhou Drug Control ↑

4. China Drug Situation Report in 2020, Guangdong Provincial Drug Control Administration ↑

5. Article 357 [Scope of Drugs and Calculation of Number of Drugs] The drugs referred to in this Law refer to opium, heroin, methamphetamine (meth), morphine, marijuana, cocaine, and other narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs that can make people addicted by state regulations. ↑

6. Xiaoxiang Morning News, the heroin "Double Lion Earth Mark" is wrapped in a piece of oil paper. Not only does the double lion Earth pattern appear on the oil paper, but the red letters also read "Beware of counterfeiting", "100% pure", "Smooth sailing" and other words. The embossed print of "999" on the heroin brick means that the impurity is only one thousandth of the thousandth and the purity is extremely high. ↑

7. Article 357 [Scope of drugs and calculation of the number of drugs] The number of drugs is calculated based on the number of smuggling, trafficking, transporting, manufacturing, and illegal possession of drugs that are verified, and is not converted by purity. ↑

8. "Minutes of the National Court Work on the Trial of Drug Crime Cases" "According to the Criminal Law, the quantity of drugs is not converted in purity. However, if the drug content is found to be very small and has a large amount of adulterated ingredients, it should be considered as appropriate when sentenced. Especially if the quantity of drugs reaches the standard of death sentence after adulteration, the defendant may not be sentenced to death." ↑