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Outer Mongolia - China's most strange neighbor
A Chinese Mongolian girl wearing Mongolian costumes. The total population of Mongolians exceeds 10 million, mainly distributed in China, Russia and Mongolia. The largest number of them is
in China (this article only discusses Outer Mongolia, not focusing on the Mongolians in a broad sense)
For Mongolia (Mongolia), their map may be a bit monotonous.
, look at Mongolia's geographical location, Mongolia is sandwiched between China and Russia (north, Russia, south, and central), almost without any leakage. , and this seems to tell the world that the fate of the Mongolian nation is closely related to the two countries of China and Russia. There is a joke internationally:
The geographical location of Mongolia. Mongolia is a landlocked country, bordering Russia and China. It is deeply influenced by China and Russia in both politics, economy and culture
Mongolia is one of the safest countries in the world, because if you want to fight it, you have to cross Russia or China.
Let’s talk about something unreasonable. As a 100% landlocked country, Mongolia is often ridiculed internationally. Because this is the smallest and least number of navy in the world. 's awkward geographical location and the character of the grassland nation, and this also means that Mongolian has no chance of getting along with the ocean since ancient times.
Mongolian Navy is the smallest navy in the world, with only 3 ships and 7 service personnel, only active in Neihu
But about Mongolia, our first impression is probably the Mongolian Iron Cavalry with Jinshang and Iron Horse. It is true that the Mongolians in history fought south and north, once defeated their territory to the banks of the Danube in Europe, and established the second largest country in human history (at the peak of about 2,400-3,000 square kilometers, second only to the British colonial empire).
Mongolia is an inland country with an area of about 1.56 million square kilometers and a population of only more than 3.3 million. As the most typical grassland ethnic group, the courage and fighting in the bones of the Mongolians are really daunting. However, history will not stop waiting for these "warriors" in the era of cold weapons. Today, Mongolia is just a landlocked country full of Gobi, sparsely populated, and backward economy. It is extremely economically dependent on China and Russia, and has almost become Russianized in politics and culture (such as text). The days of drinking Ma Sihai seem to have become history.
A Mongolian herdsman
A brief introduction to the situation in Mongolia: the area is about 1.56 million square kilometers (slightly lower than Xinjiang, China, the 19th largest country in the world), a population of about 3.3 million (similar to Putian City, and the global Mongolian population is about 12 million, of which China has the largest, about 6 million), a GDP of about 13 billion US dollars (slightly lower than Fuqing City), and a per capita GDP of about 4,200 US dollars (about 42%).
No matter what aspect, Mongolia can't even behave properly.
Night view of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar is the largest city in Mongolia, and its urbanization level is similar to that of Hohhot. 74% of the population is young.
During this epidemic, Mongolia donated 30,000 sheep to my country as anti-epidemic materials, which made people laugh and cry.
Mongolian sheep is a kind of coarse-haired sheep with extremely tenacious vitality, very cold-resistant and drought-resistant
So, Mongolia has long been part of our country's territory in history, but now it has shown a strong Russian style, whether it is Cyrillic or Russian architecture. Then we can’t help but ask- What is the relationship between Mongolia and China today?
A Mongolian model. She is a Russian-Mongolian mixed-race child, with obvious white characteristics on her face
Mongols and China in history - two ethnic groups inside and outside the Great Wall
Mongols are nomadic peoples (here are Mongolians in a broad sense), and we are farming people. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a Great Wall spans north and south, separating two completely different ethnic groups. But the struggle for the living environment has never stopped since ancient times.
A Mongolian female saga
It should be noted here that the Mongolian people in a broad sense are not limited to today's Mongolian people, but it does not mean that the ethnic groups living on Mongolian Plateau are all Mongolians, so the Huns and Xianbei people are not considered Mongolians. Nowadays, it is believed that the Mongols are descendants of the Donghu people (generally known as the ethnic groups east of the Huns). They live by water and grass, and have no fixed territory, so this general range of activities is called "Mongolia". (The word "Mongolia" appears in " Old Tang Book ", which means "eternal fire").
At the end of the Warring States Period, the Xiongnu and the Donghu gradually rose, among which the Mongols were descendants of the Donghu people
In 1206 AD, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin people were fighting each other. The Mongol Khan (the supreme ruler) Genghis Khan wanted to say "We also build a country", so he took the opportunity to establish the Great Mongol Kingdom in the Onan River (located in Heilongjiang Province, China). The Mongols have risen since then and quickly swept the world. During the Yuan Dynasty, it was the first large-scale integration between the Mongolians and the Central Plains nations.
Mongol Empire consists of the four major khanates, among which this part located in China is called "Yuan" (map is for reference only)
So when did Mongolia truly become a part of China? That must be in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Mongolia is very large, divided into two parts: , , , , (roughly similar to inner and outer Mongolia). In the early Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji led his troops to fight against the south of the desert. The Mongolian princes and princes in the south of the desert could not defeat them and surrendered. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, they became a Manchu-Mongolian military group through marriage.
The so-called "Manchuria and Mongolian family".
The famous Empress Xiaozhuang in the history of the Qing Dynasty was born in the Korqin tribe of Mongolia. In the TV series "The Secret History of Xiaozhuang", Ning Jing plays
It can be said that the Mongolians were really in control after the 17th century. After the rise of Tsarist Russian , it immediately crossed the Ural Mountains and headed westward, and began the vigorous development of Siberia , constantly squeezing the living space of the Mongols. Seeing that they could not defeat the Russians, the tribes in Mobei wanted to hold on, so they led their troops south to surrender to the Qing Dynasty.
Inuit people living in the Siberian region belong to the Arctic genus of the Mongolian race, and are also Mongolians in a broad sense
Of course, the Qing Dynasty was very happy and was willing to be the backer of these Mongolians. In 1727, the Qing court and Tsarist Russia signed the Treaty of Chaktu, and the vague area of Mongolia, which was officially bounded and became a territory under the Qing court. It is from this point that China has the "right to claim" to Outer Mongolia.
htmlThe territory of the Qing Dynasty in the 117th century, among which Ulya Sutai was the northern Mongolia after surrendering
The southern Mongolia in southern Mongolia has had close contact with the Central Plains since ancient times and has been assimilated quickly. However, the northern Mongolia in northern Mongolia is still a bit "unable to tame", and surrendering to the Qing court is largely just for protection. htmlIn the 1018th century, the Qing court was backward and beaten. At the same time, in order to build railways and develop the Far East, Tsarist Russia launched the ideology of Outer Mongolia and began to secretly instigate and support Outer Mongolia's independence.
How did Mongolia become a large mine in the Soviet Union?
911 Qing Dynasty was destroyed, and Outer Mongolia also claimed independence with the support of Tsarist Russia.
Outer Mongolia Tibetan Buddhism Pope VIII declared independence with Outer Mongolia princes and princes. After "independence", he proclaimed himself Khan
This is simply a pseudo regime, with nothing, relying on holding Tsarist Russia's thighs. From 1915 to 1917, Tsarist Russia was no longer able to do it. Beiyang government took advantage of the situation to recover lost territory. The Outer Mongolia army was so weak that even the Beiyang warlords could not defeat it. In 1919, Xu Shuzheng led his troops to recover Outer Mongolia.
1919, Xu Shuzheng's troops were in Ulaanbaatar, Outer Mongolia, and the Soviet Union's Red Army also followed closely. Several forces fought in Outer Mongolia. In the end, the Beiyang warlords, Tsarist Russian Belarus, and Outer Mongolia princes were all out of trouble. The Soviet Union supported Sukhbaatar and established the Mongolian People's Party. Good guy, almost overnight, the Mongolian grassland under the traditional monarchy changed the world.
Sukhbato, founder of the Mongolian People's Party,
923, 30-year-old Sukhbato died young. His second-in-command, Chobashan, stepped onto the historical stage. This man, known as "Mongol Stalin", was born into a poor herdsman family. Later, he entered a school run by the Russians. He accepted the Soviet ideas in the Soviet Union and devoted himself to the Mongolian revolution.
Chobashan, the founder of the Mongolian People's Republic, known as "Mongol Stalin".
is different from Sukhbato's moderate (autonomous rather than independence). Chobashan is determined to be independent. In 1924, he renamed the People's Party to the "People's Revolutionary Party" and prepared to be independent with the help of the Soviet Union.
But what is embarrassing is that Mongolia is full of herdsmen, and there is no working class. How can the workers move? Qiao Bashan was very smart. He bypassed this step and directly took out the Lama (Mongolian country is Tibetan Buddhism) and the princely class as the targets of revolution. Soon, he eliminated the lama nobles who ruled Mongolia for more than 300 years.
Mongolia is very secular today, thanks to Qiaobashan's iron fist
defeated the lama, and rounding it means victory.
Mongolian soldiers after Suhua
Immediately afterwards, Qiaobashan began his "Mongolian industrialization" road, of course, all of this was under the help of the Soviet Union (remote control). But Mongolia is a traditional nomadic country, and industrialization is more difficult than that of an agricultural country. A food crisis broke out in 1931.
At that time, Mongolia had only animal husbandry, and even agriculture did not have
However, Qiaobashan did not give up. He almost opened his country's doors and asked the Soviets to guide him, established state-owned animal husbandry factories and agricultural and animal husbandry product processing industries. Soon, the capital Ulaanbaatar became an industrial center, and Mongolia also had a working class.
Qiaobashan is a man who admires Stalin and wants to be a "loving father" in Mongolia. In the 1930s, a major purge was initiated with the cooperation of the Soviet Union on the grounds of preventing the infiltration of Japanese spies. First, the Soviet Union was stationed 30,000 troops, and then he killed Prime Minister Amur in 1939 and took over the power. But the consequences of all this are the complete Russianization of Mongolia (Cyrillic) and the loss of sovereignty.
1930s, on Ulaanbaatar Street, two Soviet soldiers and one Mongolian soldier
Of course, Chobashan didn't care, because holding the Soviet thighs could ensure Mongolia's safety. The most typical example of is the Battle of Nomenkan in 1939. The Soviet Red Army beat the Japanese Kwantung Army that invaded Outer Mongolia and never dared to step into Outer Mongolia again. The Battle of Nomenkan was commanded by Soviet general Zhukov. The Japanese Kwantung Army, known as the "flower of the army", threw its face to Hokkaido. From then on, Japan gave up its attempt to attack Siberia and turned to Southeast Asia.
But please note that until this time, the Chinese government (National Government ) still did not recognize Outer Mongolia's independence.
Genghis Khan sculpture in Ulaanbaatar
But the matter is uncontrollable. The National Government itself is a comprador regime and is the "little brother" of European and American capital. In 1945, Britain and the United States compromised with the Soviet Union and wrote "recognizing the independence of Outer Mongolia" into the "Hyalta Treaty", which was not a joke.
945, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain held a Yalta meeting in Yalta, the Soviet Union to discuss post-war matters
? Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union nor Chiang Kai-shek could afford to offend him. Therefore, the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty was signed in 1946, which was considered a legal recognition of Outer Mongolia's independence. But Chobashan is really a thorn. He even wanted to come with Inner Mongolia. , but Stalin didn't spoil him and finally gave up.
1946, Wang Shijie, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the National Government, signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty with the Soviet Union, recognizing Outer Mongolia as an independent country
1952 Chobashan died, and then Stalin left the following year. The issue of Outer Mongolia between China and the Soviet Union has eased. As an independent country, Mongolia has also received assistance from both China and the Soviet Union, and its economy has begun to leap forward.
Mongolia Geographical Location
So what is Mongolia’s industry like? The processing of agricultural and animal husbandry products is obviously not enough. In 1962, Mongolia joined the economic system dominated by the Soviet Union. When the Soviets saw that there was no grass growing in Mongolia, but there were many mines. Therefore, Mongolia used mining as its pillar industry.
Mongolia's largest industry is mining. The main investor and cooperation target are China and Russia
Over time, Mongolia became a mining farm in the Soviet Union, specializing in mining military-industrial raw materials.
Mongolian women
With the economic assistance of the Soviet Union, Mongolia established a complete industrial system in just a few years, with cement plants and modern mines. In 1980, the industrial output value jumped to 56% of the national economy, and in the late 1980s, the urban population was even as high as 56%. is completely a modern industrial country.
But the good times did not last long. After 1985, Gorbachev came to power, ideological turmoil and social upheaval began, and the Soviet Union's national strength declined. When the city gate caught fire, the fish in the pond were affected, and Mongolia followed suit.
990, like the Soviet Union, there were also demonstrations in Mongolia that advocated the implementation of the capitalist system
1991. The Soviet Union collapsed. As expected, the eldest brother was gone, and there was nothing fun about me. In 1992, Mongolia announced the change of the socialist system to the capitalist system, and the country name was changed to "Mongolia", and at the same time, the constitution, national emblem, and national anthem were changed.
A Chinese Mongolian model
Like Russia, Mongolia has experienced drastic changes, and a lot of problems have also emerged. The completely liberalized market economy, multi-party political situation, and chaotic ideas have made the country extremely chaotic overnight, and people don’t know where tomorrow is.
What is the relationship between Mongolia and China now?
, almost like all former Soviet countries, Mongolia's dynasty changes were just a name change. The old bureaucracy is still there, and Chairman Ozierbat, still the supreme leader, has just become the "president".
992, the Mongolian People's Congress announced the abolition of the Soviet system at the Mongolian People's Congress. The original People's Revolutionary Party was very cognizable, but it was more direct, and the name was not changed. It was done if people declared that they were a "nationalist left-wing party". After that, the political situation in Mongolia was the same as in South America and Eastern Europe, which was that various bureaucratic groups competed for resources, nationalism, anti-communism, and propaganda to develop the economy, etc.
Mongolian flag
And in this process, the most interesting thing happened. That is to curse China while needing China, probably because it is pro-China in national strategy and anti-China by the people.
is very simple. China is not only the so-called "former oppressor" or a socialist country, but it is also the "big brother in the economy".
Outer Mongolia and Russia have almost no grudges, because the independence of Outer Mongolia was planned by Russia once, so anti-China is the largest market. is in line with nationalism and anti-communist circumstances, killing two birds with one stone.
The current Russian Defense Minister Shoigu is a Tuva people, and the Tuva people have the blood of the Mongols
In their hearts, we are a "dangerous southern power" and may go north at any time. So in any presidential election, we must quarrel and say we must face the "China threat", but this is just acting and cheating votes. Otherwise, every Mongolian president would not visit China to negotiate cooperation as soon as he came to power.
Mongolian President Batulga visited China in February 2020
So, the Mongolians were separated from their heads, politically pro-Russia and economically pro-China.
Russian President Putin visited Mongolia
But Mongolia's economy is as good as politics. The pain of rapid and complete privatization is unusual, with the loss of state-owned assets, the privatization of large ranches and land transactions emerging one after another, and the foundation of Mongolia is already thin, so the consequences can be imagined.
Good guy, a large number of ranch workers immediately returned to the pre-liberation night and went back to nomadic times, just like the ancestors who had been for thousands of years. But going to nomadism is still good. The privatization of animal husbandry has led to more herders going bankrupt and they can only go to cities to work, which has caused Mongolia's urbanization level to soar to 68%. The country's population is more than 3.3 million, and Ulaanbaatar accounts for half.
The herdsmen in the suburbs of Ulaanbaatar
Like Russia, Mongolia also has oligarchs , which monopolizes mining. Of course, oligopolies like to sell Coca-Cola. Mineral exports are the economic pillar of Mongolia, but money has been put into the oligarch's wallets, and 30% of Mongolia's population is poor.
Women wearing traditional Mongolian clothing drink Coca-Cola
The people are angry and have no place to vent their anger. The Mongolian powerful people play the old tricks and scold foreign capital. Who is the biggest foreign capital? Russia has no time to take care of itself, of course it is us. The Mongolian senior executives quickly promoted that it was the Chinese who took away Mongolia's resources and made the Mongolians impoverished. Isn't it familiar?
Inner Mongolia Mongolian ethnic costumes show
This is true. 80% of the buyers of coal mines in Mongolia are us, but China is just a trading partner. Where the money goes, God knows the earth and the Mongolian people don’t know. The most outrageous thing about is that Mongolia has not been able to mine independently since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and it is still the mine we invested in and built.
Minery invested in China is the main source of economics for Mongolia
Australia calls it an expert.
Chinese workers have skills and experience, so mines like to recruit people from China, which makes Mongolians who do not have skills very dissatisfaction. Well, the Chinese mine can only recruit Mongolians at the same time, and the cost is very high from training to practice.
So, Mongolia is now just apart from its head and buttocks, politically anti-China, economically pro-China, always guarding us, and always hoping that we will come, magical realism is just like this.
Ulaanbaatar has a population of more than 1.5 million, while other cities have only about 100,000
But in fact, everyone knows the current positioning of Mongolia - the buffer zone between the two major powers of China and Russia.
An Outer Mongolian girl
As for how Mongolia takes its own path and how to establish good relations with China and Russia at the same time, that is their historical task.
