01 At this stage, what are the key groups for COVID-19 vaccination?
The situation of the new crown epidemic in my country is different from that in foreign countries, and the vaccine usage strategies are also different. The main strategies for COVID-19 vaccination need to be considered in combination with the domestic epidemic situation and prevention and control goals. At present, the significance of vaccination for key groups is to protect this group of people on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is conducive to "preventing imported cases from outside and rebound from inside", which is conducive to my country's overall epidemic prevention and control.
At this stage, the key groups for COVID-19 vaccination mainly include people engaged in imported cold chains, port quarantine, ship pilotage, aviation air service, fresh food market, public transportation, medical disease control and other industries; people going to work, study and other industries in medium and high-risk countries or regions. Is it necessary to get the
02 new coronavirus vaccine?
is necessary.
On the one hand, almost everyone in my country has no immunity against the new coronavirus and is susceptible to the new coronavirus. After the infection and onset, some people will develop into critical illness and even cause death. After vaccination, on the one hand, most people can gain immunity; on the other hand, through orderly vaccination of the new coronavirus vaccine, an immune barrier can be gradually established in the population to block the epidemic of the new coronavirus pneumonia. How to get the new coronavirus vaccine in
03 and where to get it?
The vaccination of the new coronavirus vaccine is carried out in vaccination units approved by the local health administrative department. Under normal circumstances, the vaccination unit is located in the health service center, township health center or comprehensive hospital in the jurisdiction. If vaccination involves some departments or enterprises with relatively concentrated key targets, local governments will also set up some temporary vaccination units according to the situation.
The health administrative department or disease prevention and control agency in the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can be vaccinated against the new coronavirus as required, including location and service time. Please pay attention to the relevant information release platform.
The vaccination of most key groups shall be organized by the units where the key groups are located to conduct surveys and appointments, and assist in the vaccination work. For individuals who go to medium and high-risk countries or regions to work or study, they can pay attention to the relevant service information of local new coronavirus vaccination. What are the taboos for vaccination in
04?
The taboos of vaccination refer to the situation where vaccination should not be received. Because most taboos are temporary, vaccination can be received later when the situation that causes the taboo no longer exists.
Before the COVID-19 vaccination plan and vaccination guidelines are specified, the vaccination taboos for the COVID-19 vaccine shall be implemented in accordance with the vaccine instructions. Usually, the taboos for vaccination include:
1. People who are allergic to vaccines or vaccine components;
2. People who suffer from acute diseases;
3. People who are in the acute attack of chronic diseases;
4. People who are having fever;
5. Women who are pregnant during pregnancy.
05 How to discover and grasp the taboos of vaccination?
During the operation, if a serious allergic reaction occurs when the first dose of the vaccine is vaccinated and it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by the vaccine, it is not recommended to receive the second dose. We must understand the components of the vaccine. Those who have previous allergies to the components of the vaccine cannot be vaccinated. When vaccinating
, the vaccination doctor should carefully inquire about the recipient's health status and past allergies history. The recipient should truthfully report to the vaccinated doctor the physical health status, disease history, allergic history, etc. Vaccine contraindications should be included in the informed consent form.
06 Do you no longer need to wear a mask after receiving the new coronavirus vaccine?
Before the population immune barrier is established, even if some people are vaccinated, everyone's awareness of prevention and control and prevention and control measures cannot be relaxed. On the one hand, the success rate of vaccine immunization is not 100%, and a small number of vaccinated people may develop the disease during the epidemic. On the other hand, the new coronavirus is still easy to spread without an immune barrier. Therefore, you should continue to wear masks after vaccination, especially in public places and crowded places, etc.; other protective measures such as hand hygiene, ventilation, and social distance should also be maintained.
07How to form herd immunity in the population through vaccination
Different infectious diseases have different contagious powers, and the immunity levels of people who block the epidemic of infectious diseases are also different. Generally speaking, the more contagious an infectious disease is, the higher the population immunity is required. For example, measles and whooping cough are more contagious. If they want to block their epidemic, the population's immunity must reach 90%-95%; while the population's immunity must reach more than 80% if smallpox and polio are eliminated. When the population's immunity reaches the above threshold, an immune barrier is established to block the transmission of measles, whooping cough, smallpox and polio.
The immunity of the population is proportional to the vaccine protective efficacy and the vaccination rate. Therefore, to achieve sufficient population immunity, a high enough vaccination rate is required, that is, the vast majority of people are vaccinated. On the contrary, if there are more people who are not vaccinated or most people are unwilling to vaccinate, a solid immune barrier cannot be formed, and when there is a source of infection, the spread of the disease is prone to occur.
08 Does the new coronavirus vaccine require a cold chain? How to ensure that the new coronavirus vaccine is safe and effective during transportation and storage?
vaccine is a biological product. To ensure the quality of biological products, they must be stored and transported under the prescribed cold chain state. The same should be true for the new coronavirus vaccine. The "Vaccine Management Law", "Vaccine Storage and Transportation Management Standards" and "Vaccine Prevention and Prevention Work Standards" have specific provisions on the cold chain requirements for vaccine storage and transportation.
When transporting vaccines, vaccine transport companies must monitor and record temperatures regularly during transportation to ensure that the vaccine is in the prescribed temperature environment. When receiving the vaccine, the receiving unit must request and check the temperature monitoring records of the transportation process.
During the vaccine storage process, the disease control agency and vaccination unit use a thermometer or an automatic temperature recorder to monitor the temperature of the refrigerator storing the vaccine, measure the temperature once every morning and afternoon (the interval is no less than 6 hours), and fill in the cold chain equipment temperature record form. During the use of
vaccine, the vaccination unit uses a refrigerator and a refrigerator box (package) to store the vaccine. When storing and receiving the vaccine, the refrigerator and a refrigerator box (package) door/cover should be closed in time, and the refrigeration equipment should be opened as much as possible.
All relevant units must strictly abide by the specifications and requirements of the above links in order to keep the vaccine in the cold chain state throughout the process and the quality of the vaccine is guaranteed.
09 What does the suspected abnormal reaction of vaccination refer to? What situations are included?
Suspected abnormal reaction to vaccination (AEFI in English) refers to a suspected reaction or event related to vaccination that occurs after vaccination, also known as suspected adverse reactions to vaccines. It includes the following situations: adverse vaccine reactions, related reactions related to vaccine quality problems, related reactions related to vaccination errors, psychogenic reactions, and coupling (coupled reactions).
10 What is an adverse reaction to vaccines?
Adverse reactions to vaccines refer to reactions that are not related to the purpose of vaccination due to the characteristics of the vaccine themselves, and are related to individual differences in the recipients. Adverse reactions to vaccines include general reactions and abnormal reactions. Generally, reactions mainly refer to transient and mild body reactions in the recipient, such as local reactions such as redness, swelling, nodules, pain at the inoculation site, and systemic reactions such as fever, fatigue, and headache. Abnormal reactions mainly refer to related reactions that cause organ or function damage to the recipient, and are rare, such as acute and severe allergic reactions.
11 What is a psychogenic reaction?
Psychogenic reaction refers to the reactions caused by psychological factors of the recipient after vaccination. They are mainly caused by psychological stress, anxiety, etc. during vaccination. There is no organic damage and has nothing to do with the vaccine. Some are manifestations of "deafinger" and some are manifestations of "hysteria". Popular psychogenic reactions may occur during mass vaccination activities. What is the coupling reaction of
12?
Coupling (coupling reaction) refers to the incubation process of vaccination, when the recipient is in the incubation period of a disease or the early stage of the onset of the disease, and the disease occurs coincidentally after vaccination. Therefore, coupling (coupling reaction) is not caused by vaccination, has nothing to do with vaccines, and does not belong to adverse reactions after vaccination.Sometimes, the coincidence symptoms after vaccination cannot be judged immediately and need to be reported in a timely manner. It also requires investigation, investigation and diagnosis of the expert group of investigation and diagnosis.
13 What situations do not belong to vaccination abnormal reaction ?
Abnormal reaction to vaccination refers to adverse drug reactions that are not at fault in the treatment of qualified vaccines during or after standardized vaccination. The following situations do not constitute abnormal vaccination reactions: general reactions, vaccine quality accidents, vaccination accidents, coincidental symptoms (coupled reactions), and psychogenic reactions.
14How is the monitoring of suspected abnormal reactions for vaccination in my country carried out?
"Vaccine Management Law", "National Monitoring Plan for Abnormal Response of Suspected Vaccination", "Measures for Identification of Vaccination Abnormal Response of Suspected Vaccination" and other laws and regulations have clear provisions on monitoring and reporting of suspected abnormal reactions of suspected vaccination (suspected adverse reactions of vaccines).
Specific practices include clarifying the responsible reporting unit, responsible Reporter, Report Content, and Report Time limit, and Specifying the standards for suspected adverse reactions of vaccines that need to be initiated. Moreover, the diagnosis of abnormal reactions must be completed by the investigation and diagnosis expert group, and the identification must be completed by provincial and municipal medical associations. Monitoring of suspected adverse vaccine reactions is achieved through the monitoring information system established by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , and the disease control agencies and drug adverse reaction monitoring agencies realize information sharing. Disease control agencies and drug adverse reaction monitoring agencies at all levels will also conduct regular analysis and evaluation of the monitoring information. If major events occur, timely analysis and evaluation will be carried out.
Systematic and standardized monitoring of adverse vaccine reactions in my country started in 2005. With the development and deepening of the work, the level of monitoring of adverse reactions of vaccines has been greatly improved. In 2011 and 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s ability assessment of the adverse reaction monitoring part of my country's national vaccine supervision system was respectively passed, and the various monitoring indicators of adverse reactions of vaccines met or exceeded the WHO evaluation standards.
15 How long is the protection of the new coronavirus vaccine currently used in my country?
The new coronavirus vaccine is a newly developed and put into use vaccine. It requires continuous monitoring and related research after large-scale vaccination to accumulate more scientific evidence and evaluate the protection durability of the new coronavirus vaccine.
16 Can the new coronavirus vaccine from different manufacturers be replaced by vaccination?
There is currently no evidence that different manufacturers or different types of new coronavirus vaccines can replace vaccination. It is recommended to use the same variety of vaccines from the same manufacturer to complete vaccination at this stage.
17 What should be paid attention to during the vaccination process of the new coronavirus?
During the vaccination process, recipients should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters: Before
, they should understand the relevant knowledge and vaccination process of the new coronavirus disease and new coronavirus vaccine in advance. When vaccinating
, you must bring relevant documents (identity card, passport, etc.), and take personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with on-site vaccination staff to truthfully provide information such as your health status and vaccination taboos. After
, you need to stay for 30 minutes; keep the local skin of the vaccination clean and avoid scratching the vaccination site with your hands; if suspected adverse reactions occur, report to the vaccination unit and seek medical treatment in time if necessary.
18 Why do you have to stay for half an hour after vaccination?
After receiving the vaccine, a very small number of people may experience acute allergic reactions, fainting, etc. Acute allergic reactions that seriously endanger life safety often occur within 30 minutes after vaccination. If acute allergic reaction occurs, treatment measures can be taken in time at the site. Most fainting occurs within half an hour after vaccination. If you leave the observation site immediately after vaccination, it may cause accidental damage to the recipient due to fainting. Therefore, the recipient needs to stay in the designated area of the vaccination unit for half an hour after receiving the vaccine. How does the new coronavirus vaccine work in the human body?
After being vaccinated, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the body produce cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memories. In this way, the human body has the immunity to fight against diseases.Once the new coronavirus invades the human body, the antibodies produced by the vaccine and the cytokines released by cellular immunity can recognize, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory will quickly mobilize the immune system to play a role, making the virus unable to continue to proliferate in the body, thereby achieving the purpose of preventing diseases.
20 How long will it take to produce antibodies against the new coronavirus after being vaccinated?
According to previous clinical trials of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, the vaccinated population can produce better immune effects about two weeks after the second dose of inactivated vaccine.
21 After the new coronavirus mutates, is there any effect to get vaccinated with the new coronavirus vaccine?
virus is one of the simplest organisms, and its proliferation depends on living cells. During the proliferation process, the virus mutates. Judging from the global monitoring of the new coronavirus virus mutation , there is currently no evidence that the virus mutation will make the existing new coronavirus vaccine invalid. However, the World Health Organization, research institutions of various countries, vaccine manufacturers, etc. are closely monitoring the mutation of the new coronavirus and are also conducting related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for the subsequent development and application of vaccines.
22 If ordinary people have the intention to get the new coronavirus vaccination, can they sign up for vaccination?
The current vaccination strategy in my country is to follow the "two-step" plan, and the first step is to vaccinate key groups. The second step is that as the vaccine is approved for marketing and the gradual increase in vaccine production, more vaccines will be put into use. By carrying out vaccination in an orderly manner, all eligible publics can achieve "receive all who should be received", gradually build an immune barrier among the people, and control the epidemic of new coronary pneumonia in China.
23 is not included in the key population and has not been vaccinated with the new coronavirus vaccine, what protective measures should be taken?
The current vaccination strategy in my country is to follow the "two-step" plan. The first step is vaccination for key groups, and the second step is vaccination for other groups. During the prevention and control of the new crown epidemic, the non-vaccine prevention and control measures that my country has implemented are very effective. For the public, although there may not be vaccination for the time being, there are still many effective prevention and control measures, such as wearing masks, maintaining social distance, washing hands frequently, and ventilation.
24 What are the common adverse reactions in the new coronavirus vaccination?
From the results of the clinical trials of the new coronavirus vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the occurrence of common adverse reactions of the new coronavirus vaccine is basically similar to other vaccines that have been widely used. Common adverse reactions are mainly manifested as redness, swelling, nodules, pain, etc. at the vaccination site, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, and muscle aches.
25 What factors may affect the effectiveness of the new coronavirus vaccine?
Usually, factors such as pathogens, vaccine characteristics, recipient status, etc. affect the vaccination effect. During the development and use of vaccines, in order to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination, the above influencing factors are within the scope of consideration. As a brand new vaccine, the impact of relevant factors on its effect remains to be further observed and studied.
26 Have you ever been infected with the new coronavirus? Do you still need to get the new coronavirus vaccine?
For most infectious diseases, after being infected with pathogens, the human body will develop a certain amount of immunity. This group of people usually do not belong to vaccinated people, such as smallpox, measles, rubella, chickenpox and other diseases, no longer belong to vaccinated people. At present, although there have been reports of secondary infections among people infected with the new coronavirus, this problem is still a case and has not appeared widely. More studies will be required to draw conclusions. For confirmed cases of new coronavirus pneumonia and asymptomatic infections known before vaccination, it is not recommended to get the new coronavirus vaccine at present; for those who are not clearly infected with the new coronavirus or have suffered from the new coronavirus and meet the vaccination conditions, they can get the vaccine. After the
27 vaccine begins vaccination, will our prevention and control measures be adjusted?
For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it also takes a certain amount of time to produce protective antibodies; for the population, the new coronavirus is still easy to spread without an immune barrier.Therefore, to prevent the rebound of the new crown pneumonia epidemic, other prevention and control measures must be adhered to at this stage, including wearing masks, maintaining social distance, washing hands frequently, and ventilation.
28How to conduct full traceability of the new coronavirus vaccine?
The "Vaccine Management Law" requires the state to implement a full electronic traceability system for vaccines. After the vaccine is launched, accurate and standardized records should be recorded in all aspects such as production, transportation, storage and use. The information recorded in the entire process includes vaccine varieties, vaccine manufacturers, dosage forms, specifications, batch numbers, validity periods and vaccination case information. Areas that realize information management will be entered into the electronic information system in a timely manner. The above information can be traced through electronic information systems and other means.
29. Do I need to test whether there is an antibody first before deciding whether to get the new coronavirus vaccine?
The production of specific antibodies in the human body is generally obtained through natural infection or vaccination. It is not entirely clear what level the antibodies need to reach to prevent COVID-19. It is recommended that as long as there is no clear infection with the new coronavirus or suffering from the new coronavirus pneumonia, those who meet the vaccination conditions can get vaccinated without testing for the presence of antibodies before vaccination.
30 Will the new coronavirus vaccine be like the flu vaccine need to be vaccinated every year?
Usually, factors such as pathogens, vaccine characteristics, recipient status, etc. affect the vaccination effect. The influenza virus mutates relatively quickly, and the protection period of influenza vaccine is short, so it needs to be vaccinated every year. Although the new coronavirus has also undergone a certain degree of mutation, according to the information currently released on the World Health Organization website, it shows that the mutations of the new coronavirus that have appeared in countries such as the United Kingdom and South Africa, and there is no evidence that the existing new coronavirus vaccine has failed. Whether the new coronavirus vaccine will be vaccinated every year like the influenza vaccine needs to continue to conduct research on the impact of virus mutation on vaccination effects and the protection durability of vaccines.
(Source: China Disease Control Dynamic WeChat Official Account)
