On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao clearly announced the birth of of the People's Republic of China on the Tiananmen Gate Tower. This day was the first National Day of the People's Republic of China and the day for the people of the whole country to celebrate. But many people don’t know that the New China is still facing a counterattack crisis from its opponents at this time. Behind the peace and success of the founding ceremony of , there are unknown hardships.
1. When will the founding ceremony be held
Why is the National Day scheduled for October 1? Behind this seemingly simple date, there is a complex situation. The People's Liberation Army won the three major battles of from the end of 1948 to the beginning of 1949, and liberated Nanjing and Shanghai in April and May 1949, completing the liberation of most parts of the country. However, at that time, the National Army still had several corpses in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and the southwest areas, and fought fiercely with the People's Liberation Army.
Liberate Nanjing
In July 1949, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to hold a political consultation meeting in August and then established Central Government , but the specific day has not been determined. For this purpose, a new organization, "Preparation Committee for the Founding Ceremony", was established, with Premier Zhou as director. His task was very clear, that is, to determine the time of the founding ceremony and to prepare for the new government's founding ceremony, military parade and mass parade. The committee had planned to hold a founding ceremony at Xiyuan Airport in Beiping. Because the terrain here is vast, the problem is that it is too remote and there is no reviewing stand, so this plan was quickly replaced by the Tiananmen plan.
In the central government's view, the holding of the founding ceremony can only start after the completion of the CPPCC meeting. The latter was originally expected to be completed in August, but due to various problems, it was not held in Ping until September 21. After discussion, the committee decided that the founding ceremony will be held immediately after the closing of the CPPCC meeting, which means that after the closing of the CPPCC meeting on September 30, the founding ceremony will be officially held on the second day, October 1.
1st Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (by "The Founding of the People's Republic of China")
2. Preparation process for the founding ceremony
After the time was determined, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China immediately took the lead in various ministries and commissions, the army, the Beiping Municipal Government and other units to jointly establish the "Preparatory Committee for the Founding Celebration Conference of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China", with four departments: the Secretariat, the Command, the Propaganda Department and the Layout Department. There seem to be only four departments, but these four departments have several groups, striving to implement every work of the founding ceremony to the extreme. You should know that this is the first and most important ceremony in New China, and there must be no mistakes.
If the renovation and layout of Tiananmen Square is a test of the physical strength and patience of the staff, then how to guide nearly 300,000 people into Tiananmen Square, guide them to participate in the parade in an orderly manner and exit the square after the end is undoubtedly an unprecedented challenge for the preparatory committee. Until September 28, before the founding ceremony, Marshal Nie was holding a special meeting on the large number of banners and flags needed by the masses on the day of the ceremony, and decided to use all his strength to rush to make flags and banners in just a few days. In addition, the Preparatory Committee decided to divide the masses into various parts such as students, organs, farmers, workers, etc., set up corresponding command centers, and set up team leaders and deputy team leaders in each part, responsible for leading the masses in this part of the masses into the field and exit.
Founding Ceremony Image
Compared with other links, the People's Liberation Army parade will appear alone at the Founding Ceremony and will be completely planned by the troops themselves. The number of troops being paraded this time is about 16,000, and the navy, army and air force participated in the parade. As early as the end of July, this group of elite troops selected were trained outside , Peking City, and . Before this, most PLA soldiers had never been exposed to the reviewing process, and even many generals did not know how to conduct military parade training. For this reason, they consulted a large amount of information and asked former generals of the National Army and Soviet advisers who joined the People's Liberation Army.At this military parade, the most tangled question was whether to arrange for the Air Force to fly an aircraft over Tiananmen Square? After all, most of the aircraft used by the People's Liberation Army were seized from the Japanese puppet and national military at this time, with a small quantity and no quality guaranteed. In response, Chairman Mao decided that the Air Force must fly over, but the pilot can fly around and fly again, which can solve the problem of small number of aircraft.
air force at the military parade of the founding ceremony
3. The successful holding of the founding ceremony
Security issues are the top priority for the founding ceremony. As mentioned earlier, the National Army was still deploying a large number of soldiers in Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan and the southwest, especially the National Army, which has more advanced fighter jets, so how to deal with their air strikes is the key to the security of the Grand Ceremony. For this reason, the head of the preparatory committee, Marshal Nie proposed that the founding ceremony could be set at 3 pm, when the Kuomintang plane was exposed to direct sunlight, which was not conducive to combat. If it did not fly back to Taiwan before dark, it would be captured by us. In addition, Marshal Nie also proposed to renovate the old air-raid shelter under the Tiananmen Gate Tower to alienate the masses during emergency response.
1949 The National Army in Taiwan
has been fully launched since September 20. The People's Liberation Army also began to conduct comprehensive inspections and mine removals on Tiananmen and its surrounding areas on the 25th. Since September 29, comprehensive martial law control has been implemented around Tiananmen Square. At 2 pm on October 1, the first meeting of the Central People's Government Committee was held. Chairman Mao and other central leaders announced their inauguration, and the founding ceremony officially began at 3 pm. After Chairman Mao personally announced the founding of New China, he pressed the flag-raising button and the first national flag of the People's Republic of China was officially raised. Then 54 salutes fired 28 times, announcing the birth of New China to the world.
Chairman Mao at the founding ceremony
After the founding ceremony, the military parade officially began. Seventeen planes flew past Tiananmen Square, nine of which flew past Tiananmen Square and then circled back for the second lap. The military parade lasted for more than two hours, and then a grand mass parade began. When the parade ended, it was almost 9:30 pm, and everything went so smoothly, and the people cheered for the founding of New China. The central government also ordered that the Palace Museum , Beihai Park , Zhongshan Park , etc. in Beijing will be open for free from the period 1 to 3. On the 2nd, the streets of Beijing were crowded with people, and people were full of confidence and expectations for the future of New China.
Tiananmen Square at the founding ceremony
Wenshijun said
For the New China, whether the founding ceremony can be held well is directly related to people's confidence in the New China. To this end, under the threat of the enemy's counterattack, the Communist Party of China did not fear difficulties and organized a large number of personnel to participate in the preparation of the founding ceremony in a very short period of time. The successful holding of the founding ceremony demonstrates the unparalleled power and will of this new regime, and it shows the charm and vitality of this great oriental power to the world with a powerful posture.
References
Wang Lezhou: "Remembering the Grand Ceremony of the Founding Ceremony", "Party History and World" Issue 10, 1999.
He Huaikai: "Preparation, holding and follow-up work of the Founding Ceremony", "Party Documents" 2021 No. 1.
(Author: Haoran Literature and History·Xiaoyang)
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