Started from the Guangzhou Uprising in October 1895, and before the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, the Tongmenghui led by Sun Yat-sen organized 10 uprisings.
Tongmenghui
Although the alliance has its historical limitations, the courage of members to sacrifice themselves for the revolution and kill themselves is admirable.
Hege will take you to explore the true story behind the Huanghuagang Uprising.
Before the Huanghuagang Uprising and the unexpected failure of the Guangzhou New Army Uprising in 1910
Before the Tongmenghui, various uprisings were carried out, and the main force relied on was the guild party. The Hekou Uprising failed in April 1908. The senior executives of the Tongmenghui realized that the organization of the association was dispersed and difficult to control. Zhu Zhixin, one of the heads of the Guangzhou Tongmenghui, proposed the idea of using the defense camp to launch an uprising.
Zhu Zhixin
Defense Battalion, that is, Patrol Battalion . In June 1907, the Qing government approved the Interim Charter of the Patrol Battalion drafted by the Army Department, and reorganized the provinces in addition to the New Army, such as the Bold Battalion, Defense Army , Green Camp, and Regiment Training. After selection and removal of the weak and retaining the strong, those aged 20-35, strong and newly recruited civilians, were organized into patrol battalions, with their main responsibilities to guard the territory, defend the local area, and check and balance with the New Army.
Patrol Battalion (Source from the Internet)
1908 In the second half of 1908, Tongmeng member, 24-year-old Hunan Xiangxiang Ge Qian went deep into Guangzhou patrol battalion to develop revolutionary organizations. On December 7, a person from Xiangyang, Hubei, was accidentally lost because of Yan Guofeng The Baoya ticket containing contacts with soldiers from various battalions was picked up by the guards of the navy admiral Li Zhun and reported to Li Zhun. Li Zhun immediately sent his officers to arrest Yan Guofeng, and found a diary that recorded the names of Tan Fu , Ge Qian, Zeng Chuanfan, Luo Shucang, Qian Zhanrong and others. Finally, after the arrest of Ge Qian, the interrogation was completed, and the two revolutionaries were killed on the 16th.
Navy Admiral Li Zhun
At this time, another 24-year-old Tongmeng member, a native of Hefei, Anhui, Ni Yingdian came to Guangzhou. With the relationship of the head of the Guangzhou Tongmenghui Zhao Sheng , he served as the platoon leader of the second platoon of the right team of the Second Battalion of the New Army Artillery. Using this as a cover, we will develop organizations in the new army.
Guangzhou Tongmenghui decided to contact the new army battalions, Ni Yingdian contacted the new army battalions, Zhanglucun contacted the patrol battalions, Hu Yisheng contacted the rural association party, Zhao Sheng General coordination.
1909 lunar month 19th, Huang Xing arrived in Hong Kong to preside over the uprising plan. Ni Yingdian stepped up the organization of work in the new army. The 29-year-old Yao Yuping and Zhanglucun mobilized the patrol battalion near the provincial capital. Zhu Zhixin and Hu Yisheng contacted the civil army of Fanyu, Nanhai , and Shunde , and agreed to launch an uprising around the Lantern Festival of the Lunar New Year.
Ni Yingdian
However, when Ni Yingdian went to Hong Kong to report to the southern branch of Tongmenghui Hu Hanmin, Wang Jingwei , an unexpected incident occurred between the New Army and the police at noon on the 30th. Ni Yingdian went to Hong Kong to report to the Southern branch in advance to the sixth day of the first lunar month of and launched an uprising. When Ni Yingdian th day of the first lunar month of returned to Guangzhou, he found that the new army had made preparations for combat, gathered 3,000 new troops, and publicly recommended Ni Yingdian as commander-in-chief.
Ni Yingdian led his army to Guangzhou City, but was bombarded by the fire battalion. At this time, Tong Changbiao, an Anhui fellow villager who was led by the patrol battalion and Ni Yingdian, and Li Jinglian, a member of Tongmeng, went to the position to ask for a meeting. Ni Yingdian was not suspected of being a fraud and was attacked and died. The rebel army had no leader and finally collapsed.
The failure of the New Army uprising dealt a blow to the revolutionaries. Pessimism grew among the revolutionaries.
plan an uprising
In order to stimulate morale, Sun Yat-sen convened a secret meeting of representatives from Huang Xing, Zhao Sheng, Hu Hanmin and representatives from overseas and southeastern provinces in Penang in November 1910, and agreed to make another big move in Guangzhou.The meeting decided to form a "storm selection team" with 500 backbone members of the Tongmenghui in Nanyang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan, Guangxi and Guangdong, etc. (later increased to 800 people) to form a "storm selection team". At that time, the first attack will be taken in the city, occupy Guangzhou, and then divided into two groups. One is led by Huang Xing into Hunan to take Wuhan, and the other is led by Zhao Sheng from Jiangxi to Nanjing, and the other is led by Yangtze River .
Chinese Tongmenghui led by Sun Yat-sen
After the meeting, Sun Yat-sen went to Europe and the United States to raise funds and purchase machinery, Huang Xing, Hu Hanmin, Deng Zeru etc. went to various parts of Nanyang to raise funds. Zhao Sheng returned to Hong Kong to contact the Guangzhou New Army. At the end of January 1911, the Tongmenghui established a coordination department at No. 35, Happy Valley, Hong Kong. Huang Xing and Zhao Sheng were appointed as chief and deputy ministers, responsible for planning and leading the Guangzhou Uprising.
Huanghuagang Some suicide squad members (this picture is provided by Shu Jianhua)
1 On April 8, 2011, the Coordination Department held a meeting in Hong Kong and decided to launch an attack on April 13, divided into ten groups to attack Guangzhou, with Zhao Sheng and Huang Xing as the chief and deputy commander-in-chief.
Unexpected assassination and accidental arrest
Guangzhou Uprising General Preparatory Department On the same day as the Hong Kong Conference, Tongmeng member, 42-year-old Guangdong Meizhou native Wen Shengcai . He just returned from Nanyang and felt that the reason for the failure of the New Army uprising was that Guangdong Navy Admiral Li Zhun insidious. He carried quick gun , waiting in front of the consulting bureau outside the east gate of the city, pretending to taste tea, relied on his own to assassinate the navy admiral Li Zhun.
htmlOn April 8th, the Far East Airship Club of Belgium people held an airplane performance in Yantang outside the east gate of Guangzhou. The performer was 27-year-old Guangdong Enping native Feng Ru . He was China's first aircraft designer, manufacturer and pilot, and was later known as the "father of Chinese aviation".
Because things are novel, many civil and military officials in the provincial government will go to watch it. Guangzhou General and Deputy Chief Fuqi went to Yantang to check the terrain and also went to watch it.
When Fuqi returned to Guangzhou City, went to the entrance of Qilin Pavilion in front of the consulting bureau at the end of the East Gate Street. Wen Shengcai held 's five-shot gun and fired at Fuqi, hitting 's temple , forehead, neck, and body, and killed on the spot.
Wen Shengcai was arrested by the patrolman when he fled the assassination scene.
Wen Shengcai and other martyrs' tomb
And that day, another unexpected event occurred-the revolutionary Wu Jing was arrested for transporting a bomb.
Governor General of Guangdong and Guangxi Zhang Mingqi , Navy Admiral Li Zhun is particularly alert, and all dispatched troops to the city. strengthened martial law and searched for revolutionaries. In addition, the American funds and the weapons purchased in Japan were not delivered as scheduled, so the coordination department had to postpone the date of the uprising to April 27.
Huanghuagang Uprising did not proceed as planned
Wen Shengcai was shot dead on the 15th.
Uprising arrangements have also been majorly modified: Uprising date was forced to be postponed to April 27, and ten attacks were changed to four attacks; Huang Xing leads the main force to attack the Governor General Office of Guangdong and Guangxi; Yao Yuping leads his troops to attack Xiaobeimen, occupy Feilai Temple, and welcomes the new army and defense camp into the city; Chen Jiongming leads the team to attack the patrol coaching station; Hu Yisheng leads the team to guard the Danan Gate.
Huagang Uprising Situation Chart
April 27 (March 29th) at 5:30 pm, Huang Xing led more than 120 "soldiers" team members to attack the Governor General Office of Guangdong and Guangxi from Xiaodongying, and the Governor Zhang Mingqi heard the news and escaped from the back door to the navy. After Huang Xing set fire to the Governor's Office, he attacked the Navy's Training Platform. On the way, he encountered the Navy Admiral Li Zhun Guard. The revolutionaries suffered heavy casualties. Huang Xing was injured and his right fingers were both fingers and he fought and left.Huang Xing general office was divided into three groups: Xu Weiyang led dozens of people to attack Xiaobei Gate and responded to the new army; Liu Meiqing, Ma Lu and Sichuan, Fujian and Nanyang party members attacked the Supervisory and Training Office; Huang Xing led a team out of the Danan Gate and responded to the defense camp.
Huang Xing
Liu Meiqing Fights all the way until nine o'clock in the evening, and turned into Dashi Street, with more than half of the casualties, and the rest of the troops withdrew from Xiaobeimen from Guangzhou City.
Xu Weiyang After encountering the Qing army all the way, he was also outnumbered and was arrested after breaking through.
Huang Xing all the way to meet the temperate Xiong troops defense battalion that was dating against the Navy's Train Platform. Without time to identify it, he started a melee. Huang Xing fled to Hong Kong alone.
Chen Jiongming
This uprising, except for Huang Xing launched all the way on time, the rest of Yao Yuping, Chen Jiongming, and Hu Yisheng Three ways on the grounds that the date of the uprising was temporarily changed, did not act in time as planned, resulting in Huang Xing all the way more than 100 people fighting alone, eventually lost to the Qing army that came to suppress, and failed in the end.
Huanghuagang martyrs actually had martial arts masters
After the failure of the uprising, the revolutionary patriots Pandawei and Chen Weizhuang Couple and wife tried to restrain the 72 remains of the martyrs who died in this battle and were buried in Huanghuagang (formerly known as Honghuagang) in the suburbs of Guangzhou. In fact, there were 86 martyrs who died, not including 15 people who were unknown.
Among the 35 martyrs from Fujian, including Lin Juemin, Lin Wen , Fangshengdong , Lin Yinmin and other 6 students in Japan, 8 of whom were executed, and most of them died on the spot.
24-year-old Lin Juemin , a heart-wrenching and lingering strange man, the " and Wife's Letter " written before the war moved a generation.
25-year-old Lin Yinmin , with a strong character, a spirited and capable of lifting 300 kilograms of stones. He has been learning Shaolin martial artists for five years, and has done his best to hunt, often enter the mountains, and is good at using fierce beasts. However, as a student of the No. 1 higher education in Japan, he was shot in the chest while attacking the Supervisor.
22-year-old Chen Geng, good at fencing and equestrianism. He graduated from Fujian Mawei Changmen Fortress Art Academy. After attacking the Governor's Office, he was arrested and executed after fighting against the enemy for three days and three nights.
27-year-old Liu Yuandong , young, open-minded, arrogant, strong, brave, good at fighting, and brave. As the president of the Nantai Fire Association, he was shot in his temple when he attacked the east gate of the Governor's Office.
Huanghuagang martyr Liu Yuandong
45-year-old Huang Zhongbing , is a peasant martial artist, good at boxing, long stick technique, stick technique like a dragon and a snake, his movement is like flying, and he can fight with others, and he can overcome hardness. After attacking the Governor's Office, he was executed in the morning of the next day.
25-year-old Liu Liufu , a student in the Fujian martial arts lecture hall, is a knight, a martial arts student, is very good at martial arts, is very brave, and is good at swordsmanship. He learns martial arts from his friend, Zhou, who is famous for his brave heroes, and has been taught by him. He is generous in the tragic songs and dances every time he drinks, and is low and high in the middle. He is injured and held when attacking the Governor General's Office.
36-year-old Wang Candeng , a martial artist, often learns martial arts from Huang Zhongbing, a fellow villager from Lianjiang, Fujian, and a Shouhui. He admires Zhongbing's stick and Shouhui's fist. He was also executed the next morning after attacking the Governor's Office.
30-year-old Chen Qingchou , a martial artist, can fight more than ten people with empty hands, and died in street fighting after attacking the Governor's Office.
Among the 7 martyrs from Guangxi, 44-year-old Li Deshan , as the head of the Long'an militia, he abandoned books and practiced martial arts at the age of 13, and often stood up for justice. The rich and gentry in the village were all afraid of him. When he became an adult, he became more proficient in boxing and learned more and more from him. However, after attacking the Governor's Office, he moved to the next day. After being injured in the Liyuansheng rice shop in Gaoyang, the Guangxi fellow villagers around him fell one by one, and he was finally executed.
Among the 17 martyrs from Huaxian County, Guangdong, 39-year-old Xu Peitian As an Annan worker, he likes to study and practices martial arts. He is aggressive by nature. After attacking the Governor's Office, he moved to the Liyuan Sheng Rice Shop in Gaoyang. He was killed. The others were executed at Gaotang Station.
Among the 13 martyrs from Nanhai, Guangdong, 18-year-old Yu Dongxiong and 19-year-old Guo Jimei (from Zengcheng, Guangdong) are both overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. They live next to Pilibu, Nanyang, and practice boxing together. They often climb mountains and hunt, and shoot guns without any flaws. In 1910, the two returned to China secretly. When they attacked the Supervisory Office on the night of the uprising, Yu Dongxiong killed many guards with his hands and died on the spot. He was the youngest among the seventy-two martyrs. Guo Jimei also died in battle after retreating to Danan Gate. The other Chinese overseas Chinese or Nanyang robot workers were either killed or executed.
26-year-old Yu Peilun , a sharp personality and good at fighting skills. He was a student of the Chiba Medical School in Japan. He was executed while fighting against the enemy.
Guangdong Jiayingji, 20 years old, , 9 years old. As a businessman, he is extremely capable and good at fighting. On the 29th, when the Sanyanjing government headquarters was broken, he was executed when he refused the enemy.
ending
Tomb of the Seventy-Two Martyrs
Although he was defeated, his impact was great. As Sun Yat-sen said: " is a service, with blue blood flying everywhere, vast energy blocking, and the plants and trees are saddened by it, and the wind and clouds change color. The hearts of people who have been hibernating for a long time in the country are very excited and resentment accumulated, like the ravines being rammed, unstoppable. In less than half a year, the Great Revolution in Wuchang became . "
On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising, which was occasionally full of necessity, finally broke out.
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