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NO.2232- Indonesia Bulk Power
Author: Zhenguo Shaoniancao
Map: Darwin / Proofreading : Chao Qian / Edit: Tuna
Indonesia has a total area of 1.919 million square kilometers, making it the country with the largest area of in Southeast Asia. At the same time, it is also the widest country in Southeast Asia with , with a span of 5,110 kilometers east-west, more than twice the straight line distance from Beijing to Urumqi.
projection method can easily cause people to misunderstand the size
Indonesian is on the equator and suffers from projection loss. is actually very big ▼
In addition, Indonesia is also known for its ", the country of 3,000 islands ". nationwide consists of about 17,506 large and small islands, and only one-third of them live in it.
Faced with such a "bulk" country, how does Indonesia realize the interconnection between the island through transportation network ?
One is a very complete, one is a very scattered
One is covered with rainforests, one is covered with deserts
One is a very large population, one is very small ▼html l4
is inside the island, and it goes around and through
Indonesia is the fourth largest country in the world (273 million), and is also the country with the largest economic output in Southeast Asia . In 2020, the total amount of GDP in Indonesia was US$1.058 trillion (about 6.739 trillion yuan), about three times that of neighboring Singapore (per capita is much lower).
Indonesia is a big country in all senses ▼
Because its economy mainly relies on light industries such as food and textiles and the mining of primitive resources such as natural gas , coal, tin, and gold, it lacks the technical capabilities of hard-core construction; in addition, it is located in the volcanic seismic zone of the Pacific Ocean, earthquakes occur frequently, and archipelagos are difficult to connect, so it is not easy to develop the land network in Indonesia.
may have to take a boat if you go out to buy vegetables or visit relatives
(Photo: shutterstock) ▼
867, at that time, the Dutch East India opened the first railway on Java Island on Semarang to Donggong . Although the railway of is only 25 kilometers, it made Indonesia the second country in Asia (second only to India) to open railway transportation.
Hong Kong headquarters of the Netherlands East India Company in Semarang
Because its numerous floor-to-ceiling windows look like many doors, it is called "thousand doors" by locals
(Picture: Yitu.com) ▼
By 1920, most towns on Java Island could have been connected by railway, greatly improving the efficiency of cargo transportation between plantations and factories. World War II After the Japanese invasion, will transform the original ordinary railway to double-track , continues to increase the transportation capacity of Indonesian railways.
A double-gauge railway usually has three rails -
Two "moving tracks", one of the two gauges, and one "shared track"
(Picture: wiki) ▼
After Indonesia's independence in 1949, the construction of new railway lines became fewer and slower. The newly built projects of are also mostly short-distance airport railway line . In 1997, Asia encountered a financial crisis, and continued to give Indonesian rail transit a blow, which had already lagged development.
Today, the railway system in Indonesia that can operate normally is very old , and it only exists on the two major islands of Java and Sumatra , but it still insists on shouldering the important task of passenger transport and transportation of more than 195 million people on the two islands.
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As a long-established state-owned enterprise and the only public railway operator in Indonesia, Indonesia Railway Company (PT KAI) is the backbone of Indonesia's national railway transportation system.
In 2019, the line held by Indonesian Railway Company received a total of .4292 billion passengers, setting a record high. In terms of cargo transportation, the company's total freight volume also increased from 24.7 million tons to 47.6 million tons in the seven years from 2013 to 2019, and the freight volume of doubled .
Although KAI has many train lines and models
, most of them are not advanced in technology and have a retro shape
(Picture: wiki) ▼
Under the increasing population and global trade, the heavy transportation of goods has overwhelmed the railway systems of Java and Sumatra. In this regard, , KAI, which shoulders the burden of national railway system transportation, faces difficulties.
The company invests in electronic ticketing and operates Paukang light rail system , and improves airport railway system in Jakarta , Medan , Thoreau and other places, adding new impetus to the development of in Indonesia's railway network.
During the Eid period in April and May, the daily operation volume of KAI railway continued to rise
staff "dedicated their heart" to Indonesia's railway industry (Picture: Yitu.com) ▼
And with the "infrastructure madman", , which is known as the "infrastructure madman", China joins , Indonesian railway is about to usher in a new era of high-speed rail. On March 31 this year, the high-risk control project of the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway in Indonesia was successfully completed, bringing the track laying construction from the direction of Bandung to Jakarta one step closer.
Java Island high-speed rail route planning,
(watch horizontally, refer to: wiki / PT KAI) ▼
This 142 kilometers long Java Island high-speed rail is not only the first time China's high-speed rail technology has gone abroad, but also means that the first high-speed rail in Southeast Asia is getting closer and closer to Indonesia. When the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway is officially in operation, the time from Jakarta to Bandung will be shortened from more than 3 hours to 40 minutes now.
At that time, this "Jiawan" railway will use the fastest operating
CR400AF series Fuxing train , with a maximum speed of 350km
(Picture: Global Construction Review) ▼
Compared with the railway system, Indonesia's road transport network is weaker. The total mileage of Indonesia's national highways is about 496,000 kilometers. Although it looks quite long, the unpaved sections account for 43%. Poor road conditions automatically downgrade the expressway to a "national highway".
On relatively remote islands in Indonesia, private cars, taxis, motorcycles, Bajaj tricycle , etc. are the main ways for people to travel. These methods are more flexible and cost-effective for local Indonesians. Of course, underdeveloped road traffic and chaotic car rental market often cause tourists traveling to Indonesia to be slaughtered.
Bajaj can still be seen in many small towns in China. The name is different
This bajaj seems to have enjoyed treatment that he has never had in his kind
(Picture: Yitu.com) ▼
On the sea of three million square kilometers, drifting around
As the largest archipelago country in the world, shipping plays an important role in Indonesia. Indonesia borders Singapore, Philippines and Australia in the sea area, and has been a natural maritime bridge for Asia and Oceania in history.
data shows that Indonesia has 40% or more international trade is transported by sea . In addition, Indonesia has the second longest coastline in the world after Canada, and ranks seventh in the world with a length of 21,579 kilometers.
Domestic transportation in Indonesia relies heavily on Sea transportation
Once the sea route is interrupted, most islands will be cannot be self-sufficient
(watch horizontally) ▼
In 1957, Indonesian non-partisan politician Juanda issued the "Juanda Declaration". All Indonesian waters surrounding the islands and connecting the islands are waters under the jurisdiction of the country's sovereignty. laid a policy foundation for the subsequent process of Indonesia's marine integration and maritime development.
In 2013, a plan called " Maritime Expressway " (Maritime Highway Initiative) began to be carried out in Indonesia. From 2016 to 2021, the number of service lines nationwide in Indonesia increased from 6 to 32, and the total volume of sea freight increased from less than 100,000 tons to about 350,000 tons. The positive advancement of the "Marine Expressway" plan has provided equal opportunities for goods in remote and border areas across Indonesia.
"Marine expressway"The early six national lines
It can be seen that Si Shui as ml4Transportation hub between east and west The significance of
(watch horizontally) ▼
In 2016, the Indonesian government implemented another project called "Pendulum Nusantara’s plan. The plan aims to connect six ports: Bela Bay , Jakarta, Surabaya, Batam , Makassar and Solon .
Wulawan-Batam Island-Jakarta-Sukass-Magasar-Solong
This line can be said to be Indonesia's national aorta (watch horizontally) ▼
This plan reduces shipping costs and tariffs through systematic management. allows large foreign cargo ships to directly enter eastern Indonesia without passing through Singapore and Malaysia ports, ensuring that imported basic goods such as rice, flour, fertilizers, cement, etc. directly enter Indonesia.
Logistics between the archipelagoes basically rely on shipping, so the prices are not low
(Photo: wiki) ▼
In addition to freight supply, passenger ferry in the seas between islands is also an important mode of transportation for Indonesian locals to shuttle between islands. Passenger ships of various types cover most of the inhabited islands.
Indonesian passenger transport industry is mainly divided into two categories: short-distance ferry , medium and long-distance passenger ship . Among them, the state-owned PT. Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (PELNI) is the main operator of Indonesian passenger ships. Its passenger service network covers all territorial waters and most islands in Indonesia. is an important bridge for exchanges and trade exchanges among the people across the country.
is similar to trains, and ferries are also divided into first-class seats, second-class seats and seatless
(Picture: Yitu.com) ▼
In addition, the Indonesian government will also provide subsidies to shipping service company to reduce its operating costs. The general amount of subsidies is related to the difference between ship operating costs and transporting passengers and cargo freight costs.
. In places closer to the island, in addition to taking a ferry, the construction of cross-sea bridge also provides people in the two places with a faster lifestyle. On June 10, 2009, the Sula Madu Bridge , with a total length of 5438 meters, was officially opened to traffic, becoming the first cross-sea bridge in Indonesia, and also shortened the passage time between Sishui and Madula to one tenth of the previous one. However, due to the high cost of construction of the cross-sea bridge, many small islands in Indonesia are still closed and backward.
View from Surabaya Suramadu Bridge
is lying on a dragon ridge on Lampung Bay, pulling the two islands
(Photo: wiki) ▼
by expanding the scope of domestic commodity distribution and service distribution, and trying to narrow the development gap between regions. is the key development direction of Indonesia's future sea transportation layout .
Flying around on ten thousand islands
lacks railways and roads, slow ferries, and excessive cost of cross-sea bridges, which makes the "country of Ten Thousand Islands" across three time zones Indonesia has to turn its attention to the fast aviation industry to accelerate economic exchanges between islands.
With the advancement of the wave of globalization, Indonesian commercial civil aviation showed explosive growth in the first 20 years of this century. data shows that the number of passengers in Indonesia increased from 10 million in 2000 to 115 million in 2018, and increased tenfold by .
Indonesian airlines showed a steady upward trend before 2019
(data: World Bank ) ▼
In terms of aircraft orders and commercial value, Indonesian aviation industry's development speed ranks second in the world, and is second only to my country, which ranks first.
According to the International Air Transport Association, by 2039, Indonesia will jump to the fourth largest air travel market in the world, and is expected to send 268 million passengers each year. By then, the aviation industry will create US$77 billion (about 489.9 billion) of GDP and about 6.9 million jobs each year for Indonesia.
, the low-cost airline represented by Liancheng Airlines, has occupied the domestic short-haul flight market in Indonesia with an extremely aggressive attitude in recent years, which is suitable for Indonesia's geographical conditions
(Photo: shutterstock) ▼
At present, the entire Indonesian region has a total of 683 , which is about three times that of my country's transportation airports; the operates a total of 16 , covering almost all major cities in Indonesia.
Among them, Jakarta Sukarno-Hadda International Airport is one of the most important air transportation hubs in the country. The airport has been listed on the busiest airports in the world many times. For example, the domestic routes from Jakarta to Surabaya/ Bali ranked sixth in the world in terms of density; the international routes from Jakarta to Singapore ranked second in the world in terms of density.
Blue sea, blue sky, green trees and red bricks. At first glance, I thought it was a small airport
(Photo: wiki) ▼
According to statistics from the International Air Transport Association, the air transport industry, including airlines and their supply chains, even though the number of passengers caused by the epidemic decreased by 60% compared with the previous year, still brought about US$7.38 billion (about 47 billion yuan) of GDP to Indonesia.
's huge aviation market not only provides convenience for exchanges between Indonesian islands, but also allows at least 5k to find jobs.
In the post-epidemic era, the public transportation industry has also produced many new positions.
(Photo: shutterstock) ▼
However, even though Indonesia has a very promising aviation market, with many airports and dense routes, accidents occur almost every year.
950 to the present, Garuda Airlines alone has had 15 air crashes and 1 hijacking incidents. In January last year, a plane flying from the capital Jakarta to the capital of Western Kalimantan, Pontianak, lost contact during the flight, and all the people on board were killed.
This aircraft comes from Sanfoqi Airlines
carries a total of 56 passengers and 6 crew members
(Photo: wiki) ▼
Nowadays, Indonesia's aviation industry not only faces some security problems, but also has been critically hit by volcanic eruptions and global epidemics . The continued spread of the epidemic has seriously affected people's convenient and fast flights. Even the people in their own country can’t go out, let alone foreign tourists.
To stimulate the development of aviation and tourism, on the one hand, the Indonesian government has begun to invest and develop and build new airports in Labuan Bajo, Silangit, Toraja and other places, providing convenience for international tourists who want to go to islands such as Komodo Island , Sulawesi Island ; on the other hand, gradually renovates for existing airports, continuously building and improving ground infrastructure, runways and air traffic systems, striving to make Indonesia's most promising aviation industry play its due value.
New airport repair usually comes with a down-to-earth performance to get a lottery
(Picture: Yitu.com) ▼
Hundreds of years ago, the Dutch colonists established a complete modern system on this Southeast Asian land, forming the predecessor of this "country of thousands of islands".
Today, the development of land, sea and air trinity transportation network has also continuously narrowed the relationship between various islands in Indonesia. connects the most prosperous Java and Sumatra to the remote Aru and Watubella Islands, and connects the primitive tribes, villages and modern cities.
It can be said that the continuous improvement of the transportation system is not only related to the daily travel of Indonesian people, but also to the future of this "country of thousands of islands".
Mountains are separated by people, hydrated by people, on the island of thousands of mountains, the vast ocean of bed
Indonesia's transportation industry gathers into the beating pulse of this country of thousands of islands
(picture: shutterstock) ▼
Reference:
.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia
.Tu, N., Adiputranto, D., Fu, X., & Li, Z. C. (2018). Shipping network design in a growth market: The case of Indonesia. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 117, 108-125.
.Suhali. (2016). Research on attracting foreign investment in Indonesia's transportation infrastructure construction (Master's thesis, Guangxi University)
4.https://www.ugm.ac.id/en/news/21830-indonesia-s-maritime-highway-experts-reflect-on-progress-barriers-a nd-solutions
5.https://www.statista.com/topics/5822/aviation-in-indonesia/#topicHeader__wrapper
6.https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/getting-aroun d-indonesia
7.https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/indonesia-aviation
8.https://theconversation.com/indonesias-aviation-safety-has-improved-but-a-l ot-remains-to-be-done-153086
9.https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11761467_03.pdf
*The content of this article is provided by the author and does not represent the position of the Earth Knowledge Bureau
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