Left six Chen Shi took photos with Zou Changchi, Yan Shijia, Lu Jiheng, and Zuo Hu Jingcun, Fang Zonghan, Liu Shaoshu and other famous teachers from China
"President Chen has run a Chinese University in Wuhan and has three departments, university, middle school and primary school. Such a perfect school is indeed rare in China. We know President Chen's enthusiasm for education and the bleak management situation, and I admire it very much!" This is when Central China Normal University and Wuhan Huangpi District first released "Chen Shi, President of China" at Ercheng Academy.
Central China Normal University and Huangpi experts gathered at Ercheng Academy to release "Chen Shi"_20220513_
Destroying family and learning
When talking about Chen Shi's source of school, it can be traced back to the academy educator and founder of Cheng Zhu Neo-Science , and Cheng Yi (known as the second Cheng). Because the two Chengs were born in Huangpi and learned from this place, Shuangfeng Pavilion and Ercheng Academy have been built here since the Song Dynasty. The Ercheng Academy was not only as famous as Lianxi, Nanyue, Yuelu and other academies, but also the old site where Chen Xuankai (1847-1917) and Chen Shi (1891-1953) studied in his early years. On April 23, 1891, Chen Shi was born in a prominent family in Huangpi, Hubei. His real name was Yi and his name was Shucheng. His father Chen Xuankai was a juren in the late Qing Dynasty and was known as "Chen Yuanwai". He served as a member of the Qizhou Xuezheng and Hubei Senate. Among Chen Shi's 15 cousins, three of them studied in Japan, and their tenth brother, Chen Qiujiu, was committed to developing the country through industry and invested in the construction of the first railway and highway in Huangpi.
" "Private Wuchang Chinese University Charter" signed by Chen Xuankai, the first president of China University, home page
When he went to Japan to join the Tongmenghui, Sun Yat-sen warned Chen Shi: "The foundation of the revolution lies in profound knowledge, and knowledge is the foundation of the country." Chen Shi believes that only university education can cultivate talents with profound knowledge. Therefore, he named "Yinghuan" and made it his life goal to cultivate talents for the country and revitalize China. In 1910, at Chen Shi's suggestion, his father imitated the Japanese private school system and founded the Chinese Academy in Wuchang . The school name was taken from "Revitalizing China".
After returning to China after studying, Chen Shi did not forget his original intention and participated in Wuchang Shouyi , and served as Hubei Military Government Financial Secretary. The Vice President of the Republic of China and the Chief Governor of the Hubei Military Government Li Yuanhong is the Chen family's in-laws again. In the eyes of ordinary people, Chen Shi can fully demonstrate his skills in the political and business circles with his background and family financial resources.
"Social undertakings are very important today." This is the essence of Sun Yat-sen's speech in Wuhan in April 1912. Chen Shucheng understood it and believed that the most important social undertaking in the early Republic of China was "to use education as the goal of cultivating the people of the Republic." Therefore, he named it "Chen Shi" again, intending to express his determination to "encourage the country with education and be at the right time." He also persuaded his father Chen Xuankai and Kun Zhong to do not rely on the government and the foreigners, and successively sold 300 stones of land (about 1,800 acres). Taking advantage of the opportunity of the 1911 tripod, he founded China's first private undergraduate university - the private Wuchang Chinese University.
Portrait of Chen Shi collected by Pei Gaocai (original published in the journal of China University of China - 1976)
At the same time, Chen Shi also responded to Sun Yat-sen's call and joined the Hubei comrades in the first election of the parliament of the Republic of China to check and balance Beiyang warlords . In the spring of 1913, he was elected as the first House of Representatives in the Hubei constituency with a high vote.
The arduous journey
The "first righteousness zone" in the early Republic of China was the arena between the Southern Revolutionary Party and the Northern Yuan Shikai Group, with undercurrents. Regarding Chen Shi and his son's education to promote the country, some people mocked Chen Xuankai for being purely "sensational" and mocked Chen Shi for being "overestimated and determined to be an official." They even made a big fuss about Chen Shi’s name change.
This is the thing.According to the clan rules, the Chen family changed the "Chen Yinghuan" during Chen Shucheng's stay in Japan to "Chen Shi" and included it in the "Chen Family Genealogy"; and it required a sum of funds to re-revise the genealogy, so it was natural that Chen Xuankai donated 10,000 yuan. At the same time, during the election campaign of lawmakers, Chen Shi and his son treated voters with " turnover " at the election headquarters of the Chinese University for three days. So, those people charged Chen Shi with the charge of "revising the genealogy and renaming the name of the genealogy and bribing the provincial parliament and voters." Force the Judicial Office to rule: Chen Shi is "invalid when elected." Chen Shi appealed, and during the process of the lawsuit, President of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai, was elected, and the case was incomplete.
treasured and donated to the original Nine-angle Eighteen Star Flag collected by Cai Jimin, now donated to the Hubei Provincial Museum’s original Nine-angle Eighteen Star Flag
Coincidentally, within the already divided revolutionary camp, some people accused Chen Shi of being a member of the Tongmenghui and being an agent of the chapter Taiyan "The revolutionary army is on the rise, the revolutionary party is destroyed"; some people even suspected that Chen Shi was involved in the arms of Li Yuanhong, who was gradually drifting away from the party members.
"No matter if the wind in the southeast, southwest and northwest, bite the green mountains and do not relax." Facing the open and secret arrows from different camps, although Chen Shi and his son felt distressed and angry, they were selfless and had a broad mind. They worked hard to manage the "China" and spoke with their school performance.
At that time, Hubei was divided into three parts of the world, the private, and the church universities. The National University is funded by state funding and funded by foreigners in the Church Conference. Only the University of China is maintained by the donation of the Chen family. It is a drop in the bucket and it is difficult to make a move. For this reason, when Chen Shi first moved to Wuchang, he lived in a corner by renting a house. After the Huangpi building was sold and run the school, the whole family moved to Wuchang and bought an old house in the school's location Tanhualin . In order to save money, the floor at home will not be replaced when it rots. Just add a piece of wood to it and use it. It is nicknamed "rubber floor".
At the same time, Chen Shi made full use of his personal charm, brainstorming, and widely mobilized social forces to help the University of China. He adopted the suggestion of overseas Chinese alumnus Liang Shaowen, crossed the ocean twice, and raised the first overseas donation for the school; every year on New Year's Eve, most people "stay up" at home, but he carried gifts to the homes of faculty, staff, social wise men and those who fully supported the development of the school and those who sponsored the school to pay New Year's greetings.
Private Wuchang Zhonghua University (the former site is located in Wuchang Wenhua Middle School)
In order to ensure that the actual income of famous teachers is not lower than that of other schools, Chen Shiqian's signature famous teachers work part-time outside. Under his inspiration, founding school veterans, masters of Chinese studies and educators Liu Fengzhang and Li Shijin helped each other and invited famous teachers such as Lu Jiheng and Zou Changchi to teach and teach. At the end of 1916, the Ministry of Education sent experts to conduct a comprehensive inspection and evaluation of the quality of the school management of China University. The inspection report said: "During the inspection, the university's business subject taught English and business history, and the teacher Ji Cen Sun, and explained Shang Ming. ... The third-year preparatory subject taught Chinese language, and the teacher Fang Yanxun talked about the origin of the culture and sports, which was quite organized. ... Looking at the school's establishment, the professors are still incompatible."
In June of the following year, the Ministry of Education held the national unified examination for public and private universities for the first time. Five excellent students from China University were admitted, winning the runner-up of the national university group. Feeling that Chen Shi was running a school to promote the country, Wuchang gentry An Junqing specially donated all the land of Dongshan (commonly known as Xiaoguishan) to the University of China as the construction land of the university.
Famous teachers' school management
The school motto is a highly concise of the humanistic spirit of a school. At the beginning of the school operation, Chen Shi combined the characteristics of Chinese academies education and Japanese private schools to formulate the school motto of "becoming morality and being independent and enterprising" that combines Chinese and Western virtues and abilities, and teaches school style and cultivates a school style of serving the country. Moved by Chen Shi's sincerity, famous returnees Zou Changchi, Yan Shijia and others were willing to follow Chen Shi and cast a monument of "China".Yan Shijia said: "I came to China University and did eliminate all external temptations. I would like to share the joys and sorrows with President Chen Shi without going. I think it may be more money to change a location, but Yuan Datou will not laugh at me. When my student met me on the street, he greeted me with a smile from a distance: Teacher Yan, let me have a drink with you! Every time I think of this, I feel happy!"
Chen Shi wrote the motto of the University of China 1943
Under the training of Zou Changchi, his disciple Yu Jiaju passed the official fee to study in the UK with his English skills, and embarked on the road of education and prosperity. Yu Jiaju recalled: "Mr. Zou is a 5 person from Yichang. My English knowledge is entirely attributed to him. I translated the "Principles of Social Transformation" written by Russell in the UK at the age of 21. This book is very much noticed by the Chinese people." Inspired by Chen Shi and Yan Shijia, Wang Yanan worked part-time and later became a famous economist and educator.
Since May 1916, Chen Shi opened the "Lecture Hall of Famous Masters" of the University of China, which is compatible with various schools of thought. Hundreds of famous Chinese and foreign scholars such as Chinese studies, Marxism, and nationalism have emerged here to "contend". The grand occasion was formed that "China Cai Jiemin, Jiang Baili, political Gu Weijun, Dewey's philosophy, Kang Liang's history and classics, and all of them were visited for a while." Among them, two scholars with unique identities jointly held a lecture: one is Master Yuexia, a Buddhist master wearing a cassock, and the other is Master of Chinese studies, , Huang Kan , who is a sound and noise in China. "The monk came to the university forum" immediately caused a sensation and even criticism.
, Chen Shi believes that Buddhist is an important part of Chinese philosophy research, and has added new courses on religious teaching in the Chinese philosophy department of China University, and has hired Master Yuexia, a master of Chinese studies and professor of Peking University, to come to the school to teach Buddhist teachings. That is, with Master Yuexia and Professor Huang Kan, the golden partner produced a good lecture effect, which eventually made the clamor of "please ask the monk to class" silent.
In November 1920, Chen Shi and Yu Jiaju helped Dr. John Dewey (John Dewey) to give a speech at the school. Dewey's theory of "industrial education" is still of practical significance.
"Novel Monthly" Cover of Tagore (Volume 14, No. 10) 1923.10
1923 midsummer, Chen Shi attended the "Education Conference in All Nations" in San Francisco as a representative of China, and was also intimate with Tagore, the Nobel Prize winner in Literature and a famous Indian educator, which led to the invitation of Tagore to give a speech in May 25, 1924. When Chen Shi held a banquet to entertain him, Tai Weng introduced that Mei Lanfang starred in "The God of Luo" to entertain him. Liang Qichao and gave him the Chinese name "Zhu Zhendan". "Zhu" refers to "Tianzhu" India; "Zhendan" is India's old name for China! The next day, Tagore, who was well-versed in the East and West, and Gu Hongming, , joined hands to the lecture hall of China University.
Chen Shi introduced that the Taiweng made the oriental charm resound throughout the western sky, and the "Gitanjiali", which won the Nobel Prize for , was once known as the "beacon of spiritual life". Tai's passionate speech was translated on-site by Xu Zhimo . The key point is: I look at your young face, shining with cleverness and sincere ambition! This time I came to China not to preach, but to promote it based on the spiritual civilization and on-site cultivation!
In the interactive session, a student from the Department of Philosophy asked Gu Hongming how he evaluated Tagore and his philosophical thoughts? "The weird guy" Gu Hongming said that Taylor's academic views are "too gorgeous and colorful", and everyone "should still firmly believe in the great philosopher Confucius ". Then, he changed the topic and praised the integration of Tai's oriental charm into Western literature. Volume 15, No. 6 of the "Novel Monthly" published in June 1924 was designated as the "Tagor" special number.
From right, Peng Nansheng and Pei Gaocai visited Chen Shi's white marble statue at Central China Normal University
Beijing Shi's string song
Hidden incident of "September 18th" , Chen Shi led teachers and students to defend the country When the earth was taking the oath, he recited a seven-character poem to express his feelings in conjunction with the epic "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and " Shihao Lie ". The poem says: "Don't recite the song of Everlasting Sorrow back then. There are Milky Way everywhere in the world. The couples fare in Shihao Village, and they cry more than in the Palace of Eternal Life!"
In the spring of 1932, Li Dun led the International Alliance Investigation Team to China to investigate the actual situation of the "September 18th" incident. When the investigation team arrived in Han Dynasty, Chen Shih introduced the overview of the aggressive behavior of the people of China and Japan jointly oppose the Japanese army with his background in his stay in Japan, as well as the public telegram of the "Telephone of the School to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the League of Nations Investigation Team" by teachers and students of China. He hoped that the investigation team would listen to the Chinese people's voices of justice and sanction the Japanese invaders for disrupting peace in East Asia and despise international authority. After being translated by Zou Changchi, Li Dun responded after hearing this:
"We came to Wuhan this time and observed in Shanghai, Nanjing and other places. We learned about the strong demands of all sectors of Chinese society to safeguard state rights..."
"China Weekly" header Sun Yat-sen's statue and "Prime Minister's Legitimate" 1930.3.29
While Wuhan became the temporary center of China's anti-Japanese war, Chen Shi organized teachers and students to participate in the anti-Japanese war propaganda, and invited Cai Yuanpei, Feng Yuxiang, Chen Lifu, , Fan Changjiang, Wang Yanan and others to give speeches to the school, and also organized an anti-Japanese war education meeting to prepare for the westward relocation.
At that time, the National Government had no time to take care of the relocation of private universities, and the relocation and reconstruction of the Chinese University could only solve the problem by itself. During this period, Chen Shi received a handwritten letter from Japanese diplomat Shigemitsu. As an old friend, he asked Chen Shi to stay in Wuhan to run a school and jointly build the "East Asia Prosperity Circle". As for the , Okamura Yasuji , who was responsible for guiding Wuhan, he had a poem and lyrics with Chen Shi, who was young and stayed in Japan, and he also won over Chen Shi's "cooperation" through relevant channels.
Chen Shi believes that these "friends" are insults to his personality! It is even contrary to the principle of being a human being by committing to , Xinhai Revolution, and I am even more sorry for the four words "China University"! So, he quoted the classics and repeated the light. Yun:
"'Although the country is big, it will perish if it is wary; even if the world is safe, forgetting to fight will be in danger.' The Chinese have backbone and will never treason for the enemy with personal personal friendship. My compatriots and I will unite to fight to the end until the lost territory is recovered!"
At the same time, Chen Shi used Huangpi dialect to war: "Discarding the ugly and selling the country" must not be done! Instead, we should remember the famous saying of Wen Tianxiang : "The heaven and earth have righteousness, and the manifold form is mixed and manifold" and be a dignified Chinese.
00 Alumni of China University and lyricist of "Yellow River Chorus" Zhang Guangnian was the 100th anniversary of his predecessor Chen Shi. His disciple Zhang Guangnian was influenced by the anti-imperialist and anti-Japanese war education at China University in his early years. After Wuhan fell, he led an anti-enemy drama team to witness the infection of the boatman's horn, so he passionately created the recitation poem "Yellow River Song"; Xian Xinghai was moved after listening to it, and composed a music for this poem while sick, which was the sensational "Yellow River Chorus". Such a perfect combination has created the musical epic of the Chinese nation!
The westward migration to Bayu has been full of twists and turns. Chen Shixian moved the school to the nearest Yichang Houping Stream Tower. However, after only three weeks of resumption of school, Japanese planes bombed Yichang, western Hubei and could not continue classes here. Chen Shi had to arrange for employees to pack these things and transport them in batches to Yangtze River . When he was about to arrive in Chongqing, the wooden boat was not allowed to go on, so he could only use people to pull the fibers. Some teachers, students and staff took wooden boats, sometimes they came down to walk, and came to Chongqing.
The University of China moved to Chongqing temple to run schools, but was still often bombarded by Japanese planes, and teachers and students were threatened at all times of death.So, Chen Shi organized teachers and students to open a horseshoe-shaped air raid shelter containing 300 people on the stone wall of Tushan next to the campus. Whenever the air raid sounded, teachers, students and staff went into the hole to hide nearby, which initially relieved the panic.
Hong Kong University gate, which lives in Chongqing Yuwang Temple
"liangdao Street lacks grain, rice market street." Ironically, the Wuchang Campus of University of China is located in Liangdao Street, and the Chongqing Campus is also a Mishi Street, but Chen Shi often worrys about the school having no rice to put it in. In Chongqing's completely unfamiliar environment, the economy is tight and there is no way to borrow, and the embarrassment is almost unbearable. He once recalled:
"I run the Chinese University, like a Buddhist temple building. At the beginning, I was a great guardian and a great donor, and at the same time became an abbot. Soon I went out to beg for alms. During the Anti-Japanese War, it was equivalent to placing orders and begging along the door!"
In order to make the life of poor students, Chen Shi mobilized students to carry out work-study activities on weekends or winter and summer vacations. Therefore, most students are based on their own majors, substitute classes in primary and secondary schools, tutoring, or working as an accountant in banks or enterprises.
Pei Gaocai and Chen Qi wrote "Cheng Shi, President of the University of China", Central China Normal University Press 2022.1
In the seven years of living in Bayu, Chen Shi insisted on the policy of promoting five educations and always put patriotic education first. The school has established Peking Opera Troupe, Drama Troupe and Dadi Choir, etc., which combines education and entertainment. He also personally wrote the lyrics of school song for the University of China with profound artistic conception and magnificent momentum. Lyrics:
"The Jianghan soup is farewell to the vast world, and the Wuchang First Agencies shine with the light of five thousand years of history. The University of China has descended with the same year of the Republic of China, and has achieved virtue. The three people are united in harmony with the rivers and mountains, and has boundless humanity."
No wonder Zhou Enlai once held Chen Shi's hand and said, "I know from your students that you are a hard-working educator with national integrity."
Behavior World
The famous educator Zhang Boling once said: "I am in the north and I often think of President Chen Shi. There is Yun Daiying in the University of China, and there is Zhou Enlai in Nankai University . These are all outstanding talents." Yes. As early as early 1915, when Chen Shi spent a huge amount of money to establish the school journal "Guanghua Journal", he discovered the talent and ability of the high-level Yun Daiying.
Chen Xuankai's title and Chen Shi was the publisher's first issue of "Guanghua Journal", Wuchang University of China on May 1, 1915
Therefore, after the third issue of "Guanghua", it was handed over to Yun Daiying to try his skills. After Yun Daiying tried his best, he further inspired his sense of responsibility to bring glory to his alma mater and his sense of mission to devote himself to society. Through journals, he sought a way to save the country and the people, and promoted new culture and new trends of thought. Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi and other New Culture Movement flag bearers praised him. In other words, "Guanghua" founded by Chen Shi and revised by Yun Daiying is a symbol of the Wuhan New Culture Movement.
In the autumn of 1918, Chen Shi hired Yun Daiying, Yu Jiaju, Xian Zhen (Bai Yan), etc. as directors, supervisors and teachers of the Middle School of China University. In March 1919, Chen Shi sponsored Yun Daiying, Lin Yunan, Hu Yeyu and others to establish the student progress school newspaper "New Voice" publication and distribution.
After the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, the Hubei authorities issued a temporary martial law order on May 7, 1919. Chen Shi decided to hold a special school-wide sports meeting on campus on May 7th National Shame Day. In his speech, he asked teachers and students not to forget the national humiliation and to boost the national heroism.The secretary of the Sports Department Yun Daiying led the chant "Don't forget the national humiliation" and "revitalize the national heroes" and resounded throughout the sky!
旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁旁Then, Yun Daiying took the lead in the planning of Li Dazhao, Wang Guangqi, and others to initiate the " Youth Chinese Society " and founded the Liqun Book Club...
Because Chen Shi secretly protected Yun Daiying and Lin Yunan during the May Fourth Movement, he was listed on the blacklist of the authorities. Some people were worried about Chen Shi’s personal safety and advised him to avoid it for the time being. Chen Shize replied reasonably: "My student was arrested by the military and police. How could he stay out of the matter as the principal? As for me, I came from the artillery fire of the 1911 Revolution, and I would not be afraid of these things."
From left to left, Xiang Zhengkun accepted the title of "Chen Shi, President of the University of China" to the Ercheng Academy of Second Cheng Academy. After his experience in the University of China, Yun Daiying and Shi Yang , Lin Yunan, Hu Yeyu, Xiao Hongju and others accepted the idea of Marxism-Leninism and became a revolutionary.
In the past forty years, tens of thousands of disciples from the University of China have spread all over the world, especially the politicians Liu Renjing, Chen Tanqiu, Yun Daiying, Lin Yunan, Chen Changhao, Wan Guoquan, philosopher Feng Youlan , educators Yu Jiaju, Wang Yanan, Chen Qitian, diplomat Tu Yuntan , writer Zhang Guangnian, calligrapher Wang Xiaju and other famous heroes have shined in China.
"Teacher's Way forever"
On the eve of the founding of New China, Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Qun and other officials once invited Chen Shi to Taiwan to run schools, but Chen Shi was unmoved and resolutely stayed and devoted himself to the new policy. He served as a member of the Hubei Provincial Government and Land Reform Commissioner. He also handed over the University of China to the country intact, which was highly praised by national leaders Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu.
Huangpi District Party Committee Standing Committee Member He Wenjuan and Vice President of Central China Normal University Peng Nansheng and his party negotiated the joint construction of Ercheng Academy and "Chen Shi" at the Huazhong Normal University School.
Raise the banner of normal schools and build an education brand. The University of China founded by Chen Shi and his son is the first private university in China that was independently founded without relying on the government and foreigners. It combines the educational tradition of establishing private schools in ancient China with the modern Western university system to create a higher education model that conforms to the national conditions of modern China. Peng Nansheng, vice president of Central China Normal University, said: "Inheriting the spirit of China University is an existing tradition of Central China Normal University. In recent years, Central China Normal University Society has published literary and historical works such as "The Complete Works of Yun Daiying", "The University of China in Chongqing", "Chen Shi and the University of China", and with the long biographical literature "Chen Shi, President of China University", this time, it is a pioneering light and wind in the way of integrating literature and history."
At the end, Mr. Wan Guoquan, alumnus of China University, followed President Chen Shi, and the inscription of President Chen Shi, as if echoing in his ears. The poem says:
"Destroy family and promote academics, be indifferent to fame and fortune; cultivate talents, devote yourself to your whole life; a generation of people will be happy and not ignorant; a noble character will continue to be the teacher."
pei Gaocai: Behaving in the world, a century-old string song - chasing the principal Chen Shi_China Reading Newspaper-People 2022.6.22
