[1] In the Ming Dynasty, local officials such as offices and divisions were established: "In Hongwuzhong, it was changed to Baixing Qianhu Office, the salt well guard was renovated, and the salt department was set up in Erjing. In the fifth year of Yongle, Ma Lachang Guansi was e

Princess Island in Lugu Lake

Section 7 Salt Source "Wu Suo Si Si San Ma Tou"

Yanyuan County is rich in well salt. The Naxi people have been active there since the Han and Tang Dynasties. The Han Dynasty established Dingze County, and the Tang Dynasty established In Kunming County, thousands of households were established in the Yuan Dynasty:

"Baixing Mansion, where the Ximoshayi lived... In the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1273), the salt well Mosa Chief Luoluo attached a deer and mushroom warehouse. In the fourteenth year (1277) The salt well was established to manage thousands of households. The Ming Dynasty established offices, divisions and other local officials:

" Hongwu ", changed it to Baixing Thousand Household Office, changed the salt well guard, and installed salt in the second well. Kesi. In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), Ma Lachang Guansi was established. Most of its villages were populated by Bai Yi. The chief official was the A family. He returned to the A clan during the Hongwu period and was awarded worldly posts. The land was connected to Beishengzhou in Yunnan, and he was called a commoner and rich man. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), he conquered Jiahala and returned from obedience. His son La Mafei returned to Beijing with a tribute horse and was granted the title. In the 11th year of Yongle (1413), he was promoted to the official position, which was different from the four. In the Qing Dynasty, in the 49th year of Kangxi (1710) and the early year of Yongzheng, the people who came to surrender were treated separately. Each chieftain was still awarded official positions with various names, known as "five offices, four divisions and three horse heads".

The fifth house:

The left house is the La family of Qianhu

The middle house is the La family of Qianhu

The right house is the Qianhu Ba family

The former house is the Bai family

The back house is the Bai family

The fourth division:

Muli Appease Secretary Lama Xiang's

Guabie appease Si Ji's

Ancient cypress trees patrol the city Bingma Division (Tu Qianhu) Lang's

Mara chief official Si A's

Sanma Tou:

Piper Roar Tumu Ge's

A Except for the Muli Xiang clan ( Tibetan ) and the Mara'a clan (Dai nationality), the native officials above Satumu

Luma Liucao Tumu

are all "Mozhai" people [3].

1. Zuosuo Tu Qianhu

Zuo Suo Tu Qianhu is one of the chieftains in Yanyuan who has a longer history, is stronger, has more "things" under his control, and has a relatively typical social system.

(1) The Rise and Fall of the Tusi

Zuosuo Tuqianhu was extremely active from the early Ming Dynasty to the Jiajing period, and had a long-term conflict with the Yunnan Yongning Tusi, as mentioned above.

The first chieftain of the Ming Dynasty, Lawu (Lata, Lamata), had made military exploits, and the second chieftain, Lamafei, had never been to Beijing to see the emperor. According to the agreement between Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in the 14th year of Jiajing (1535) regarding the handling of the Yanjing Guard Institute, the First Two Institutes, and Yongning and Lijiang Prefectures in Yunnan:

"Yanjing Guard Zuosuo local official assassinated Ma Ren to supervise fifty-three villages: landing." , Kuibai Village, Shuwa Village, Baier Village, Woluo Village, Sibuwa Village, Zhubuwa Village, Wawu Village, Walai Village, Gezu Village, Wubo Village, Zike Village, Gesa Village, Liuzhuwa Village, Lawuwa Village, Gude Village, Wawu Village, Qianneng Village, Jieli Village, Larouwa Village, Sibuwu Village, Laerwa Village, Jiyukouwa Village, Mukuwa Village, Liejieke Village, Baluo Village, Rojuwa Village, Bamaiwa Village, Hewuwa Village, Lakewa Village, Jubu Village, Guage Village, Shiwa Village, Mula Village, Zhuosulu Village, Que Wa Village, Punuwa Village, Ergu Village, Muluo Village, Yuetie Village, Wanxi Ancient Village, Zewu Village, Raziwa Village, Duoyangzhai, Kenie Village, Yopu Village, Nabai Village, Baiyan Bing, Black Salt Well, Jiwei Wazhai, Nasihe Village, Liuwa Shuizhai, and Lupuwa Village. "[4]

Judging from the white salt wells and black salt wells listed above, the Zuosuo Chieftain's sphere of influence reaches eastward to today's Yanyuan. The county seat (white salt well) and Yantang (black salt well) area.

Zhuang Xueben, a noble lady of Zuosuo, on her journey was photographed in the 1940s.

After La Shiying, the leader of Zuosuo, "surrendered" in the 49th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1710), he was "awarded a seal of paper and lived in Zuosuotu". "Duoshe Village". In the late years of Kangxi and the early years of Yongzheng, La Nanzhong once led troops to "conquer Laruwo Fanyi" and "Yongning Yi Bandits". He achieved military merit and was awarded court hats and other items to the fourth and third grades respectively. According to the "Tongzhi of Sichuan" compiled in the 11th year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1733), Zuosuo Tuqianhu bordered Yongning, Langyuan and Qiansuo Tusi to the west, south and north respectively, and its eastern boundary reached Woluo River. It has jurisdiction over 1,201 households, and its scope is slightly the same as that of Zuosuo District after the founding of New China (1950).According to the "Sichuan Tongzhi" published in the 21st year of Jiaqing (1816), it has jurisdiction over 525 households. In more than 80 years, instead of increasing, it has decreased by half. There is also a record of a generation being lost in the Zuosola family tree during the Jiaqing and Daoguang years. La Guoyu served in the 53rd year of Qianlong (1788) until Labang invaded in the 8th year of Xianfeng (1858). He was the "eldest son of the clan", so it is impossible for La Guoyu to have reigned for 70 years (1788-1858). There must be a La □ sect among them, but during this period, the number of people under its jurisdiction decreased sharply, which may be due to civil strife that should be avoided. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), when the Yunnan Hui uprising army besieged Yanyuan County, Labonde was credited with meritorious service in "leading the training for prevention and suppression" and was "rewarded with a second rank in rank". According to the "Yanyuan County Chronicle" engraved in the 19th year of Guangxu's reign (1893), the thousand households in Zuo's land "reached the border of the county four hundred miles east of Ta'er Mountain in Shada'ao" and "the total number of people under their control was one thousand and ten." One household".

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Yi people gradually moved into Yanyuan County. In the past hundred years, the population has increased significantly, and the conflicts between the black Yi slave owners and the original chieftains have also become increasingly intensified. In 1923, La Baocheng, Qianhu of Zuosuotu, once led troops to attack the Mijia and Hujia Yi people in the Yantang and Boda areas east of the Woluo River, but was defeated. In the late 1920s, Zuosuo was also harassed by Tibetan serf owners from the north. The Tusi Yamen was in ruins. "The Tusi's family had lost its authority among the people and was no longer able to manage their territory. Even the Tusi himself was almost captured." He became a prisoner of the Yi slave owners. Has the number of Yi people in Zuosuo exceeded some people.

Around 1940, La Baocheng went to Ya'an to visit Liu Wenhui, then chairman of the Xikang Provincial Government, and married the daughter of Liu's subordinate Xiao Adjutant as his concubine. With Liu's support, Zuosuo Tusi's status was maintained and he became the commissioner and head of the Xichang Committee.

Xiao Shuming, the princess of La Baocheng, the last chieftain of Zuosuo

(2) Political system

The political system of Zuosuo chieftain is similar to that of Yongning chieftain. The ruling body is organized into chieftains, general managers, chiefs and big men, and is closely integrated with the religious system Khenpo and "Racha". Later, with the addition of the district, township, Bao and Jia systems of the Republic of China government, it became a trinity. . The latter two are mostly held by the chieftain's relatives and big men. Only a few villages where the majority of Han people are held by Han people.

A strict feudal hierarchy is implemented under the chieftain system:

1. The eldest son of the chieftain

inherits the position. If there are no children, the position will be inherited by the younger brother. If there are no children or younger brothers, the position will be inherited by the chieftain's wife, which is called "nursing". If "nursing" is young, people can be recruited from relatives of the chieftain, and the children born to "nursing" can inherit the chieftainship. Chieftains generally practice a hierarchical marriage system within their own clan.

2. The general manager

is usually held by the chieftain's brother or a talented relative. It is selected by the chieftain after consultation with the leaders. As the saying goes: The chieftain has full power, while the general manager has half power. If the chieftain is weak and incompetent, the general manager may monopolize power.

3. In addition to the surname La, the headmen also have the surnames Li, Yang, and Zhou Zhou. There are more than 80 people in total, scattered in various villages. If there are several headmen in the village, they must take turns to be on duty:

(1) The middle headman. On duty at Tusi Yamen, there are three shifts at the beginning of the year, the middle of the year, and the end of the year. There are two people in a team, responsible for economics and justice.

(2) "Manage people". They are elected by the head of each village and are responsible for managing village affairs. They are replaced every three years.

(3) "Xuba". Responsible for the management of Tusi Yamen Prison.

html A headman is allocated land by the chieftain, but does not provide grain. When he collects grain for the chieftain, he can receive an additional one-tenth of the "scraper fee." Part of the fine can be divided during case handling, and the distribution ratio among chieftains, general managers, and chiefs is 4:2:1. When the headman is on duty at the Yamen, his food is provided by the chieftain, so that he is exempted from part of the burden.

4. "Zika"

"Zika" are the people of Tusi. In 1950, the chieftains had jurisdiction over a total of 36 villages, 7 of which were "Moze" and 29 were "Pumi" (Pumi). According to statistics in the early 1950s, there were 4,794 people in "Moze" and 1,850 people in "Xifan". The status of common people remained unchanged. They could neither be promoted to leaders nor reduced to domestic slaves. They could move freely within the territory of the chieftains, but They cannot move out of the country, and each village has its own leader.

(1) Everyone. Its duty is to mediate disputes in the village and accept tasks assigned by the chieftain. His land did not produce enough grain, so when the people made wine and killed animals, they had to toast him with wine and meat.

(2) boy head. His duty is to run around to find people, urge and collect food.

5. "Bitter hatred"

"Bitter hatred" is a domestic slave. There are more than 900 people in more than 80 households. Most of them live near Tusi Yamen, and they all have their own homes. A few live far away, no more than half a day's journey away. The domestic slaves received the "fire land" (meaning land for eating porridge) from the chieftain's family and did not pay rent. The domestic slaves were responsible for the labor in the chieftain's family. They took turns every half a month, 16 people at a time: 2 people carried water, 1 person herded, There is 1 person to cook, 2 people to take care of babies, 1 person to be a nanny, 2 people to feed pigs, 1 person to manage the Buddhist temple lama, 3 people to be personal guards, etc. The responsibilities of each household are fixed accordingly. In addition, each household must send one person to collect fireweed and hemp spinning thread for the chieftain for one month. Even weddings and funerals in the chieftain's family require domestic servants to serve.

House slaves were passed down from generation to generation. They could not be promoted to common people and had no freedom of movement. Chieftains could not kill or sell house slaves at will. House slaves argued with common people, and chieftains generally protected their house slaves. When a chieftain's daughter marries, she usually has to take two male and two female slaves as dowries.

6. Tenants

Residents of Han, Yi, Miao and other ethnic groups living in Tusi territory are called tenants. Some of them were recruited by chieftains to farm the land, and they had to pay a considerable amount of "deposit money" to the chieftains and chieftains to rent the land. Tenants were free to move in and out. When tenants rent, an additional tenth will be given to the small-headed people. The tenants will give gifts to the chieftain's family for weddings and weddings; in the twelfth lunar month, each Baojia will give a pig weighing about 15 kilograms to the chieftain.

In addition, there are some behavioral norms between each level. For example, domestic slaves cannot wear gold-brimmed hats and woolen headbands, cannot wear fine linen, cotton, and satin, cannot wrap their heads with handkerchiefs, cannot tie their hair with floral silk threads and floral woolen yarns, cannot use felt pads, cannot live in tile-roofed houses, and cannot Wear collared, long-sleeved clothes. You are not allowed to wear shoes when you see the chieftain. People are not allowed to hang bells when riding horses. You must dismount before passing the chieftain's door.

also has a whole range of punishments, torture devices and prisons. For ordinary people, it is not easy to litigate. Guangxu's "Yanyuan County Chronicle" said:

"Whoever brings a lawsuit to the door,

the barbarians are also pitiful.

An iron lock weighs thirty-six pounds,

cattle and sheep lose all their money."

Original note: "The barbarians are pitiful. When a lawsuit is filed, the local officials will each order a number of cattle and sheep, and then the trial will be held. The loser will lose money, otherwise he will be tied up with an iron chain, the lighter one will be thirty-six pounds, and the heavier one will be eighty pounds. ) Locke photographed in the 1920s

(3) Economic System

Zuosuo Tusi Until 1956, the lord's economic system was still relatively intact.

1. Land system

The area along the northeastern part of Lugu Lake is the center of Zuosuo Tusi rule. All land belongs to the Tusi and his family (general manager, headman), and other classes only have the right to use and pawn. Land can be divided into four categories according to its nature:

(1) Crown land. It is directly operated by the chieftain, and the common people farm for the chieftain for free, and all the harvest goes to the chieftain.

(2) Hongzhaodi. The chieftain divided the land and rented it to the big men, who then sublet it to the common people for farming and collected land rent in kind. In this way, the big men generally became the second landlords. There are also a few Han tenants who rent "Hongzhao land" directly from the chieftain, but the number is very small.

(3) "Qingshendi". When common people rent land from gang leaders, or poor land among common people, if they encounter labor shortage or other reasons, in addition to keeping part of the land for their own cultivation, they can sublease part to others. Renting such land is called "clearing one's life". The land rent is divided into shares. Generally, the lessor who provides the seeds gets a half share, the tenant who provides the seeds has six tenants and four tenants, and there are also seven tenants who have a third share.

(4) bad ground. The chieftain divided the people's "different land" into categories such as "son and horse land", "guzi land", "cow land", "sheep land" and "horse land", and shouldered various types of burdens. For example, the people who received the "Er Horse Land" were given a horse on a village-by-village basis every year, as well as when the new chieftain succeeded to the throne or when the new chieftain became the new chieftain, he paid a horse for the Ding ceremony, and so on. In addition, every year, 3 to 5 buckets of grain, 9 pounds of hemp seeds, 1 piece of linen cloth, 1 hemp rope, 15 tubes of tea, 30 pounds of salt, 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of wine, 1 chicken, half a pound of pork, 5 backs of Songming, 5 pounds of fish and shrimp, 1-2 buckets of water chestnuts. At the same time, each household had to perform unpaid labor for about 160 days every year for the chieftain to cultivate official land, build forts, and build houses.

2. Super-economic exploitation and apportionment

Institutionalized unpaid labor and super-economic exploitation and apportionment are the important pillars of the lord economy. Zuo Suo is also very typical, with dozens of names, such as:

(1) Rent collection When collecting rent, the tenant pays 1 chicken and 1 jar of wine;

(2) one-tenth of the rent;

(3) firewood tax of 3 to 5 liters of grain per household per year;

(4) water fee per year 3 to 5 liters of grain per household;

(5) residence tax of 1 to 3 dou of grain per household per year;

(6) mountain closing and opening tax of 16 kilograms of grain per household per year;

(7) sheep farm tax of two out of ten;

(8) The New Year gift is 3 pounds of pork, 3 pounds of wine, and 2 tubes of tea per household every year;

(9) Wedding and funeral taxes are based on the Xiaoshaotou jurisdiction, including a sheep or pig, 12 to 15 pounds of wine, and a back of side dishes. , 2 tubes of tea, 1 cloth tent;

(10) Seal and seal tax, one pig is sent out every year, one village per year, temporarily designated;

(11) Fire and grass tax, 1 tael per household;

(12) Hemp tax, hemp cultivation Every household pays 3 to 4 liters of hemp seeds, 1 catty of hemp, and 7 feet of linen cloth per village;

(13) Each household pays 3 to 5 liters of green thorn fruit tax for oil extraction;

(14) Each village pays pineapple tax 2 times, a total of 32 kilograms;

(15) fish tax, fishermen pay 8 to 9 kilograms of fish;

(16) hunting tax, young adults are asked to go up the mountain once at the end of each year, and the prey goes to the chieftain;

(17) slaughter tax, the pig killer pays the pig 1 leg;

(18) Tax for worshiping ghosts and gods twice a year, with one cow each time, borne by each village in turn;

(19) Small handicraft industry tax, all knitted goods must be taxed;

(20) Funeral report Tax: When someone dies in a commoner's family, give 3 kilograms of meat and 3 to 5 yuan of silver to the toast;

(21) Passengers must pay tax when crossing mountains to protect roads;

(22) See Han official tax. Han officials will pay money when they come to Zuo;

(23) The silver tax is apportioned three times a year, with each payment ranging from 3 to 5 yuan to wealthy households and 1 yuan to poor households.

Other households who grow walnuts, chestnuts, pears, round roots (clans), raise pigs and dairy cows, collect mushrooms, water chestnuts, calamus, pine nuts, and beekeepers must pay taxes. In short, everything that flies in the sky, grows on the ground, and swims in the water in Tusi territory is exempt from taxation.

In addition, the chieftain is forced to lend money at usury, "eight buckets and nine years (change) thirty stones", the interest rate is quite high.

According to Guangxu's "Yanyuan County Chronicle": "The five-year chieftain sect is a big sect, and the three-year sect is a small sect, which is called Nianli." Three years and five years.” What is mentioned here does not include the above-mentioned super-economic exploitation, but the "gangtou" will get drunk wherever he goes, and the burden on the farmers can be imagined.

Zuosuo chieftain sister Zhuang Xueben weaving ribbons was photographed in the 1940s

(4) Religious system

All lamas on the left are mostly from the Karma Kagyu red hat family, one of them is from the black hat family, and there is also Dabaism .

There is one large temple and five small temples on the left, with a total of more than 400 lamas. As of 1984, there were still 96 lamas. Lamas usually farm and chant sutras at home, and only go to temples to perform rituals.

The leader of the lamas in the whole region is the khenpo of the big temple. The chieftain's second brother is the khenbu, and the chieftain's younger brother is elected among the lamas. In 1949, Chieftain La Baocheng concurrently served as Khenpo himself.

Zuosuo Temple collects rent of 395 dou per year and has usury capital of 5,000 silver dollars. When temple fairs are held on the 15th day of the first lunar month, the 15th day of February, the 15th day of July, the 15th day of the winter lunar month and the 15th day of the twelfth lunar month every year, money, grain, wine, meat, etc. are distributed to the farmers. After people die, they have to ask a lama to pray for them, and wealthy people have to spend more than 100 yuan per household.

Attachment 7-5 Genealogy table of Qianhu La (La) family of Zuosuotu

La Baocheng (Spierqing), also known as La Hongzhu, was born in 1905. He served as a member of the CPPCC of Yanyuan County in 1975. passed away.

Zuosuo Chieftain La Hongzhu and Zhuang Xueben were photographed in the 1940s.

Second, Zhongsuo Tuqianhu.

Zhongsuo Tuqianhu. The land under the jurisdiction of the La family includes the southwest of today's Yanyuan County and the western part of Yanbian County. The administrative seat is now Huangcaoba, Yanyuan County.

In the early Ming Dynasty, it was connected with Zuo Suo and was called Zhongzuo Suo. In the early Qing Dynasty, it still had thousands of households. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong's reign (1784), Prime Minister Lating of Tuqianhu went to Beijing to pay tribute. During the Daoguang period, Tuqianhu directly governed 485 households with more than 1,200 people.

The Zhongsuo area is rich in products. It is said that there is rich natural copper in the valleys of the Wumu River, Chaqiu River and the Zemulong area. It is also a relatively fertile agricultural area. The forest and pasture are also excellent. Among the chieftains in Yanyuan, Muli and Yanbian, their wealth is second only to Muli.

In 1924, Lei Yunfei, the leader of the Yanbian bandits, provoked the black Yi slave owners in Sichuan and Yunnan, and "attacked Yanyuan from Yanbian for several years but failed to succeed" and "then burned and looted"; "officers and soldiers" were attacking Yuanbaoshan , the whole army was wiped out, and the central office was burned.

At that time, Tuqianhu La Chengjie was only a few years old and lived in Meiyu Castle with his mother. His mother "had collected the light and soft objects accumulated over the past generations and secretly sent them to other people, but they were kept secret until now" and died of worry and anger. . La lives in the housekeeper Xiong, and everything is managed by Xiong. Ji Zhuang marries the Xiong girl as his wife. After the Zhongsuo Land Office was burned down, many Yi people moved in from Mianning, Mianning, etc., and the ethnic structure of the local residents changed fundamentally [5].

Attachment 7-6 Genealogy Table of La Family of Zhongsuo Tuqianhu

3. Yousuo Tuqianhu

Yousuo Tuqianhu is located on the west bank of the Yalong River, which is now the eastern part of Yanyuan and Yanbian County.

Yousuotuqianhu had been established in the Ming Dynasty, and was still granted in the 49th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign (1710) in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early years of Qianlong's reign, civil strife broke out among the chieftain Yousuo, and he was killed by his younger brother who attacked the eight towns of the chieftain.

The territory of Yousuo is rich in copper, iron, gold and other minerals, and the river valley area is rich in agricultural products. After entering the Republic of China, thousands of local households were extremely corrupt:

"The chieftains were arrogant, extravagant and arrogant, and they had to sit and eat. They were in charge of each other as usual. When accidents happened, they would pawn the land, sell off the mountains, forests, and medicinal materials to temporarily relieve their urgent needs." Drinking poison to quench thirst is not a surprise. The cedar forest on the right is completely exhausted, and the land is mortgaged with "Hongzhao". There is not much government rent, and it is still owned by Han tenants in the early Republic of China. Smoking was banned in the nearby market road. In the early years of the Republic of China, the price of cigarettes was so high that the sly and greedy Han people were willing to secretly buy weapons such as bullets and white medicine and sell them secretly. In Yichao, there are many military, political and wealthy gentry who are trying to make huge profits.

The wealth of Yanyuan Luoluo cannot exceed the territory of Yousuo.

The power of the chieftain of Yousuo is gradually transferred. The decline actually started when Changjue, the father of Chieftain Baquanzhong, was weak and neglected Yang Huaqing, who was doting on him and doing everything. , Gradually lost his prestige. After years of lawsuits, the land and property losses were huge. Changjue was worried about his death due to the failure of the suppression campaign.

After that, Ba Quanzhong took over the position, leaving his widow and orphan, and his status was difficult to protect. In the winter of 1929, Hu Ruoyu of the Yunnan Army was defeated in Sichuan. When the road passed by Yousuo, Ba Quanzhong led his soldiers to attack them. The great building built by the predecessors was burned down in the fire, and only the form of Yousuo's legacy was lost. "

Yousuo Tuqianhufu ruins are in ruins. Photographed by Hui in 2017

After the Yunnan Army left, Baquanzhong stayed with the Ge family for a long time to manage the fir trees and tobacco in the five other places, and the violence remained the same as before:

"The old rules are harsh and strict to restrict their tenants." The righteous resistance, such as the Hongguo militia on the river bank, asked him to reduce the number of grains, but he was able to confiscate the property of the group leader Liu Jiqing, dig graves, kill his children, and continue to sue for his livestock. Ma, even though he has some hope, still insists on his high-handed tactics, and often pursues his ambitions without success, and often takes prisoners, which incites all the barbarians to join forces to resist, and both sides suffer losses. "

Right. Within the territory of thousands of households, except for a junior primary school in Shuhe, no school-age children are educated[6].

Attachment 7-7 Genealogy table of the eight clans of Qianhu House in Yousuotu

The watchtower of Qianhufu ruins in Yousuotu, photographed by Sha Hui in 2017

4. Guabie Appeasement Division

Guabie is located in Xiaojin River, 160 kilometers north of Yanyuan County It is at the confluence of the Yalong River and borders the three counties and cities of Muli, Mianning and Xichang. It is said in poetry that "the strange dangers push Guabie Village together, and the high pines cover the house and the stone supports the door" [7]. It is also rich in gold and has always been a mysterious and troubled area.

Guabie Tusi Mansion Site

Yuzhu was forced to "surrender" in the forty-ninth year of Kangxi (1710) and was awarded the title of Fusi. His son Jijiao made up his mind and went to conquer western Sichuan in the fifth year (1727) and the eleventh year (1733) of Yongzheng. In the Tibetan area, during the reigns of Daoguang and Xian, Ji Guofu went on three expeditions and performed meritorious service. In the last years of Guangxu, Ji Tingliang sent troops many times to protect the Wali Gold Factory from the 28th to the 31st (1902-1905), making it a "pacific place".

But according to "Miscellaneous Ode to the Source of Salt", "The mountains and rivers in Guabie are dangerous and can be regarded as rebellion" [8].

Guabie Tusi’s house Photographed by Fritz Weiss in 1910

Since the 1920s, Guabie Tusi has been in conflict with the Black Yi slave owners. The chieftain's yamen was originally located on the slope opposite Wali, but was later moved to Sunaya. The situation was very dangerous.

It is said that in 1923, the chieftain Jierpei married a commoner woman. The chieftain’s family did not agree. The steward invited the Malu family and the Anhu family of the Yi ethnic group to come and fight. At that time, they agreed on three terms: first, only the chieftain himself would be killed; secondly, the chieftain’s family property would not be robbed; thirdly, the chieftain’s family would be killed. His uncle will be the chief toast. But more than 200 people came that night. They were beaten in from behind the mountain. After killing the chieftain, things got out of control. The chieftain's family had a barrel of gasoline. Unknown to everyone, they poured it into the fire pit, causing a fire. The chieftain's son escaped by running to Muli. But Guabie Toast no longer exists.

Entrance to Guabie Tuansi, photographed by Fritz Weiss in 1910

Attached table 7-8 Family lineage table of Guabie Tusiji

Wali gold mining in Guabie District, photographed by Fritz Weiss in 1910

Five , The ancient cypress tree is located 20 kilometers northeast of Yanyuan County today. "Yanyuan County Chronicle" says:

"The ancient cypress tree is called an ancient cypress, which is close to the name of Baihu. During the Ming Dynasty, there were hundreds of households with hair." Hai. The Mao family was destroyed, and the Lang family began to flourish. In the Yuan Dynasty, Bailin Mountain was the name of the prefecture. "Bahao Yun"[9]

Mao Hai actually existed in history. In the 25th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1392), Jianchang commanded Yuelu Timur to rebel. Lan Yu led his troops to Baixingzhou and sent hundreds of households. Mao Hai used a trick to lure Yuelu and his son and sent them to the capital [10]. In the Ming Dynasty, "the Lang family was a wealthy family, able to control the barbarians, and the towns depended on it for their survival" [11].

In the 49th year of Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1710), Lang Junwei surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and was granted land to thousands of households. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (17148), Lang Shizhong brought calamus, poria, bear bile, snake bile, Tibetan incense, musk, leopard skin, fox skin and other local specialties to Beijing to pay tribute, and returned to the village the following year. In the seventh year (1802), the thirteenth year (1808), the nineteenth year (1814), and the twenty-fourth year (1819) of Jiaqing, Lang Shizhong and his son "sent their homes to worship" many times. In the sixth year of Daoguang's reign (1826), Lang Tingfang also went to Beijing to pay tribute. In the third year of Xianfeng's reign (1853), he paid tribute again and won the fourth grade Lingding.

The Tuqianhu Lang family was sent out on many expeditions to protect the county in the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), the 22nd year (1842), the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), and the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). It is commonly known as the "City Patrol Soldiers and Horses Division", which may also come from this.

Thousands of ancient cypress trees are still in charge of Asa, Luma Liucao and two earth eyes (horse heads). In the 14th year of Daoguang (1834), there were 585 households with a total of 1,461 people.

Attachment 7-9 Lineage table of the Lang family of Qianhu, an ancient cypress tree

6. Bijulu Tumu (Horse Head)

Bijulu is located in Xinping Township, central part of Yanbian County today.

Biju Lutu is a member of the Naxi ethnic group. In the 49th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1710), "Ge Yingkui led the training team to conquer Wadu Wawei in Ningbo and made great achievements. The admiral Yue Zhongqi played the Development Commission card" and was awarded the title of Tumu[12]. Commonly known as Ma Tou, he is the money chief who manages distant villages[13].

Bijulu Tumu Ge was good at business. In the Qing Dynasty, he successively obtained land from Yanjing Wei (Yanyuan) commander Zhang Song and Yanjing landowners Dong, Deng, Zhou Zhou and three chieftains named Zhongsuo, Zuosuo and Mala. During the Republic of China, when the Zhongsuo chieftain declined and the Zuosuo chieftain declined, he took possession of the land in Yanbian and Yanbian as his own. Especially after the Zhongsuo Land Office was burned down, the property record was completely lost, and Ge was even more confident.

In the early years of the Republic of China, Tumu Ge Shifan was sick and a devout Catholic. However, his distant uncle Ge Shaowu and his son Ge Shihuai had coveted Tumu's position for a long time. When they intercepted Hu Ruoyu's Yunnan Army in 1929, they obtained a batch of guns and bribed "Ning". Yang Qingquan, the commander of "Handling Barbarian Affairs", lured Ge Shifan to the French Catholic Church in Xichang for medical treatment and poisoned him to death. He then appointed Ge Shihuai as the chief minister on the pretext of "the brother will succeed the brother".

Ge's father and son further joined the Republic of China government and its army, and successively served as director of the Yiwu Affairs Department, reclamation committee member, and captain of the Yiwu Brigade. In 1942, the Ge family mobilized Han and Miao men and tenants Dingzhuang in their territory, organized eight armed brigades, extended their influence to the entire county, and gradually conquered the areas dominated by Yi slave owners.

Ge forced local people to grow opium, and Yanbian became the main opium producing area in western Sichuan, with an annual output of 100,000 to 120,000 taels. Gurshi's "cigarette money" accounts for half of his income. Gurdjieff also handed over 20% of the cigarette money to the Xikang provincial government, and obtained Gurdjieff's rights to produce opium, gold and tax revenue in Yanbian, as well as the privilege of unifying the sales of cloth, cotton yarn, foreign groceries and distributing donations.

In 1945, he turned to Chiang Kai-shek and served as the "Garrison Commander of the Upper Jinjiang River." In 1949, he confiscated the weapons of the armed reclamation camp sent by Liu Wenhui in Xikang and drove away the county magistrate sent by Liu. Ge's armed forces have 5 regiments, more than 3,000 guns, and 2 cannons, and he serves as the commander of the second column of the ( Hu Zongnan army).

The Ge family combined feudal lords, landowners and armed grass-head kings into one body. They used methods such as arbitrage, inducement, instigation of litigation, usury, and seizure to annex a large amount of land from the declining Zhongsuo chieftains and their pawnbrokers. Its farmland stretches about 200 miles from south to south and 120 miles from east to west. There are 862 tenant households and the lease fee is 840,000 jin. In addition, there are many additional exploitations such as labor service, payment, tribute and so on. [14]

Appendix Table 7-10 Bijulu Tumu (horse head) Ge family lineage table [15]

7. Other chieftains and lineages

The former place is to the north of Zuosuo and connected to the Yongning chieftain of Yunnan in the west. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, he managed 47 villages. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, it only managed 65 households and 457 people in 8 villages.

was caught in the turmoil of internal and external disturbances in modern times. It was once taken over by Muli Chieftain and was later returned to Ajia.

's former residence was a Tu Qian household in the Ming Dynasty, but was reduced to a Tu Bai household in the Qing Dynasty.

Housuo In the Ming Dynasty, there were thousands of households, and in the Qing Dynasty, there were hundreds of households. It was located by the Muli River in the southwest corner of Muli County today. In the 13th year of Yongzheng reign (1933) of the Qing Dynasty, there were 27 households, and in the 16th year of Daoguang reign (1834), there were 74 households with 105 people.

It is said that the civil strife in Housuo began in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, "the native officials were worried that their younger brother would be difficult to control, so they invited soldiers to kill him in Muli, and promised to cut off Leva and other strongholds to reward the troops." As a result, only some barren villages were left. At that time, they "called themselves Two Skins", and a poem said:

"A family of flesh and blood is suspected,

The sect is called a soldier, and even more begging for teachers.

The land is ceded to compensate the people, but the two skins of the poor tribe are still alive." [16 ]

As for the Xiang clan in Muli Ansi, there are many Naxi people in Oya, Dazhu (originally Muli, now Yanyuan), Boke, Xiangzu and other places, especially in Oya. There was a hereditary "Papaya" which lasted until 1950.

Appendix Table 7-11 Genealogy table of A family of 100 households in Qiansuo

Table 7-12 Genealogy table of Bai family of 100 households in Housuo

8. Factors for the decline of the four chieftains of the Five Suo

Most of the "Mozhe" chieftains in western Sichuan were built in the Ming Dynasty , flourished in the early Qing Dynasty and extended to the Republic of China for more than 500 years. However, in the past 100 years, it has been in decline, unsustainable, and precarious. There are three main reasons for this:

(1) Natural geographical factors

The Fourth Division of the Five Institutes is located in Yanyuan, Yongsheng (Yongbei) of the two provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan. , Dayao , Ninglang (Yongning Tufu, Langyu Tuzhou), Xichang, Mianning, Daocheng (Daocheng), Dechang ( Changzhou ), Yanbian (Yanbian) Except for a few places, the junction area of ​​9 counties including the Department of Transportation and Communications has high mountains and dangerous waters, and the natural conditions are treacherous. Until 1950, transportation was blocked, it was far away from the county seat and developed economic center, and it was isolated from the outside world.

(2) Social and historical factors

The Fourth Division of the Five Institutes is located exactly at the junction of the Yunnan-Sichuan Tibetan-Yi Corridor, and the west is the vast and powerful Tibetan area.During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, troops were used twice (1747-1749, 1771-1776) to attack Jinchuan and Jinchuan; at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Erfeng used force to repatriate the Tibetan areas in western Sichuan, which lasted for 4 years (1908-1911). The eastern part is the area of ​​Yi chieftains and black Yi slave owners. There are many hills and mountains, which are not subordinate to each other, and the ethnic conflicts are sharp. During the more than 200 years of the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the Yi people of DaLiangshan in Sichuan were exterminated more than 20 times. In modern times, a large number of opium was grown in Liangshan. While a large amount of silver was poured into it, a large number of guns were also poured into it, reaching 100,000, one gun per household. In the past 30 years of the Republic of China, local warlords carried out more than 20 conquests. Liangshan itself also had frequent fights with enemies, and as many as 10 chieftains were killed. Due to the prominent conflicts between the Tibetan and Yi ethnic groups, the Wusuosisi area, which is located in a corner and has a sparse population, has been "regarded as an Outuo" by successive governments. The Ming and Qing dynasties have not touched the land-returning movement many times, thus making it The original serf-lord system remained intact, hindering social and economic development.

(3) The wrong policies of the chieftain himself

After the Qian and Jiaqing dynasties, some Han farmers entered the chieftain area and "tenanted the land from the chieftain, overcame thorns and thorns, built houses and diverted water", which made the area behind Yanyuan Mountain "hundreds of miles along the road, and the road Kangzhuang is densely populated and the rice fields are plentiful, and the income from grains is twice that of the weir fields." This directly shook the social foundation of chieftain rule. Instead of trying to survive by reforming official administration and adapting to social development, they took two stupid and wrong measures:

1. "Recruiting barbarians as servants and resisting Han tenants"

An investigation report pointed out:

"Before Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty, the two salts (Yanyuan and Yanbian) were separated by the Yalong River, and there were no traces of Luo barbarians. In order to resist the Han people's land reclamation, the chieftains of Guabie, Zhong and You were separated from Xichang, The two counties of Mianning recruited Tuo barbarians as tenants. They were given uncultivated land and allowed to work as renters. At first they were very respectful, but later on they became more and more numerous, and the chieftains could not control them, and the government officials could not manage them. As a result, they became more and more rampant. In the past twenty years, no fewer than 50,000 of the Moze, Xibo and Han people were killed, expelled, and sold in bundles in Yanyuan County. By the early years of the Republic of China, "Guabie Chieftains were executed" and "Execution of Chieftains" occurred one after another. The Zhongsuo Land Office was burned down by the large and small black Yi slave owners, and "all the villages at both ends of Huangcaoba with six to seven hundred Han households were burned and expelled. The death of the Han, Tibetan, and Mosuo (that is, Mojie) people caused more than a thousand families to be tied up and plundered. This was not only the result of hundreds of years of Xuanhe being ruined. The hundreds of miles of transportation between the two salts has also been blocked since then." Facts tell people that the conservative and backward feudal chieftains introduced a backward slavery system and used slave owners to suppress advanced productivity, leading to a great regression in history."

2.kind Barnyard rice is forbidden to invade, "closed to exclude outsiders"

"The half of Zuosuo's jurisdiction is a sea of ​​grass, which is most suitable for livestock and rice. Previously, it was closed to exclude outsiders from invading. Although there is plenty of grass, cultivation is prohibited. For example, the area under the jurisdiction of Barnyard Village 2 The land is flat, vast, and rich in water. Only barnyard grains and black rapeseed are planted to express barrenness. However, the Duhan people moved to the area and implemented a policy of obscuring the people. They were not allowed to grow rice and were not allowed to learn from the Han people. Advanced production technology and low production level, the yield per mu is only more than 100 kilograms."[19]

This ultimately led to the decline of Tusi, "at that time, nine out of nine Tusi declined"[20]. Only the Muli Xiang clan, the Gubaishulang clan, and the Bijuluge clan had mastered part of the armed forces through various channels, and had some strength in the 1930s and 1940s.

Nine and Five Suo Si Tusi Culture and Customs

Generally speaking, the eastern part of Yanyuan is a place where ethnic groups live together, with more Han people moving in, and the culture is higher. According to Guangxu's "Yanyuan County Chronicle", "the chieftains of Guabie, Zhongsuo and Yousuo all taught people to read; the brothers and nephews of Bashichang of Yousuo were all students", and the chieftain of Zhongsuo, La Yongzhong, "loved to grow flowers". There are two poems in the magazine that reflect one aspect of their culture:

"The five officials are all of different kinds, but

they stand out from the crowd.

Listen to the barbaric language of the subordinates,

and you should give in to your articulation."

"Barbaric and elegant." The cultural customs of Zuosuo and Qiansuo in the west are basically the same as those of the Mosuo people in Yongning, Yunnan.The following is an excerpt of information and poems about customs from Guangxu's "Yanyuan County Chronicles":

(1) Marriage

"A chieftain who marries a neighboring local official's daughter can be called his direct descendant, and then he can obtain the position of heir. Otherwise, it is said that his bones are not heavy. . The native official's family is getting married. The man in front of the horse wears a helmet and is covered with rattan armor. Several people blow trumpets to guide the crowd. Look at the natal family. "

Original Note: All the chieftains are married, and they have to give birth to children, and the second is the daughter of the chieftain. Otherwise, the barbarians will not accept it, saying that they are too light to take the position.

(2) Funeral

"Some people tie the wood like a bed, place the body in it, and move it outdoors. Relatives will come with wine and meat. The men and women will bend one foot and dance together, singing loudly, which is called dancing in Guozhuang. The largest households include men. The vine armor is in the pocket, and the sword is folded and danced... The ashes are collected and stored in the box. The women surround them and sing and cry. It is clear that they are Yanyi shamans. They all went to the mountains to bury them. Each has its own burial place, and lama flags are erected on it. "

(3) Religious Religion

" Lamas are respected by the Xifan and Mozhi tribes, and their chieftains especially believe in them. There are the most towering and beautiful Buddhist temples in Muli, and they are built with stone. The wood is as high as a floating figure, as solid as a watchtower, and it is very quiet in the middle. There is a small bronze Buddha, Guanyin and Manjusri. The sandalwood is fragrant, and the ground is clean and fiberless. Lamas gather there, chanting Buddhist chants in the morning and evening, and the sound of bells and bells is also heard in the five chieftain villages. Yes. "

" Lamas are divided into yellow and red sects. They are all followers of the yellow sect, and there are those who practice the red sect. "

" The witches are called Dongba, and they also practice Fanbei. His scriptures are different from those of lamas. There are many water ghosts who pray for them. All wells, springs and pools are believed to be inhabited by ghosts, and no one dares to violate them. The method of praying is to cut wood pieces and use charcoal to draw the shape of mandrills and monsters, and then make a face. The statues of ox heads and snake bodies are tied to thatched huts, paper flags are cut, sheepskin drums are beaten, bells are rang, and baskets are chanted, and they are sent outside the door all day long to pray for good luck and rain, and the barbarians gather in the mountains with alms and shamans. Burning smoke and cutting the animals and casting curses on them, it is said that the witches can summon gods. When the gods are possessed by the witches, they will jump wildly and burn their waists and heads in the fire. They will hold hand-made or chewed red charcoal and boiling oil in their mouths. And spitting out fire with tongue and knife, Yi Gu originally had this illusion. "

" You can see the good and bad things beforehand.

The government hall plays the drum and gathers the barbarians. Original note: The Yi people have the Suo Gua and the Egg Gua, which they often test in small experiments. When local officials come out of the mountain, they especially add meaning.

(4) Festival Food Customs

"In the first month of the year, there is no work in the fields,

every family brews wine to drink from the spring.

Hundreds of fat pigs carry firewood, and

village households reunite to celebrate the New Year."

Original note: Yi customs choose a day in December. Slaughter the cattle, sheep and pigs, remove the hair and bones, and make a brew called pig fat, which is the same as the nine toasts. But La Guangyuan, the chieftain of Zuosuo, made the best wine. He made highland barley wine and soaked it in water before drinking. It was called a jar, which was called "㱔Lama" in Yi language (that is, Thorima wine). He accumulated a lot of firewood, which was called Nian firewood. From the first lunar month to the twelfth month, sit down to eat and wait until the clouds are over to go out for physical examination, in order to gain wealth.

"The reputation of an official is as valuable as a mountain.

We rush around to pay homage to each other.

A hundred pig fats and a thousand jars of wine,

All the barbarians are singing and dancing for a while."

10. Muli Oya "Papaya"

Muli original salt A part of Yuan County. Since Liuzang Tudu, the chieftain of the Muli Tibetan ethnic group, was entrusted with the title of appeasement department in the seventh year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1729), it has been passed down from generation to generation for 21 generations until 1949.

The Muli chieftain system has its own characteristics: first, the chieftain of Muli must become a lama before he can inherit the position of chieftain, so the chieftain is also called the great lama; secondly, the chieftain is inherited by the brother or nephew of the current chieftain; thirdly, there are The waiting system is to select a young and intelligent person from the noble Bale family to become a monk and learn Tibetan language, scriptures, and governance methods. Once the chieftain dies, he will take over his post. In view of the fact that the Muli Chieftain System implements a unified rule of politics and religion, its rule over the Naxi area is quite solid.

Oyada Village Su Guosheng Photographed by

Muli Tusi set up the position of "Mu Guan" (called "Papaya" in Naxi language) in Oyada Village where the Naxi people live. It has been passed down from generation to generation and is equivalent to the "Dian Ban" (the chief security officer in Han District). However, because it is located in a marginal area bordering Yunnan and has a certain degree of power, it is granted the rank of "Guca" (chieftain agent) and has the authority to handle all administrative affairs within its jurisdiction [21].

The Oyanasi people have more than 400 households and more than 2,000 people. According to legend, at the end of the 14th century, Lijiang Mu Tusi steward Wahegajia often came to Oiya to hunt. After spring, he brought the prey back to Lijiang. Year after year, he had a strong interest in this place. Interested, and with the consent of Mu's chieftain, he led his people to move to Oya. It is said that the wizard Dongba Duota, the shepherd Zha Hechili, the horse driver Wangmo and other households came with him. They settled on the north bank of the Longda River and lived a stable life. Later, a flood occurred and the residents suffered great losses. Afterwards, dozens of households of Naxi, Bai, Tibetan and Han ethnic groups were moved from Lijiang, Dali, Shangri-La, Daocheng, Heqing and other places. Since the Naxi people are the majority and they are ruled by the Mu Tusi of Lijiang, other ethnic groups have changed their customs and gradually become the Naxi people.

Wahegajia is the ancestor of the current "Pagua" family and a pioneer in the Russian-Asia region. Therefore, he was recognized as the hereditary leader of the Russian-Asia region by the chieftain of the Mu clan in Lijiang. Later, after the Mu family chieftain was repatriated, the Muli chieftain also recognized this historical fact. There were 20 generations from Wahgajia to Sola Daji, the last official in 1956. Each generation is calculated as 25 years, so the village has a history of about 500 years. Around the Jingtai and Tianshun years of the Ming Dynasty, it was the era when the Mu family chieftain was powerful. There are still stone fortresses, beacon towers, barracks, terraces and other relics built by the Mu clan chieftains in Oya. The legend about the Papaya family is credible [22].

Papaya was appointed by the chieftain of Muli as the ruler of the Oya region. Under Papaya were officials of various sizes such as Jiabu, Maise, Jiansuo, Bagua (the above equivalent to the village chief), and Chariot (the military officer).

Before 1950, Papaya had 299 households (mainly Naxi) under its jurisdiction. Every year, they had to perform various military services and heavy labor for the chieftain's office, and pay grain, gold, iron, and other exorbitant taxes. During the New Year, they had to pay tribute to the chieftain and Papaya as a gift. There are two households of Tusi among the common people. They are exempted from grain tax and other harsh duties, but they have to urge the Tusi and Papaya to send food and deliver orders, and they are their attendants.

There are 96 tenant households (mainly Han nationality), 62 households belong to Papaya, and 34 households belong to common people. They did not provide grain and serve the Muli chieftains, but only paid land rent and performed unpaid labor to the tenant farmers.

Papaya also has 30 to 40 private slaves, who perform household chores for Papaya, graze yak in the high mountain yak farm, and engage in production in 7 manors.

Papaya sends New Year’s greetings to Muli Tibetan chieftain every year, including three loads of pork, about 130 kilograms, as well as other gold, silver, pigs and sheep [23].

References and annotations:

[1] "Yuan History·Geography".

[2] "History of Ming Dynasty·Biography of Sichuan Chieftain".

[3] See "Manuscript of Qing History·Biography of Sichuan Chieftain", where it is written as "what barbarians".

[4] "Collection of Jin Sheng Yu Zhen, Border Defense Survey", quoted from "Investigation of the Social History of the Naxi Nationality (2)", National Publishing House 1987 edition, page 233.

[5] See "Overview of the Nine Chieftains in Yanyuan County" (1936), "Yanbian Ethnography" by Ye Dahuai and others (reprinted by Dukou City Ethnic Affairs Committee, 1985), and the source of the information on the right is also the same.

[6] Ye Dahuai et al.: "Ethnography of Yanbian", reprinted by Dukou City Ethnic Affairs Committee, 1985, pp. 59-62.

[7] Chen Yiya: "Yanbian County Chronicle", a copy of Tongzhi Jiaxu (1874), which contains Wang Zhuoting's "Miscellaneous Odes of Yanyuan".

[8] Same as above.

[9] "The Epitaph of Lang Tingfang, a Thousand Households in the Ancient Cypress Tree".

[10] "The epitaph of Lang Tingfang, a man with thousands of households in the ancient cypress tree".

[11] See "The Story of Lan Yu" and "The Story of Sichuan Chieftain" in "History of the Ming Dynasty".

[12] "Yanbian Hall Local Chronicles".

[13] "Overview of the Nine Chieftains in Yanyuan County", 1936.

[14] Reference Ye Dahuai's "Investigation of Bijulu Tusi in Yanbian" and "Ethnography of Yanbian" and other books.

[15] Ye Dahuai: "Investigation of Biqulu Tusi in Yanbian County".

[16] "Yanyuan County Chronicles", Tongzhi manuscript.

[17] For most of the chieftain lineages in Sichuan, see [American] Joseph Locke's "Ancient Naxi Kingdom in Southwest China", Yunnan Fine Arts Publishing House, 1999 edition, and the author's investigation and interview at the Yanyuan County CPPCC.

[18] Reference Ye Dahuai's "Investigation of Biqulu Chieftains in Yanbian County" and the cited "Investigation Report of Ning (Yuan) Genus" (1935), "Overview of the Nine Chieftains of Yanyuan" (1936), "Dukou Cultural Relics and Archeology" "Selected Collection of Historical and Ethnic Research Materials (First Series)" (Dukou City Cultural Relics Management Office 1985 edition).

[19] "Investigation on the Situation of "Mongolians" in Haibin Township, Zuosuo District, Yanyuan County", 1961, preserved in Yanyuan County Archives.

[20] Refer to Ye Dahuai's "Investigation of Biju Chieftains in Yanbian County" and the cited "Investigation Report of Ning (Yuan)" (1935), "Overview of the Nine Chieftains of Yanyuan" (1936), "Dukou Cultural Relics Archeology and History" , Selected Ethnic Research Materials (First Series)" (Dukou City Cultural Relics Management Office 1985 edition).

[21] See "Overview of Muli Tibetan Autonomous County", Sichuan Ethnic Publishing House, 1985 edition.

[22] See Song Zhaolin's "Co-husband and Co-wife System", Shanghai Joint Publishing House, 1990 edition, pages 6-7; "Sichuan Province Naxi Social and Historical Survey", Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1987 edition, page 73 . It is said that the Muguan family tree was destroyed during the "Cultural Revolution" in 1966.

[23] See "Overview of the Naxi Nationality in Muliouyan", "Investigation of the Social History of the Naxi Nationality (2)", Yunnan Ethnic Publishing House, 1986 edition.

Executive Editor He Zhiju

Responsible Editor Shi Liudong Yang Jiehong

Article Source "History of the Naxi Nation" 2015 Edition

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