Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified.

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Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 The emergence and development of the social security system. A. The standard of insurance premiums is the same B. There can be no different treatment C. The standard of subsidy for basic living necessities is the same D. The management responsibilities are unified. - DayDayNews

Chapter 2 Social Security The emergence and development of the system

1. Multiple choice questions

The Beveridge Report was called the "Beveridge Revolution" in the UK. The six principles he proposed include (). [Capital University of Economics and Business 2007, 2005 research]

A． Insurance premium standards are consistent B. Cannot be treated differently C. The subsidy standards for basic living necessities are consistent D. Unified management responsibilities

[Answer] ABCD

[Analysis] The "six principles" of the Beveridge report, also referred to as the "four principles" in some literature, refer to: the principle of universality, that is, social security should meet the needs of all residents. social security needs; the principle of ensuring basic life, that is, social security can only ensure the most basic living needs of every citizen; the principle of unification, that is, the payment standards, benefit payment and administrative management of social insurance must be unified; rights and obligations principle , that is, the enjoyment of social security must be based on labor and payment of insurance premiums. The proposing and implementation of these principles make social security theory richer and more mature.

2. Judgment and explanation questions

1. Historically, commercial insurance originated much earlier than social insurance, and social insurance originated from commercial insurance. [ Huazhong Agricultural University 2007 Research]

Answer: This statement is wrong. The specific analysis is as follows:

(1) Historically, commercial insurance originated much earlier than social insurance. Without the development of commercial insurance, there would be no social insurance. Commercial insurance is the technical basis of social insurance.

(2) But commercial insurance is not the origin of social insurance. Social insurance is based on state interventionism, welfare economics, Keynesianism and other ideological theories. It has gone through development stages from private charity to government legislation for poverty relief. With the industrial revolutionpost socialization of production It was born and developed with the development of and the establishment of market economy .

(3) The relationship between commercial insurance and social insurance is that the establishment of social insurance relies on the principles and technologies provided by commercial insurance.

2． In September 1954, Article 93 of the Constitution passed by the First Session of the First National People's Congress clearly stated: "The people's government should gradually implement the goal of the labor insurance system." [Research by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2007]

Answer: This statement is wrong. The specific analysis is as follows:

The content of Article 93 of the 1954 Constitution actually reads: “When workers are old, sick or lose their ability to work, they shall The right to obtain material assistance. The state provides social insurance, social relief and mass health services, and gradually expands these facilities to ensure that workers enjoy this right. "

3. Concept question 1. Social security system [Tianjin University of Finance and Economics 2008 Research]

Answer: The social security system refers to the government as the main body of responsibility, in accordance with legal provisions, through the redistribution of national income, to temporarily or permanently lose the ability to work and live due to various reasons. A system to provide material assistance to citizens in need.The main points are as follows: the main body of responsibility for social security is the government; the basis and guarantee for the implementation of social security is the corresponding social legislation; the source of funds for social security is the social fund formed through the redistribution of national income, which is used to pay for security expenses; social The goal of security is to meet the basic living needs of citizens.

2. New Historical School [ National People's Congress 2006 Research] Answer: The New Historical School refers to the German bourgeois vulgar economics school that evolved from the historical school after the 1870s. Its main representatives include: Stein, Scheffler, Adolf Wagner, etc. The New Historical School opposes the theory and policy of "neutral taxation" of the traditional classical school and advocates the implementation of positive social policy taxation. They advocate the expansion of government functions, no longer just using taxation as a pure fiscal means to raise national funds, but more importantly, using it as a tool to change the distribution of national income, giving taxation extensive economic regulation and social functions, and improving the distribution of general wealth. Functions are subordinated to the purposes of social policy. The New Historical School laid an important theoretical foundation for the social security system.

3． Welfare Economics [Researched by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2011; Researched by Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2007; Researched by Renmin University of China in 2006]

Answer: Welfare economics is divided into new welfare economy and old welfare economy. It refers to the economic theoretical system that seeks to maximize social and economic welfare. It mainly Study how to allocate resources to improve efficiency, how to distribute income to achieve fairness, and how to make collective choices to enhance social welfare. As an important branch of modern economics , welfare economics not only derives public choice economics and property rights economics in the development process, but also plays a direct and particularly important role in the development of social security theory. Therefore, the relationship between economics and social security is actually the relationship between welfare economics and social security to a large extent.

4. Keynesianism [researched by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2009] Answer: Keynesianism refers to the economic theory based on the ideas of Keynes's work "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money". It advocates that the country adopts expansionary economic policies to increase demand by To promote economic growth, that is, to expand government spending and implement fiscal deficits to stimulate the economy and maintain prosperity. Keynesianism is one of the ideological and theoretical basis of the social security system.

British economist Keynes published the book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" in 1936, which proposed measures such as state intervention , expansion of public welfare expenditures and public infrastructure construction to stimulate demand growth and achieve full employment. ; also proposed the establishment of a progressive tax system and a minimum wage system. These ideas of Keynes are called Keynesianism and became the theoretical basis for Western countries to formulate economic policies and rebuild social security systems after World War II.

5. Beveridge [Researched by the National People’s Congress in 2004] Answer: Beveridge refers to Lord Beveridge, a British economist known as the “father of the welfare state”. In 1942, the British cabinet chaired by Beveridge focused on long-term arrangements for re-establishing post-war peace and making Britain permanently safe. After careful investigation and research, it proposed a "Social Security Plan" for the post-World War II reconstruction plan. and Report on Welfare Issues", which formulated a set of guiding principles for the implementation of the welfare system for all British citizens and designed "from cradle to grave" welfare measures. This is the famous " Beveridge Report". This report is an epoch-making work in the history of social security development. Because it has influenced the construction and development process of social security systems in the UK, Europe and even the entire world, it is regarded by industry insiders as the cornerstone of the welfare state and a milestone in the construction of modern social security systems. , and has been praised, studied and studied by countless economists and social security workers.

6. Beveridge Plan [Huazhong Agricultural University 2010, 2008 Research] Answer: The "Beveridge Plan" refers to the "Social Insurance Plan" drafted by Beveridge, President of the London College, entrusted by the government and approved in principle by the government. "Report on Welfare Issues", which advocates that it is the right of every citizen to enjoy social security; insured persons shall pay contributions according to unified standards; receive subsidies and relief according to unified standards; and grant subsidies or relief based on the needs of ensuring normal life, etc. wait.

The Beveridge Plan is an important theory that affects the establishment and development of the social security system. The Beveridge report recommended that the social security plan should include: ① social insurance to meet the basic needs of residents; ② social assistance to meet the needs of residents in special circumstances; ③ voluntary insurance to meet the higher income of residents with higher incomes. need. After World War II, the United Kingdom established a high welfare system covering all citizens and covering a wide range of contents based on the Beveridge Plan.

7． New "Poor Law" [researched by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2009] Answer: The new "Poor Law" refers to a British bill that is different from the 1601 " Elizabeth Poor Law" (the old "Poor Law"). It was established by the British government in Promulgated in 1831.

The background of the promulgation of the new "Poor Relief Law" is that since the enclosure movement and the road to industrialization, the British poor have been increasing and gathering in cities, which has become the most difficult social problem for the government at that time. Therefore, the British government promulgated in 1831 New Poor Law. The main principle of the new Poor Law is that the government has the obligation to ensure the survival of citizens. It believes that relief is not a negative action, but a positive welfare measure, and that such work is performed by specially trained social workers.

The new "Poor Relief Law" is a milestone in the establishment of the social security system. The poverty relief legislation transforms charitable relief implemented by social groups into government relief with the state as the main body of responsibility, and establishes the national government's ultimate responsibility for the social security system. in principle.

8. Welfare State [Researched by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2011; Researched by Renmin University in 2010 and 2008; Nankai University 2006 and 2005]

Answer: A welfare state refers to a country that arranges its social security system with a symbolic model of universal welfare. The welfare state theory was proposed by Schmüller, Brentano and others of the German New Historical School (also known as the Forum Socialists). This school of thought emphasizes the economic role of the state and believes that in addition to maintaining social order and national security, the state also has a "cultural and welfare purpose" and advocates that the state establish some public undertakings to improve citizens' lives. In 1912, Pigou 's welfare economics provided a new theoretical basis for the "welfare state" blueprint.

9. Provident Fund [Researched by the National People's Congress in 2003] Answer: The Provident Fund refers to another social security fund that is very different from the social security funds under the welfare state model and the traditional social insurance security model. It was created by countries such as Singapore provident fund system. The provident fund has the following four characteristics:

① Employers and employees themselves are the responsible entities, and legislation is passed to force employers and employees to participate in the provident fund system and pay in accordance with regulations;

② The government only plays a general supervisory role in the process of collecting provident funds, and the official The Central Provident Fund Bureau is responsible for managing the provident fund;

③ The collection of provident funds adopts a complete accumulation model, that is, all the provident funds paid by employers and employees are deposited into the personal accounts of the insured, accumulated year by year, and then paid out when the insured retires and used for pensions

④ There is no reciprocity, that is, there is no reciprocity between insured persons, employers, and the government and citizens. Each worker has his own provident fund account and applies To myself. The use of provident funds can be extended from pensions to medical care, housing expenses, etc.

10． Labor Insurance Regulations [Researched by Renmin University in 2008; Researched by Nankai University in 2004]

Answer: The Labor Insurance Regulations refer to the regulations officially promulgated by the Government Affairs Council on February 26, 1951 after the founding of the People's Republic of China and applicable to state-owned enterprises, public-private joint ventures, private enterprises and The nationally unified "Labor Insurance Regulations" of cooperatives have become the most important social security system in the new China's social security system. It specifically stipulates how employees can obtain necessary material assistance after illness, disability, death, childbirth and old age. , and it also stipulates that immediate family members supported by employees can also enjoy certain insurance benefits. At first, this regulation was only implemented in some enterprises. On January 2, 1953, the Government Affairs Council revised the "Labor Insurance Regulations", expanded the scope of implementation, and improved some treatment standards. Subsequent supplementary amendments will be based on the Labor Insurance Regulations.

11. Mutual aid organizations answer: Mutual aid organizations refer to organizations that are spontaneously and voluntarily established by a variety of people for mutual aid and cooperation. Members of the organization gather funds on a voluntary basis by paying fees as required, so that participants can receive assistance when they encounter various risks and are in danger. Mutual aid organizations originated at the end of the 17th century. They are mutual aid foundation organizations founded by industrial workers to resist labor risks. They gather the strength of members and organize members to help those in need. This kind of mutual aid organization with the purpose of resisting labor risks provided organizational experience and foundation for the emergence and formation of the subsequent social insurance system in terms of institutional attributes, management forms, project settings, and responsibility assuming.

4. Short answer questions 1. Why is the social insurance system a product of industrial development? [National People's Congress Research in 2005]

Answer: Social insurance refers to the state passing legislation and raising funds through multiple channels to provide workers with financial compensation when their labor income is reduced due to old age, unemployment, illness, work-related injuries, and childbirth. A social security system that enables them to enjoy basic living security. The social insurance system is a product of the development of industrialization, specifically as follows:

(1) Industrialization has promoted the development of society, and at the same time, it has also brought greater risks to workers.

The process of labor is a struggle between limbs and machines, and a struggle between health and various occupational risks. In the face of this kind of industrialization, workers have paid a heavy price for the development of society. Work-related accidents continue to increase, and it is difficult to distinguish whether it is the "achievement" of industrialization or the fault of workers. For the sake of sustainable development of society, for enterprises to move forward lightly, and for respect for human life and health, the law gives workers the right to receive medical treatment and financial compensation if they are injured in an accident at work.

Industrialization has done great harm to people: industrial production causes loss of human organ function, industrial waste gas robs human health, and industrial products obliterate the personalization of life. This is not the case. People in modern society are the victims of this kind of industrialization, and they are also the biggest beneficiaries of this kind of industrialization. Therefore, the law stipulates that compensation is limited to accidental injuries at work. If we do a simple breakdown, "work injuries" do not refer to industrial injuries, but injuries caused by accidents at work.

(2) Social insurance generally includes pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, etc. It is an insurance system mandated by the state with the purpose of ensuring social safety. Its targets are mainly workers, and its purpose is to help workers in the event of loss. While providing a source of income, their basic living standards can still be guaranteed. Social insurance uses social insurance to share risks based on the principle of the law of large numbers, so social insurance is a product of industrialization.

(3) Social insurance is a product of modern industrial society. It replaces the original form of family security. In socialized mass production, workers can no longer be self-sufficient. In the fierce competition, they need to get what society gives them. Protection, thus giving rise to social insurance.

The word insurance in English is Insurance, which means guarantee. Social insurance in English is Social Insurance. It is a social security system established by the country through legislation. Its purpose is to protect people due to birth, old age, illness, death, injury, disability, etc. When work is interrupted due to loss of working ability or unemployment, and the individual and his family lose their living income, it is a kind of policy insurance to obtain necessary help from the society.

(4) Social insurance came into being with the emergence of industrialization and developed with the development of industrialization.

Social conflicts have become more acute due to the various social problems brought about by industrialization. Industrialization is considered to be the primary reason for the emergence of social work. From Elizabeth's Poor Law to Bismarck's social insurance system, they are all direct products of British and German industrialization.

2. What are the theoretical schools that have a significant impact on the social security system? What is the impact of these theoretical schools? [National People's Congress Research in 2003]

Answer: There are three theoretical schools that have a great influence on the social security system, namely democratic socialism , neoliberalism and the middle way.

(1) Democratic Socialism

Many views and propositions of democratic socialism form the theoretical and policy basis of the welfare state and still have considerable influence to this day, and are indeed active promoters of modern social security.

(2) Neoliberalism

The freedom it advocates is actually unreal freedom, because freedom, as a value orientation, can never be based on absolute unrestraint, and society can be just or unfair. Justice is defined, and the government should assume corresponding responsibilities. What we can learn from neoliberalism is to remain vigilant about the continued monthly expansion of social security, and at the same time give play to the due role of the market mechanism.

(3) The middle path

The middle path theoretical basis is based on the dialectical understanding of the free market. It places great emphasis on social stability and order, affirms the leading role of the state in the field of welfare, and treats the welfare state with both approval and criticism. It makes neoliberals have different views on the role of middle-way theory in transforming capitalism and their attitudes towards capitalism.

3. Briefly describe the theoretical basis for the establishment of the modern social security system and its significance to the development of the social security system. [Researched by Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2008]

Answer: (1) Theoretical basis for the establishment of the modern social security system

① New Historical School At the end of the 19th century, in the face of increasingly acute conflicts in capitalist society and the growing struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie situation and the rise of social reform thoughts. Some scholars have proposed that the government should pass legislation and implement certain social policies to improve workers' material and cultural living standards without changing capitalist production relations. assertion of domination. Representative ones include the welfare state theory proposed by Schmüller, Brentano and others of the German New Historical School (also known as the Forum Socialists). They revised traditional economic theory. Traditional economics believes that the state's responsibility is to maintain social order and national security, rather than interfering in economic activities. The New Historical School emphasizes the economic role of the state, believing that in addition to maintaining social order and national security, the state also has a "cultural and welfare purpose" and advocates that the state establish some public undertakings to improve citizens' lives.

②Welfare Nationalism In 1912, the British economist Pigou published the book "Wealth and Welfare", which was expanded into "Welfare Economics" in 1920. This book systematically discussed the theory of welfare economics. One of its basic arguments is income equalization, which means that the more a person earns, the smaller the marginal utility of monetary income; conversely, the less a person earns, the greater the marginal utility of monetary income. Pigou believed that the way to transfer income was for the government to tax the rich and provide subsidies to the poor. Subsidies can be provided by establishing various social service facilities, pensions, free education, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, housing supply, etc. Pigou's welfare economics provides a new theoretical basis for the "welfare state" blueprint.Since then, welfare economics and welfare state theory have evolved and spread widely, laying a theoretical foundation for the establishment of the social security system.

③Keynesianism The British economist Keynes published "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" in 1936. The book proposed to stimulate demand growth and achieve full employment through state intervention, expansion of public welfare expenditures and public infrastructure construction; it also proposed Establishing a progressive tax system and a minimum wage system. These ideas of Keynes are called Keynesianism and became the theoretical basis for Western countries to formulate economic policies and rebuild social security systems after World War II.

④The Beveridge Report

In 1942, Lord Beveridge of the United Kingdom proposed a long report on social insurance and social services, formulated a set of guiding principles for the implementation of the welfare system for all British citizens, and designed the "from the cradle" to the grave” welfare measures. The Beveridge Report recommended that social security programs should include: social insurance to meet the basic needs of residents; social assistance to meet the needs of residents in special circumstances; voluntary insurance to meet the higher needs of residents with higher incomes. . The report also proposed six principles: the principle of consistent subsidy standards for basic living necessities; the principle of consistent insurance premium standards; the principle that subsidies must be sufficient; the principle of comprehensiveness and universality, that is, social security should cover all residents and include their different security needs ; The principle of unified management responsibilities; the principle of differentiated treatment.

(2) The significance of the theoretical basis for the establishment of the modern social security system to the development of the social security system

① The welfare of the new historical school is to redistribute national income through the activities of the state so that people whose survival needs cannot be met can receive Economic assistance was provided to ease and coordinate the class contradictions at that time.

② After the Second World War, the United Kingdom established a high welfare system covering all citizens and covering a wide range of contents based on the Beveridge Plan; France also implemented it in 1946 based on the "National Council of Resistance Programme" A new unified social insurance system was established. It can be seen that the establishment and development of the social security system are based on corresponding ideological theories.

4. Describe the representatives of welfare economics and their main ideas. [Renmin University Research in 2004]

Answer: Welfare economics is a branch of economics in which Western economists conduct social evaluation of the operation of the economic system from the perspective of welfare or the principle of maximization. Welfare economics, as a branch system of economics, first appeared in the United Kingdom in the early twentieth century. The publication of Pigou's Welfare Economics in 1920 marked the emergence of welfare economics. Representative figures of welfare economics and their main ideas include:

(1) Pigou, the founder of the bourgeois welfare economics system

Pigou defined the object of welfare economics as the study of improving the economic welfare of the world or a country. . Pigou believed that welfare is a psychological response to enjoyment or satisfaction. Welfare can be divided into social welfare and economic welfare. Only the part of social welfare that can be measured in monetary terms is economic welfare.

Pigou put forward two basic welfare propositions based on the basic theory of marginal utility: the greater the total national income, the greater the social and economic welfare; the more equalized the distribution of national income, the greater the social and economic welfare. He believed that economic welfare depends to a considerable extent on the amount of national income and the distribution of national income among members of society. Therefore, in order to increase economic welfare, the total national income must be increased in terms of production, and the inequality of national income distribution must be eliminated in terms of distribution.

(2) The new welfare economics of the main representatives Robbins, Kaldor, Hicks and Lerner

In the 1930s, Pigou's welfare economics was criticized by Robbins and others. Robbins believes that economic theory should exclude value judgments, utility measurability and inter-individual utility comparability cannot be established, and the claims and requirements of welfare economics have no scientific basis. Following Robbins, Kaldor, Hicks, Lerner and others also criticized Pigou's welfare economics based on Pareto theory. Unlike Robbins, they believe that welfare economics is still useful.

In 1939 Kaldor raised the issue of welfare standards or principles of compensation. Since then, Hicks, Citovsky and others continued to discuss welfare standards or compensation principles. They advocate excluding value judgment from welfare economics and replacing it with empirical research ; they advocate that welfare economics be based on the ordinal theory of marginal utility rather than on the basis of the cardinal theory of marginal utility; It advocates taking the optimal conditions of exchange and production as the central issue in welfare economics research, and opposes studying the issue of income distribution. The welfare economics based on Pareto theory by Kaldo Hicks, Lerner, Citovsky and others is called new welfare economics.

New Welfare Economics advocates the ordinal theory of utility, which believes that marginal utility cannot be measured, and utility between individuals cannot be compared. Cardinal numerals cannot be used to express the size of utility values, and only ordinal numerals can be used to express the level of utility. New welfare economics opposes the welfare propositions of old welfare economics based on the ordinal theory of utility, especially the second proposition, which opposes the idea of ​​transferring part of the monetary income of high-income groups to the poor.

New welfare economics puts forward its own welfare proposition based on Pareto optimal state and utility ordinal theory: the individual is the best judge of his own welfare; social welfare depends on the welfare of all individuals who make up the society; if at least one person When an individual's situation improves and no one's situation worsens, then the situation of the entire society is considered to have improved. The first two propositions are to avoid the calculation of utility and the comparison of welfare between individuals, thereby avoiding the issue of income distribution. The latter proposition blatantly describes the improvement of the welfare of the monopoly bourgeoisie as the improvement of social welfare.

New welfare economists believe that welfare economics should study efficiency rather than research level. Only economic efficiency issues are the content of maximum welfare. Lerner, Hotelling and others discussed the issue of economic efficiency. Economic efficiency refers to the conditions required for the social economy to reach Pareto optimal state, including optimal conditions for exchange and optimal conditions for production.

The compensation principle is one of the important contents of new welfare economics. New welfare economics believes that Pareto's optimal state is "highly restrictive" and is not conducive to justifying capitalism. In order to expand the applicability of Pareto's optimal conditions, some new welfare economists are committed to research Benefit standards and compensation principles.

(3) The social welfare function theory of Bergson and Samuelson

The welfare economic theory of Kaldor, Hicks and others was influenced by the work of Bergson, Samuelson and others. criticism. In 1938, Bergson published the article "A Re-discussion of Some Aspects of Welfare Economics", proposing a "new direction" in the study of social welfare functions. He believed that the new welfare economics of Kaldor, Hicks and others combined empirical issues and norms. The attempt to separate issues, to separate issues of efficiency from issues of equity, etc., failed completely. Following Bergson, Samuelson and others further discussed the social welfare function and formed the social welfare function school of welfare economics.

Social welfare function theorists believe that social welfare is a function of the goods purchased and provided by all individuals in society, as well as other relevant variables. These variables include the quantity of all goods consumed by all households or individuals, and every kind of labor performed by all individuals. the amount, the amount of all capital invested, etc. Social welfare function theorists usually express it in terms of multivariate functions.

Social welfare function theorists believe that there is not one Pareto optimal state but many. Pareto failed to identify the state in which social welfare is greatest. They believe that in order to achieve the only optimal state, in addition to the optimal conditions for exchange and production, one condition must also be met, which is that welfare should be reasonably distributed among individuals.

Economic efficiency is a necessary condition for maximum welfare, and reasonable distribution is a sufficient condition for maximum welfare. Social welfare function theorists make a set of social indifference curves representing social preferences based on the assumed social welfare function, and make a utility possibility curve based on the contract curve.The tangent point between the social indifference curve and the utility possibility curve represents the maximum value of restricted social welfare.

(4) Arrow 's "Impossible Theorem"

After the Second World War, Arrow continued to study the social welfare function proposed by Bergson, Samuelson and others. In "Social Choice and Personal Value" published in 1951, Arrow believed that the social welfare function must summarize the various personal preference orders through a certain procedure when the personal preference orders of all members of the society are known. Only a single social preference order can determine the optimal social position from the social preference order.

Arrow's theorem is called the "impossibility theorem" in welfare economics. Arrow wanted to make up for the social welfare functions of Bergson, Samuelson and others through a large number of arguments, but objectively proved that it is impossible to reach the social preference order from the personal preference order, that is, it is impossible to derive Social welfare function including all aspects of social economy.

In recent years, Western economists have focused on discussions on external economic theory, suboptimal theory, relative welfare theory, equity and efficiency alternation theory, macro welfare theory and other fields in welfare economics. On the one hand, these "new" theories attempt to explain that modern Western countries can adjust prices and output through government intervention to achieve a rational allocation of resources; on the other hand, they attempt to explain that although the distribution system of modern Western countries is unreasonable, if it is changed, it will It may be even more unreasonable. All artificial measures to improve distribution and enhance welfare are ineffective.

5. Briefly describe the main content and impact of the Beveridge Plan. [Nankai University 2005 Research]

related test questions: Briefly describe the main contents of the Beveridge report. [Research by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2011]

Answer: (1) The main contents of the Beveridge Plan

The Beveridge report recommended that the social security plan should include: social insurance to meet the basic needs of residents; social assistance—to meet the residents’ basic needs. Needs in special circumstances; voluntary insurance - to meet the higher needs of residents with higher incomes. This report also put forward six principles: the principle of consistent subsidy standards for basic living necessities; the principle of consistent insurance premium standards; the principle that subsidies must be sufficient; the principle of comprehensiveness and universality , that is, social security should cover all residents and include their different need for protection; the principle of unified management responsibilities; the principle of differentiated treatment.

After the Second World War, the United Kingdom established a high welfare system covering all citizens and with extensive content based on the Beveridge Plan; France also established a high welfare system covering all citizens on the basis of the "National Resistance Council Programme" , implemented a new unified social insurance system in 1946.

(2) The impact of the Beveridge Plan

① Britain In 1941, the British government entrusted Beveridge with the responsibility of formulating the social security plan for post-war implementation. This plan was published under the title "Report on Social Security and Related Welfare Issues" at the end of 1942. The report proposed that after defeating German fascism, Britain would establish a "cradle to grave" social welfare system. The United Kingdom officially announced the establishment of the first "welfare state" in 1948. After 20 years of improvement and improvement, the British social security system has developed into a complete social security system that is open to all members of society, has high welfare, and has a unified management system, providing citizens with a "package" of preventive security, and for which the state assumes the final responsibility. system.

② Sweden Sweden has been committed to building a "welfare state" since 1948. In accordance with the principles of universality and uniformity, all citizens have the right to basic living security, and various risks are borne by the state. In addition to maternity, illness, disability, unemployment, and pension, the protection also includes allowances for children, survivors, single-parent families, housing, education, and training. In addition to cash subsidies, medical care, nursing and other services are also provided. This universal insurance and extensive and generous subsidy system have earned Sweden the title of "the showcase of the welfare state."

③Other countries The social security systems of other Western European countries and the United States have also undergone many supplementary revisions from the post-World War II period to the mid-1960s, expanding the scope of security, adding items, improving benefits, and competing for each other. Move closer to the “welfare state”.

Although certain problems have arisen in the development of the welfare state, the "Beveridge Report" and Beveridge himself occupy an indisputable and immortal position in the history of social security. The concepts, principles, and methods he advocated Even the welfare system framework established still has a profound impact on the development of social security.

6. Why did Germany become the first country in the world to implement a social insurance system? [Research by Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2006]

Answer: The social insurance system first came into being in Germany, not because Germany was the most advanced country in the world at that time, but because it was driven by other factors.

(1) Ideological and theoretical basis From the 1870s to the eve of the First World War, the school of thought that advocated labor-capital cooperation and implemented social policies, the New Historical School, prevailed in Germany. This school advocated that the state directly intervenes in the management and responsibility of economic life. This idea of ​​the responsibility of civilization and welfare had a great influence on rulers, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the emergence of the social insurance system.

(2) Organizational basis With the spread of Marxism and the promotion of socialist parties, the German labor movement has become increasingly powerful. It strongly demands that the government implement policies to protect labor, and at the same time spontaneously organizes various mutual aid savings associations, etc., forcing the authorities to Consideration of social security issues can be regarded as a catalyst for the introduction of the social security system.

(3) Leadership Basis Germany was in the period when Bismarck, known as the “Iron-Blooded Chancellor,” was in power. Bismarck knew very well that the key to victory in domestic and foreign policies was to appease the workers in order to gain a head start in industrial development. opportunities to achieve external expansion. The unique social background and the influence of the above-mentioned factors within Germany made Germany the first country to establish a social insurance system.

In short, because the social security system with social insurance as the main content adapts to the needs of industrial society, it plays a good role in relieving workers' worries and stabilizing social development. Following Germany, other European countries and even some countries in Oceania, North and South America Countries followed suit one after another and established their own social insurance systems from the end of the 19th century to the 1930s. Not only that, during this period some European countries also brought this system to some colonial areas through colonial expansion, and it was eventually accepted by most countries.

7. Why is the establishment of the social insurance system a symbol of the emergence of the modern social security system? [Research by Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2007]

Answer: The establishment of the social insurance system is a symbol of the emergence of the modern social security system. The reason is:

(1) Social insurance is an institutionalized social security mechanism, thus completing the transformation from the era of poverty relief The transition from uncertainty and temporary to stable and regular.

(2) The social insurance system established by employees, employers and state funding has truly established a shared sharing mechanism of social responsibilities and risks.

(3) The insured do not need to sacrifice personal dignity and accept punishment as conditions for benefit, and are exempted from the means test under the poor relief system and the ridicule in the workhouse. Therefore, although the social insurance system was just a "soft technique" of the rulers at the beginning, its emergence did make a qualitative leap in the development process of social security, that is, sporadic disaster relief and poverty relief measures developed into stable Social policies and charity-style social assistance have developed into legal rights of citizens.

(4) The social insurance system prevents people from falling into extreme poverty in the event of loss of income due to public accidents, ill health, unemployment, death of the breadwinner of the family, or any other misfortune.

8. What are the characteristics of the insurance-based social security model represented by Germany? [Research by Huazhong Agricultural University in 2007]

Answer: The insurance-based social security model represented by Germany is also called the "insurance-funded" social security model. It is the earliest social security model and is also called the "traditional" social security model. .The characteristics of this model are:

(1) establishing a social insurance system with workers as the core;

(2) emphasizing the individual responsibilities of workers in social insurance. Social insurance fees are borne by the state, employers and workers. Workers and employers mainly make social insurance contributions, with appropriate support from the state finance, that is, individuals and employers are insured and funded by the state;

(3) This model attaches great importance to the close connection between rights and obligations in social insurance, strengthens the awareness of self-security, and To a certain extent, it embodies the principle of efficiency;

(4) insurance funds are used in a coordinated manner among members, which conforms to the principle of the law of large numbers and embodies the purpose of insurance mutual aid.

9. Characteristics of the social insurance social security model. [Research by Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2007]

Answer: The social insurance model is the earliest modern social security model. It is also called the "traditional" social security model, or the self-insurance and public assistance model. The characteristics of the social insurance-type social security model mainly include:

(1) With workers as the core

The social insurance system is oriented to workers, and mainly salaried workers, and focuses on workers' protection against aging, illness, work-related injuries, unemployment, etc. Insurance projects are set up based on risks and used to protect workers’ basic lives when encountering these events. In some cases, the social insurance system also benefits family members through labor.

(2) Responsibility sharing

Social insurance emphasizes that employers and individual workers share social insurance payment responsibilities, and the state finance provides appropriate support. This is a social security mechanism that shares risks and responsibilities.

(3) Rights and obligations are organically combined.

Labor insurance emphasizes that workers’ rights to enjoy labor insurance are linked to their obligation to pay labor insurance premiums. The level of labor insurance benefits enjoyed by workers is often related to the amount of labor insurance premiums paid and personal income. Depending on personal circumstances, if you do not participate in labor insurance or fail to pay labor insurance premiums, you will not be able to enjoy labor insurance benefits.

(4) Mutual assistance

The labor insurance premiums paid by employers and individual workers form labor insurance funds for pension, medical care, unemployment, work-related injuries, maternity, etc. When workers encounter insurance events, they enjoy corresponding labor insurance benefits and labor insurance The fund is transferred and used among insured members, fully embodying the principle of mutual assistance and risk sharing.

(5) Social insurance funds are mainly raised on a pay-as-you-go basis.

In short, the social insurance model attaches great importance to the corresponding relationship between rights and obligations, strengthens the awareness of responsibility sharing, and embodies the principle of efficiency while pursuing fairness. Not only that, the coordinated use of social insurance funds among members of society complies with the law of large numbers in risk management and embodies the purpose of social insurance's mutual aid.

10. Briefly describe the characteristics of the social insurance system. [Research by Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 2006]

Answer: Social insurance is the core part of the social security system. This is because its protection targets workers, the largest and most important part of the population. It also bears the most risks, including all risks such as birth, old age, illness, injury, disability, and unemployment that occur to workers during their entire life cycle, causing them to lose their wage income. The characteristics of the social insurance system are:

(1) Mandatory Social insurance is implemented through national legislation, requiring workers who meet certain conditions to participate.

(2) Mutual aid Participants in social insurance pay premiums regularly and establish a social insurance fund. When someone among them encounters a risk and suffers economic losses, they can receive a certain amount of insurance money in accordance with regulations to implement risk sharing and mutual assistance. .

(3) Reserve: Those who participate in social insurance pay fees according to regulations as a fund, which is stored for later use. As far as an individual is concerned, paying social insurance premiums as required for a long time from the beginning is equivalent to saving a sum of money for oneself, which can be used when encountering risks to tide over difficulties; as far as society is concerned, it is also a kind of reserve fund.

(4) Compensatory. The material assistance provided by social insurance to participants is limited to compensation for loss of income, that is, workers are entitled to benefits only when their work is interrupted and their income is interrupted.However, the benefits of social insurance are not equal to wages. The compensation for income loss obtained from social insurance cannot be 100%, but can only be a certain degree of compensation, which is used to protect the basic living needs of workers.

In summary, one of the salient features of social insurance is that it is a payment-based social security that implements the principle of rights and obligations. Only by fulfilling the obligation to pay insurance premiums can you enjoy the right to income compensation. There are many risks of workers losing their wage income, so there are also many types of income compensation, which constitute multiple social insurance projects.

11. What is the “welfare state” social security model? [Research by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2011]

Answer: The "welfare state" social security model is based on the principle of universal and universal security as its core. All residents and citizens, regardless of whether they have income or whether they are employed, can enjoy the benefits formulated by the state. various welfare policies. Since all people have guaranteed rights, social security funds under this model come from state taxes.

The welfare social security model implemented in the United Kingdom, Sweden and other countries implements the principle of "universality" and covers various life needs "from the cradle to the grave". Payment and benefits are based on unified standards. The security fund is mainly taxed by the state. solve.

12. What is a "fortune country"? What is its origin? [Research by the National People’s Congress in 2006]

Answer: (1) The meaning of "welfare state"

The welfare state model refers to the social security system model implemented by some European countries, mainly represented by the United Kingdom and Sweden, that is highly unified and managed by the state. Its goal is to provide safety protection for every citizen from birth to death in all life and dangers, such as disease, disaster, old age, childbirth, death, as well as age, widowhood, loneliness, loneliness, and disability.

(2) The origin of the "welfare state"

The national welfare social security system first emerged in the United Kingdom. In 1920, Pigou's "Welfare Economics" laid the theoretical foundation for the "welfare state" social security system. In the 1930s, Keynes advocated that the government expand fiscal spending to stimulate domestic demand. In November 1942, Beveridge proposed The report on improving social welfare became the government's white paper on social legislation. After the Second World War, the Labor government successively implemented social insurance, family allowances and universal health insurance bills until 1948, when Labor leader Attlee declared that Britain would become a "welfare state." Since then, this social security system has been widely used in Nordic countries.

13. Briefly describe the development process of social security (clues, background, events). [National People's Congress 2006, 2202 Research]

Answer: In the development process of human society, social security has been continuously developed along with the development of social economy. It develops from informal institutional arrangements to formal institutional arrangements, from serving the ruler to promoting social equity and serving the long-term stability, coordination, and harmonious development of the entire society, and from a social policy to an interaction between social policy and economic policy. Mixed policies that are coordinated with each other are themselves a sign of social development and civilization. According to different division methods, we can divide the entire development process of social security into three major stages.

(1) Philanthropy stage This stage is the first stage of the development of social security. Its social background is an underdeveloped agricultural and pastoral society. The three pillars that constitute the philanthropy era are religious charity, government charity and private charity. Charity. In the stage of religious charity, various religious teachings mostly list doing good as a basic criterion. Various disaster relief, poverty relief, medical aid and other activities carried out by church organizations have become the main form of social security in some Western countries during this era, and subsequently With the expansion of religious influence area, it spread to the whole world. Government-run charity is a relief activity organized by the government but not institutionalized. It is a gradual process in the West, but it has a long history in China, such as the warehousing reserve system and the work-for-sale system. The stage of folk philanthropy mainly refers to sporadic mutual aid and other-help activities among the people. Organized and large-scale folk philanthropy probably appeared after the Middle Ages.

(2) In the stage of poverty relief system, the state intervened in poverty relief affairs through legislation, which was an important milestone in the history of the development of social security. It was marked by the "Poor Relief Law" promulgated by the British in 1601. This law combined the existing religious or social relief Activity practices were fixed in the form of law. For the first time, an official poverty line was established to provide limited help to those in need. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the famous Poor Law Amendment Act, which established the rules for inferior treatment and workhouses. After the British Poor Law was enacted, many European countries began to follow suit. Although the poor relief system cannot be compared with the modern social security system, and although this kind of legislation is extremely unequal and does not actually make the poor relief system a fixed and regular system, it has fixed social security activities through legal forms. , is obviously a historical progress. In North America, which was in the colonial era, the British Poor Law naturally directly affected the early social assistance activities in the region; in China, historically there was no special Poor Law enacted like the British and other countries, but the Warehousing Reserve has been passed down through the ages. The succession and development of rulers has indeed become a standing system for disaster relief and poverty relief.

(3) Modern social security system stage The modern social security system is a product of industrialization. It started with the formulation and implementation of relevant social insurance laws in Germany in the 1880s. After the development in the first half of the 20th century, the modern social security system As a system composed of multiple subsystems and developed simultaneously, it entered a mature stage in the 1940s and 1950s. After the 1970s and 1980s, with the development and changes of many influencing factors such as social economy, various countries have successively entered into reform, development and improvement. stage. Germany is the first country in the world to establish a social insurance system.

① The social insurance system first emerged in Germany, which is a symbol of the emergence of the modern social security system. In the 1880s, Germany became the first country in the world to establish a social insurance system. The emergence and formation stage of the social insurance system has the following characteristics: social insurance is a combination of rights and obligations in nature; the fundamental purpose of the social insurance system is to eliminate the worries of social members; the level of protection is basic protection; the protection process is mandatory and Standardization.

② The Social Security Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1935 when Roosevelt was in power and the social security system determined accordingly made the modern social security system take a big step forward from a social insurance system to a comprehensive social security system. After the Second World War, the British Labor Party government announced the establishment of a welfare state. Subsequently, some countries in Western Europe and Northern Europe also announced the establishment of a welfare state. As a symbol of a high level of economic and social development and the progress of social civilization, the welfare state has played an important role in the world. It was all the rage and reached its peak in the 1960s. Since then, some countries have begun to think about reform methods based on some problems that have arisen in previous social security policies, thus bringing the modern social security system into a stage of reform, development and improvement.

14. Briefly describe the basic framework of my country’s social security system. [National People's Congress Research in 2004]

Answer: The basic framework of my country's social security system consists of six systems: social security, social relief, social welfare, special care and placement, social mutual assistance, and personal savings accumulation guarantee. The basic content is:

(1) Social Security System The social security system includes pension insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, maternity insurance, etc. Among them, pension, unemployment and medical insurance are the core contents of the social insurance system. They are also the social insurance items with the widest coverage and the most urgent social needs. In the process of reform and opening up, our country has carried out major reforms on some of its original social insurance systems. With the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economic system, the current social insurance system will become more complete. At the same time, it will be possible to add some new insurance items or add new content to the original insurance items.

(2) Social relief system includes relief for urban and rural poor households and relief for victims whose lives are difficult due to natural disasters.Social assistance is a social security system in which the state and society provide material assistance that meets the minimum living standard to citizens who cannot maintain the minimum living standard in accordance with legal standards. Social relief objects generally include: rural poor households, urban poor households, urban and rural subjects with special difficulties, etc. The social relief system is the last "safety net" to protect the people's basic life. In the 21st century, the reform of my country's urban and rural social relief systems will develop in the direction of legalization, institutionalization and standardization. The minimum living security system for urban and rural residents will be universally established nationwide, and the social relief system that is compatible with the market economic system will gradually move toward Mature.

(3) Social welfare system my country usually treats social welfare as an important part of the social security system. Its contents mainly include employee collective benefits provided by enterprises and institutions, special benefits managed by civil affairs departments, and community social welfare services organized by streets and neighborhood committees.

(4) The preferential care and resettlement system is a special social security system that combines material compensation and political praise. Its protection targets are active servicemen, veterans and their families who have made special contributions to the Chinese revolution and socialist construction, collectively referred to as As an object of preferential treatment. Specifically, they include: active servicemen, revolutionary disabled servicemen, demobilized veterans, family members of revolutionary martyrs, family members of servicemen who died in the line of duty, family members of retired servicemen due to illness, family members of active servicemen, retired military cadres, etc. The contents of the guarantee mainly include state pensions, preferential treatment for the masses, employment placement, support for production and daily care, etc.

(5) Social Mutual Assistance System It is a social security system with Chinese characteristics. Under the initiative and organization of the government, it mobilizes all aspects of society to actively carry out poverty alleviation, respecting the elderly and caring for the young, supporting the weak and the disabled, Multi-level and multi-form mutual aid activities such as neighborhood mutual aid have enriched the content of social security in our country and improved the development level of social security.

(6) Personal savings accumulation guarantee According to the perspective of the International Labor Organization, it is also called a savings insurance fund or provident fund. It means that some countries, especially those developing countries, are suitable for adopting this method. It is generally called a "central provident fund plan" . The savings fund is a compulsory means of savings. Workers and employers pay insurance premiums to the central savings fund in accordance with regulations, plus regular interest income, which is separately credited to personal credit accounts. When old age, inability to work, or illness occurs, the accumulated savings plus interest are distributed to workers or their families.

The above six aspects are the basic contents of my country’s social security system clearly stipulated by the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. These six systems will continue to develop and improve during the reform, and it is also possible to establish new social security projects and systems in line with the needs of my country's social development.

15. Try to comment on the "Third Way" ideas and policies on social welfare reform that have emerged in the West in recent years, and their implications for the reform of my country's social security system. [Nanjing Normal University 2008 Research]

Answer: The "Third Way" thoughts and policies on social welfare reform that have emerged in the West in recent years, and their implications for the reform of my country's social security system are analyzed as follows: (1) "The Third Way" "One Road" Thoughts and Policies on Social Welfare Reform

① Emphasis on the balance of rights and obligations in the social security system

The basic social security values ​​of democratic socialism in the past mostly emphasized universal welfare, ensuring welfare expenditures, expanding security coverage, and improving security levels. More emphasis is placed on citizens' basic rights to life and the maintenance of social justice. The social security concept of the "Third Way" emphasizes the need to achieve a balance between the supply and demand of social security, the fairness and efficiency of the market economy, and the rights and obligations of social members, so as to reduce and avoid the abuse of rights. Under the premise that "social welfare is the legal right of citizens", the right to obtain from society and the obligation to perform responsibilities for society should be implemented at the same time. "If you don't bear responsibilities, you have no rights."

② Realize the transformation from "Negative Welfare" to "Positive Welfare"

Establish a welfare system with the core of improving employability instead of employment security, and shift from relief welfare policy to development welfare policy. Change life benefits to work benefits. The focus of social security financial support is not to simply issue relief benefits, but to create conditions to promote citizens to learn new skills and accept new jobs, "wherever possible, invest in human capital rather than directly grant benefits." Link social security policies with competition and risk awareness to cultivate individuals' responsibility for themselves and their sense of independence, and give full play to the role of various social organizations and institutions so that they can make more positive contributions to the construction of the social security system. Giddens declares that "Beveridge's 1942 report made him famous by openly declaring a war on poverty, disease, ignorance, squalor and laziness. That is to say, he focused almost exclusively on It is a negative aspect. Today, we should advocate a positive welfare, and individual citizens and other institutions outside the government should also contribute to this welfare, and it will also contribute to the creation of wealth. "State" is a "Social Investment State"

It is necessary to reposition the role of the state and establish a new relationship between risk and security, individual responsibility and collective responsibility. It is necessary to coordinate labor-capital relations based on the principle of balanced interests, not only to safeguard the economic and social rights and interests of workers, but also to enable entrepreneurs to make efforts for investment, innovation and employment creation. It advocates the establishment of a "labour, innovation and justice alliance" with entrepreneurs and trade unions as the main body and the participation of a wide range of social forces to form an active social partnership. To this end, we need to change the past phenomenon of imposing high progressive taxes that suppressed economic development. We need to reduce taxes, improve the investment environment, form healthy economic growth, and increase the total number of benefits. Giddens believes that the government should provide job opportunities, invest in human resources, carry out lifelong education, create a good environment, and carry out public-private cooperation to form a positive reform welfare state-a social investment state in an active welfare society.

(2) The Enlightenment of the "Third Way" on the Reform of my country's Social Security System

Based on the concept of the "Third Way" of welfare state reform, Western and Nordic countries have carried out reforms to the social security system to varying degrees, such as Promote employment, assist disadvantaged groups, and reduce poverty; change the direction of investment, increase investment in education, and develop education, etc. Although the reform is still in progress and there are still a series of difficulties, certain achievements have been made in improving people's lives. Therefore, it has certain reference significance for our country, which is committed to building a high-level and wide-coverage social security system.

① Changing the concept of social security

Before the reform and opening up, the awareness of personal investment in risk prevention in my country was very weak. After the reform and opening up, the "iron rice bowl" situation was broken, and because various systems were not yet perfected, the number of laid-off people increased, and the gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen. As a result, people went to the other extreme and believed that risks must be borne entirely by themselves. Therefore, many people Large amounts of savings limit people's consumption, resulting in insufficient domestic demand and affecting economic development. Therefore, we must change this concept of welfare. Based on our country's national conditions and drawing on the experience of the "Third Way" welfare reform, social welfare fund expenditures should be jointly borne by the government, enterprises and individuals, and give full play to social groups and private institutions. The role of the government is to explore various sources of social welfare funds, so that the level of social welfare can be adapted to the development of my country's market economy.

②Clear the positioning of the government and give full play to its role.

The "Third Way" believes that the country must make a structural response to globalization, which should both decentralize power and reshape the country's authority. For our country, “In the social security management system, the main problem currently is that social security is managed by departments. In the specific management of social security, government and enterprises are not separated, and policies are not unified, thus reducing the effectiveness of social security. efficiency".Therefore, in our country, the government should also realize its own transformation as soon as possible, that is, transform from the original "regulatory" government to a "service management". Moreover, China is different from Northern Europe in that it is impossible to implement a high security system due to limited conditions. However, it is a basic direction to shift the focus of the government's economic functions to public services.

③ Improving the legalization level of my country's social security

Legislation first is not only an objective law of the development of Western social security, but also an inevitable requirement for my country's social security reform. Moreover, the socialist market economy is a legal economy. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of social security measures and further deepen the reform of the social security system, legislation in this area should be strengthened as soon as possible and complete laws such as the Pension Insurance Law, Medical Insurance Law, and Labor Law should be formulated. Only in this way, Only in this way can the healthy operation of the social security system be ensured. Since my country's social security reform currently faces many uncertainties and faces huge political and economic risks, it is even more urgent for us to strengthen the legalization of the social welfare system. At the same time, we must also pay attention to revisions that have been introduced in the past but are outdated or ineffective. Operational regulations will be formulated so that the management of various social welfare institutions can be governed by rules and regulations, providing a strong backing for the construction of my country's modern welfare system.

④ Adhere to the consistent level of social welfare and productivity development.

The level of social welfare must be consistent with the level of economic development and economic growth rate, and coordinated with the level of productivity development. Otherwise, it will have an adverse impact on economic development and impose a heavy financial burden on the country. However, the current level of welfare development in our country is that welfare services seriously lag behind social and economic development. There is a considerable gap between the quality and quantity of welfare facilities and the requirements of social reality. According to a survey: "There are currently about 14 million elderly people in the country who request to enter welfare institutions for retirement, accounting for more than 11% of the total elderly population. However, the beds for the elderly that can be provided in various welfare institutions are less than 0.8% of the total number of elderly people in the country. There is a serious shortage of supply and demand. "Therefore, it is imperative that we increase the government's investment in this area to establish a wide-covering social welfare system that is compatible with the development level of my country's productivity and provide basic living and construction services for the people. Provide guarantee for harmonious society.

16. It is a common practice in international social security reform to put legislation first. Let’s analyze why my country’s social security reform does not put legislation first? [National People's Congress Research in 2010]

Answer: (1) It is the practice of international social security reform to legislate first.

① Social insurance systems in various countries around the world are established through legislation. Legislation first and then implementation measures are the inherent requirements of this system. This is mainly because the social insurance system eliminates workers' worries and uncertain risks and gives people a sense of security and safety expectations. The responsibilities of all parties involved in this system can only be reasonably shared through discussions in the legislative body. This system The fairness, compulsibility and reliability need to be guaranteed by rising to legal norms.

② As the party responsible for the social insurance system, the government can lead this system, but it cannot monopolize this system. The social insurance regulations it enacts are not enough to establish this system, and their mandatory force is not enough to promote the full participation of user units. Fairness may lead to imbalance because the government also has its own interests.

Therefore, the social insurance system cannot become finalized and stable without passing the legal regulations of the legislative body.

(2) Analysis of the reasons why my country’s social security reform has not implemented legislation first

① Since the reform and opening up, because our country has chosen the development path of gradual reform, the reform of the social insurance system has inevitably adopted a pilot first and gradually promoted reform approach. The current social insurance legislation is neither a simple inheritance of the labor insurance legislation of the 1950s, nor can it be established by formulating a completely new social insurance law without a system like other countries. We can only use legislation to ultimately promote the finalization, stability and sustainable development of this system on the basis of previous social insurance reforms and system construction.

② Since my country’s social insurance reform is still in progress, the uneven development of various regions and the different paces of social insurance system construction determine that my country’s social insurance legislation cannot be put in place in one step, and some specific issues or even major issues, It is difficult to clarify this in the current social insurance legislation. For some matters that cannot be regulated through legislation for the time being, the central government can be authorized to formulate corresponding regulations to control them, and they can be improved by amending social insurance laws in the future.

5. Essay question

1. Briefly describe the theoretical contribution of economics to social security (give three examples). [National People's Congress Research in 2006]

Answer: The modern social security system has never been affected by economics, and the establishment and development of social security has increasingly affected economic development and economic growth, mainly in the following aspects :

(1) Social security system arrangement is actually a choice of social value, and the choice theory in economics serves as the theoretical basis for social security system arrangement.

(2) The second particularly important fundamental contribution of economics to social security theory is that it provides specific theoretical methods for the development of social security theory and policy practice.

(3) The first theoretical contribution of economics to social security is that the unique perspective of economics provides a valuable way of thinking for social security theory research and policy selection, and can ensure that social security theory and policy selection are guided by utopianism. Evolve to the stage of rational development.

(4) Three examples illustrate the theoretical contribution of economics to social security

① The new welfare economics thought of the famous Italian economist Pareto first proposed the concept of Pareto optimal: First, make the situation of each social member Second, it makes the situation of at least one member of society better without making any member's situation worse. The main contributions of the theory are: first, the theory of social welfare function is proposed; second, the theory of social choice is proposed; third, the study of market failure and the role of government is conducted. New welfare economics not only specializes in economic welfare issues, but also pays attention to social equity issues, so it has a flesh-and-blood relationship with social security.

② Keynesianism is an important theoretical pillar for industrialized countries to establish modern social security systems and welfare states. In "Employment, Interest and Monetary Theory", he abandoned the traditional concept of the previous bourgeois political economy's market mechanism that automatically adjusts to restore the equilibrium of the capitalist economy. He pointed out that capitalism has lost this mechanism and therefore needs the state. Regulate and intervene in the capitalist economy, otherwise private ownership of capitalism will inevitably perish. Keynes's policy propositions of state intervention and increased public expenditure cleared theoretical obstacles for the country to establish a social security system and regulate social and economic development through this system, thereby actually advancing the process of the modern social security system.

③② Friedman, a representative of the neoliberal school of economics, is an absolute priority for "efficiency". In his book "Free Choice: A Personal Statement", he criticized the government's social security plan and believed that unemployment insurance, social insurance, Extensive social security systems such as direct relief and medical care have led to the expansion of social welfare expenditures. Although the goals are noble, the results have been disappointing, leading to the implementation of a negative income tax system and the gradual elimination of social insurance. He believed that competitive capitalism was a system of economic freedom and that the scope of government responsibilities must be limited.

Based on the above analysis, it can be seen that theoretical differences in the field of economics are long-lasting. The differences in economic theories and economists’ attitudes towards social security are the source of beneficial nutrition for the development of social security theory and the establishment of the social security system. important basis for arrangements. In other words, the theory of economics and economists that denies social security and the theory that affirms social security are of equal importance to the theoretical definition of social security and the healthy development of the system's practice.

2. The United States and the United Kingdom are both developed capitalist countries, but they implement different social security system models. Please share your views through comparison.[National People's Congress 2010 Research]

Answer: The United States and the United Kingdom are both developed capitalist countries, but they implement different social security system models.

(1) Britain is a typical representative of the welfare state model.

Britain is a typical representative of the welfare state model. British social security is a veritable "cradle to grave" universal security. Its social security management adopts a top-down and unified management method, with social security agencies from the central to local governments. The social security departments of the British government are mainly the Department of Social Security, the Department of Health and the Department of Education and Employment. The main sources of social security funds are national insurance contributions and taxes paid by citizens, and the tax part mainly comes from income taxes. Communities and civil society groups in the UK play an active role in social security. The social security services provided by community organizations include various services for the elderly, the disabled, the mentally retarded and mentally ill, and families with special difficulties. The British government also attaches great importance to the role of civil society in social security.

The current social security system in the UK includes social insurance, social assistance (housing, children, food, elderly people), social assistance (low-income households, poor elderly people, the unemployed), health services, and social services. The three aspects of social security funding sources, expenditure direction and administrative management constitute the basic framework of the British social security system. That is, the sources of funds include four channels: personal contributions, employer contributions, fiscal budgets, and national insurance fund investment benefits; the direction of expenditure reflects "universal security" and "comprehensive security"; and administrative management is unified by the national social security department. In addition, in recent years, the British government's adjustment and reform of the social security system has mainly achieved the purpose of reducing the government's burden by encouraging the development of unit insurance and commercial insurance, adjusting operating mechanisms, and implementing expenditure limit management for projects.

(2) The United States is a typical representative of the one-to-one social insurance model.

The United States is the only country among developed countries that has not established a nationally unified and compulsory medical and social insurance system. The U.S. government has two specialized agencies, SSA (Social Security Administration) and HCFA (Health Care Financing Administration), to manage and supervise specific social security programs. The U.S. government adopts tax policies to conduct macro-management of social security funds. In addition, the proportion of private sector expenditure is very high, reaching about 40% of all expenditure. Private expenditure is a reflection of the participation of various for-profit organizations and non-profit organizations in organizing social welfare. Compared with the United Kingdom, the main characteristics of social security in the United States are:

① Timely establishment and gradual improvement of the social security system

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the development of industrialization and the improvement of living standards, people in the United States aroused widespread concern about elderly life. The Great Depression of the 1930s put the elderly in the most difficult situation, and social pensions became their hope. In 1934, Roosevelt established the Economic Insurance Commission, promulgated the Social Security Act in 1936, and added disability insurance and old-age spouse pension insurance in 1939. After a few years, everything is correct. After a large fund had been accumulated, it was put into effect in 1942 and pension payments began. There were no new changes in World War II. The economy developed greatly in the 1950s, and medical insurance for the elderly was added in 1965, and medical insurance for the disabled was added in 1972. After more than 50 years of gradual development and improvement, a huge social security system has been formed.

② The statutory retirement insurance for the elderly is mandatory, contributory and welfare-based. Retirement and medical insurance funds have normal sources and can self-adjust and circulate.

The income and expenditure of pensions are determined in accordance with the principles of pay-as-you-go and balance of income and expenditure. According to the prediction of population aging and the needs of retirement expenses, the insurance tax rate is constantly adjusted, and the normal operation of the self-cycle is achieved through self-adjustment. the goal of.

③ Develop voluntary pension insurance operated by insurance companies to absorb idle funds to enhance economic strength and prepare for the aging of the population.

In addition to life insurance, property insurance, and death insurance, some life insurance companies in the United States also vigorously operate collective and individual voluntary private pension insurance as a supplement to statutory retirement insurance.Collective retirement insurance is insured by the employer for the employees. The amount of insurance can be more or less based on the business performance and the employee's personal situation. The employee will receive it monthly after retirement. The government supports this by tax-exempting retirement insurance benefits. The profits obtained through investment are used to make up for the inflation and depreciation of the insured amount, so as to ensure the income of retirees and enhance the sense of social security for the elderly.

⑷ Strictly control the payment standards and payment time of unemployment benefits to facilitate the active re-employment of the unemployed

Federal legislation stipulates that employers pay unemployment insurance taxes, and employees do not. Interest rates are determined by each state and are not uniform across the country. Most provisions require a one-week waiting period before being used, with a maximum of 26 weeks of payment. Federal law stipulates that during the peak period of unemployment, 50% of the legal number of statutory relief weeks can be extended, that is, a maximum of 13 additional weeks. The purpose of strictly limiting the number of payment weeks is to encourage the unemployed to actively re-employ.

⑸ Take measures to increase revenue and reduce expenditure to meet the serious challenge of aging.

The main measures taken in its research are: focus on management and efficiency, protection goals and levels, and gradually increase the insurance tax rate; pensions should also be included in the scope of personal income tax, placing the burden on high-income earners; appropriately reduce various The level of welfare benefits should not keep pace with the increase in salary levels; use retirement funds to engage in investment operations, increase reserves, and reduce the social burden on young people.

3. Discuss the choice of "market and government" in the process of establishing the social security system. [Huazhong Agricultural University 2008 Research]

Answer: The choice between the government and the market has always been the focus of attention during the establishment of the social security system. This debate is concentrated in the opposition between two opposite views, namely liberalism and state intervention.

(1) In an empirical sense, the development practice of industrialized countries has shown that the government is not omnipotent, and the market is not omnipotent either. In the second half of the 18th century, Adam Smith, the spokesman for bourgeois interests, proposed the hypothesis of "economic man" and the concept of the "invisible hand", advocating free competition, free trade, and the free flow of labor, capital, and other factors of production. Subsequently, Ricardo, Marshall and others enriched and improved this theory. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, this theory was challenged. The global economic crisis of the 1930s completely shattered the theory of market omnipotence and the theory of automatic market equilibrium. Keynesian state interventionism emerged as the times require.

(2) Theoretically, the existence of market failure and the impossibility of the market automatically solving fairness issues, and the impossibility of truly achieving the goals of equality and sharing, indicate the need for government intervention and regulation; and the existence of government failure, It also makes it necessary for the market to participate. Therefore, neither the government nor the market is omnipotent. The relationship between them is not an either-or one-way choice. Instead, they should establish an effective selection and coordination mechanism based on the reasonable division of labor between the two parties to achieve optimal resource allocation and transactions. Cost minimization.

(3) Social security is essentially a state’s intervention in the economy. Another way to express it is to believe in the government or the market. Judging from the social security legislation of various countries, social security is regarded as the responsibility of the state, and the government is the main body in building the social security system.

① The government should promote the legislative body to establish a complete social security legal system so that social security can operate in a standardized manner within a legal framework.

② The government should, through policies such as fiscal investment, taxation and income distribution, protect national life risks that the market is unable to bear, is unwilling to bear, or is not suitable to bear, or with the support of the government, for-profit institutions or social organizations should provide protection to truly reflect out the social fairness of the social security system.

③ The government should strictly and effectively regulate, manage and supervise the entities and links responsible for the undertaking and implementation of social security to ensure the effectiveness and orderliness of the system. In response to the phenomenon that government policy effects deviate from policy objectives, market-oriented reforms can prompt the government to participate in regulation in a procedural, legal, and scientific manner, and prevent government actions from causing damage to the normal operation of the system itself.

④ Specifically speaking, the definition of the functions of the government and the market in my country's social security should fully consider China's current national conditions and reasonably coordinate the relationship between the two. The government should assume more responsibilities in terms of burden of transformation costs and basic guarantees as well as system construction and legal system construction. At the same time, we should also avoid the phenomenon of too much government monopoly. In terms of multi-level management, fund financing, implementation, etc., we can fully mobilize social forces (such as developing social welfare undertakings, charities, etc.), give play to the supplementary role of commercial insurance, etc., and implement The road to social development.

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