As the largest country in the South Asian subcontinent, India, which carries the ancient Indian civilization, has always shown its unique exotic temperament. Although this mysterious land has given birth to a mysterious country and a cultural atmosphere, it has also experienced t

As the largest country on the South Asian subcontinent , India, which carries the ancient Indian civilization, has always shown its unique exotic temperament. Although this mysterious land has given birth to a mysterious country and a cultural atmosphere, it is also different from other ancient civilizations. The same thing happened to them, and they went through the separation and reunification of the war.

In 1947, India gained its own independence and a new future. In the following 70 years, the seemingly loose and loose Indian Federation has remained strong and maintained unity without ever collapsing. What are the reasons behind this?

1. The scattered Indian Federation

During the British India period, in addition to British India, there were more than 500 princely states of various sizes in the vast Indian subcontinent. These princely states and British India formed a loose federal relations.

For India, the early federation existed in such a loose manner. Each princely state had its own cultural characteristics, political characteristics and different sense of identity. It was similar to the vassal states in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which seemed to be unified. The form is very different, but the consciousness and identity are very different. It is precisely because of this background that has a loose nature from its roots.

In the eyes of the British colonists, these princely states, which occupied more than 40% of the Indian subcontinent, were obstacles to British rule. In the end, the princely states were conquered by the British through forceful conquest and mergers and acquisitions by the British colonists. It belongs to India and has been adopted, which has played a positive role in stabilizing and uniting the grassroots political power.

On the other hand, the terrain that is not conducive to defense has caused the Indian subcontinent to be invaded by external forces many times in history. The rule of external forces on this land has also implanted a more diverse culture, and the changes in dynasties have also left behind The mixture of different people of the former dynasty and various forces makes the various regions on this land seem not to be so harmonious and unified.

Although India is a federation, in the eyes of the outside world, India's federation is unstable and unreliable. But miraculously, India has maintained its unity for more than 70 years by relying on several factors behind it.

2. The ubiquitous religious force

The most powerful force to maintain the unity of India comes from religion. As a native religion of India, the secular order established by Hinduism deeply affects Indian society. Behind religion, it is always inseparable from the influence of the ruling class. Influence.

Hinduism has planned the rights and obligations that different classes and levels should enjoy and the obligations they need to bear for the entire Indian society. This is inseparable from the caste system. This system is a powerful endorsement for people in the upper class. and the laws that maintain status.

Looking behind religion, we can find that religion has always been a concrete expression of the willpower of rulers. Rulers of all ages have known that Hinduism is of great significance in maintaining their dominance. With the joint maintenance of the upper class and rulers, Hinduism It has become the unifying belief of India and the concrete embodiment of Indian social ideology.

On the one hand, Hinduism has become the glue of Indian society, organically combining people from various cultural backgrounds and different regions. The power of faith is powerful, and it is even more powerful for the cohesion of a country and society. Based on a unified belief and understanding, it is easy for all kinds of people to find a sense of commonality and belonging.

On the other hand, under the influence of Hinduism and the caste system, Indian social classes are relatively more stable. Unlike the social unrest caused by racial discrimination in the United States, due to the influence of faith, various classes in India do not have much regard for the class status where they live. A great sense of resistance.

The bonding effect of faith on consciousness and the stabilizing effect on social order have enabled India to always maintain a unified form. Although the loose federation has caused different development directions and routes in various regions, when it comes down to the level of religious belief, Indian society All walks of life have always maintained a high degree of unity.

We often say that the power of faith is terrifying. When looking at India, it is obvious that this statement is very correct.When talking about the influence of religion, we will inevitably talk about the partition of India and Pakistan.

3. The sequelae of the partition of India and Pakistan

The partition of India and Pakistan was always inseparable from the existence of the British "shit stirrup". After many negotiations with Muslim leaders failed, Mountbatten had no choice but to abandon the plan to unite Muslims and Hindus to unite India, and instead divided British India into two independent countries: India and Pakistan.

The partition of India and Pakistan has thus embarked on a path of high-intensity confrontation. Two countries with different religions have been fighting for years over the Kashmir region.

Due to the partition of India and Pakistan, the division of religions caused large-scale population migration. Muslims who originally lived in India began to migrate to Pakistan. The large-scale departure of Muslims further "purified" the religious components in India. , the single belief component of has alleviated domestic religious conflicts.

In addition, due to the long-term conflict between India and Pakistan, coupled with the vigorous publicity of the Indian media, anti-Pakistan sentiment in India is extremely high. Due to the psychological impact of hatred towards the enemy, the awareness of Indian people to unite is very strong , a powerful foreign force. Strong enemies can effectively divert domestic conflicts, and it is also extremely easy for people from all parties to unite together.

Indian officials are very good at using this method to build social consensus. For India, the long-term conflict in Kashmir is not driven by territorial consciousness, but more importantly, wars and conflicts, which have great effect on diverting domestic conflicts and calming disputes between all parties. Very important practical significance.

Kashmir region

In recent years, the tense situation on the Sino-Indian border can also be seen. In the face of disputes with China, India seems to have seen an opportunity to gather the strength of Indian society and consolidate the consciousness of unity.

At the same time, the rising domestic sentiment has also made the Indian military ready to move along the Chinese border like chicken blood, trying to use stupid and despicable means to cause friction with China at all costs in exchange for domestic support. and the input of funds, Modi caught in the middle had to follow the general trend and quickly expressed toughness to China.

India can maintain a unified situation. On the one hand, it is due to the single religious situation in India after the partition of India and Pakistan. On the other hand, India uses the conflict with Pakistan to divert domestic conflicts, suppress separatist forces, and maintain a unified situation.

4. The political driving force behind it

The purpose of the Indian National Congress Party is to build a unified and strong India. As the current ruling party, the Congress Party has engraved the idea of ​​unifying India in every process of its governance. As a country that has been invaded many times, India has always hoped to have a highly centralized government, but India’s particularities It was determined that there would be a situation where "imperial power would not extend to the county."

Therefore, the Congress Party has been sparing no effort to increase the construction of grassroots political power and continuously strengthen the control of grassroots political power. Under the influence of this political line, India's rights have gradually moved closer to the central government. Today's Indian bureaucracy And the administrative operation model can better maintain the unity of Indian society.

Congress Party

Secondly, the balance of external forces has also given India a unified power. is different from Ukraine, which is swinging back and forth. India has chosen from the beginning to embrace Russia with its left hand and American with its right hand. He has to please both world-class bosses, and both of them are very willing to win over and protect India. , there are two internal reasons:

One is India is a buffer zone to balance the struggle between the East and the West . The geographical location of the South Asian subcontinent determines this area, and there is no excessive interference from the two big powers, which is conducive to Both parties use this platform to conduct "exchanges of views." The difference between neutral countries is that neutral countries do not buy in from all forces, while India buys in from all forces. India's behavior of licking both sides has received strong support from both countries.

The second is the impact of arms trade. The Indian army is famously made by all nations. Due to the unsatisfactory productivity level of its own military industry, India can only invest its dream of building a strong military in purchasing foreign armaments. It is not enough to just buy weapons from one force. It must also buy weapons from another force. Only in this way can it achieve spear and peace. There is a balance between both shields and shields. Faced with a big benefactor like India, both the United States and Russia want to win over each other.

The friendliness of the United States and Russia towards India prevents India from having external forces ignite domestic ethnic and religious conflicts like Ukraine and Yugoslavia. The separatist forces will also receive strong support from the United States and Russia's military supplies. Devastated.

The absence of military threats from two major military powers and the absence of provocation from foreign forces has given India a better space and environment, and the cause of reunification has been able to persist over the course of more than 70 years.

5. Towards reunification or disintegration

In recent years, India’s development speed has indeed been amazing. Optimism about the future in India has been high. Some people have even raised the illusion that Mumbai will surpass Shanghai and New Delhi will surpass Beijing. What is amazing is that As a developing country, India's goal is not to surpass the United States, but to surpass China, which is also a developing country.

Behind such high emotions, it is inseparable from the fueling of religious forces and political party forces, and whether India will move towards unification or collapse in the future is closely related to these two factors.

Under the influence of religious forces, India will maintain a unified form in the future. First of all, the influence of religion on India is deep-rooted, and it will be difficult to change this status quo in the next few decades or even hundreds of years. Religions, out of consideration of their own interests, also hope to have a unified India for them to develop believers and earn profits. Such a win-win situation is a factor that religious forces must consider.

In the future development process, religion will not disappear due to the development of society. Instead, after receiving public investment, it can continuously inject new doctrines and new ways of thinking to continue to update the communication methods, teaching methods and indoctrination models. Thereby gaining more powerful vitality.

Therefore, under the influence of religious forces, India will always maintain a high sense of identity with unity in consciousness. Political parties can also gain more benefits from a unified situation. Obtaining more support and continuing to rule is a necessary condition for the survival of political parties. A unified and stable situation can bring more support and benefits to the ruling party.

Just like the Indian society built on religion, in the long future, India’s class results will not change, and the social structure will not undergo major changes. Internal conflicts can still be transferred, and the United States and Russia will still support peace and harmony. Defend Indian authorities.

A unified India may be a good thing for India itself, Russia and the United States, but in the face of an aggressive India, we must think about how to better deal with this difficult neighbor.