today, when looking back at the Tang Dynasty, are often impressed by the ubiquitous prosperity of the time. During the Tang Dynasty, a large number of good officials and capable officials with a very high level of education and strong governing ability emerged, such as Wei Zheng, who was praised by Emperor Taizong as his own mirror, and Fang Xuanling, who was "diligently admiring the country and knowing everything." The three dynasties did not change their original intentions and assisted Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to achieve Yao Chong, who became the "Prosperous Age of Kaiyuan"... Among these people, dragons and phoenixes are like stars, and they played their talents in the central and local administrative departments at all levels.
This situation where people make the best use of their talents and materials is attributed to the complete personnel file management system established by Emperor Li Shimin in the Tang Dynasty based on "Jiaku". can be said that the "Jiaku System" of the Tang Dynasty realized the systematic management of officials' personnel files from the central to the local level for the first time in history. And this kind of personnel file management system based on transparency and standardization has greatly reformed the shortcomings of the previous dynasty, improved the process of selecting officials and appointing officials, and laid the foundation for the prosperity of Datang.
1. A library: the "Personnel File Management Office" in the Tang Dynasty
In the Tang Dynasty, there was a special name for the personnel files of officials, called "Jia Li". The nature of this Jia calendar is somewhat similar to the combination of "file" and "resume" we are talking about now. On the one hand, it is compiled by a special person in charge, and records the detailed service experience of a scholar-official in every place he has visited since he entered the officialdom, including birthplace and family information, official status, official name, rank, Political achievements, examinations, etc.
And this file, which records all the information of a Tang Dynasty official, has to be submitted to the central government level by level for approval. At each administrative level, it will be transcribed and put into the corresponding archives as a special archive. The archive library where stores the Jia calendar is called "A library".
In the period of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the "Jiaku" was established one after another, and by the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, a complete set of Jiaku system was formed. In the Tang Dynasty, from the local administrative agencies of the prefectures and counties to the three central provinces and six departments, each place was set up with a special library to store these precious personnel files. The selection of officials and the examination of classes are carried out once a year, so the A library at different levels across the country needs to be updated every year.
and the central armor library, the management is more strict. Among the six departments of the three provinces and six departments, the Zhongshu, the subordinates, and the officials have set up their own special libraries. Every time when the officials' performance is tested, the library door is opened, and the heads of the three departments will organize a joint review to verify the personnel files in their hands. As long as there is a problem with a library, the official "files" will be invalidated, and promotion will be impossible. In the Zhenyuan reign of
, Yang Yuling, a famous minister, used to preside over the exams of Jiaku when he was a member of the bureaucracy. Because the format of the file was wrong, he even rejected the promotion request of the prime minister's relatives. The rigor of personnel file management at that time can be seen.
2. "Transparency" created by the Jiaku system in the Tang Dynasty officialdom
1. The Jiaku system that complements the imperial examination system: unified standards and meritocracy
The reason why the Tang Dynasty was able to establish such a complete Jiaku system and the establishment of the imperial examination system was very important. Big relationship. In fact, the "personnel file" has existed for a long time in the history of our country. In the Shang Dynasty, there was a "genealogy" to record the identity information of the royal family and officials. However, during this period, the standard for selecting officials was "hereditary." Therefore, the family history and blood relationship were recorded on the genealogy, and it was impossible to truly see a person's ability.
In the Han Dynasty, with the rise of Confucianism, this situation improved, but it developed into the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. After Cao Cao’s death, Cao Pi re-established the “Nine” to win the support of the family. "Quality in the middle of the system", the top grade has no fame, and the lower grade has no gentry.
He put the standards for selecting and appointing officials completely in the hands of family members. The "files" of officials are often intercepted locally, and there is no unified verification standard in different regions. This has led to the files collected by the central government. Local dignitaries are the result of "black box operation" based on their own needs, and talents selected based on this standard are also serving their own family rather than national interests.
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the establishment and comprehensive development of the imperial examination system allowed the power of selecting officials to be re-centralized in the hands of the central government.in. Tang Taizong's phrase "Heroes in the world, all in my heart", this is what he said. However, in the Tang Dynasty, in order to truly enter the officialdom, in addition to the scientific examination, another selection was required, and that was the qualification selection system based on the Jiaku system.
For scholars in the Tang Dynasty, when they took the imperial examination, the local government began to write "personnel files" for them. After passing the scientific examination, their files would be handed over to the staff, and their positions would be arranged in accordance with regulations: Officials with ranks above the third rank must be directly appointed by the emperor; those below the third rank and above the fifth rank are nominated by the prime minister; and those below the sixth rank are appointed and removed by the six ministries. In this process, each step of appointment and dismissal must be written in the A calendar file for inspection and assessment materials.
This rigorous personnel file writing and sorting process made the examination process of officials in the Tang Dynasty "clear at a glance." The right to select and use officials was thus completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor and formulated a unified , Applicable to national reward and punishment standards. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the situation where aristocratic families arbitrarily ranked for their own benefit has never happened again. On the contrary, the trend of appointing people on their merits and meritocracy began to prevail everywhere, forming a virtuous circle.
2. From the central to the local: the "personnel file" of no detail, leaving the replacement with nowhere to go
The emergence and development of the Jiali and Jiaku system in the Tang Dynasty is an important milestone in the development history of my country's personnel file system. In addition to formulating a national uniform standard, its strict internal collection, sorting, storage and repairing procedures have greatly eliminated the possibility of various "imposters" in the officialdom in a feudal society where information is not circulating in time. Sex and rigor, let later generations be amazed.
First of all, there are strict time regulations from creation to storage of the Jiali archives. The time limit is one month and no delay. The timeliness can almost be said to be synchronized with the imperial examination process. In many cases, the scholars who participated in the selection have not yet It was too late to report to the official department, and his Jiali file had already been sent to the official department quickly.
After the A calendar is put into the database, the A database Lingshi who manages the files will divide them into different categories according to the year. Under the categories, they will be subdivided into several sub-categories according to the origin and rank of different people. Submitted to the staff department, Nancao officials personally verify the registration, organize it into a book, and directly report to the emperor.
Each armor library also has its own special seal to prevent alteration and forgery. For some longer and more paper calendars, a special "riding seam seal" will be added to facilitate the inspection and filling of vacancies; Each administrative level is set up with a corresponding A library. When it reaches the center, the A calendar will be summarized and copied into four copies. One copy is kept in the A library of Shangshu, Menxia, and Officials, and the most one is issued. It will be kept by the palace inner library.
In order to better manage the Jiali archives, "Liudians of the Tang Dynasty" also set up special entries, in the form of laws, the rules and procedures for filing, transferring, and screening resumes were determined.
These intricate personnel file management measures made "imposter" completely an "impossible task" in the Tang Dynasty, which greatly improved the quality and credibility of the official group in the Tang Dynasty, and became the continuation of the Li Tang Dynasty Guozuo The key to nearly three hundred years. Z1z
3. The Jiaku system that saved the Tang Dynasty from peril
1. The Jiaku system: the "lifeline" for maintaining the operation of the state administrative apparatus during the Anshi Rebellion
In his later years, Tang Xuanzong used Yang Guozhong's rebellion as a prelude, and the Tang Dynasty was hidden in the heyday The malpractice of the eunuchs gaining power and the separatist regimes broke out in an all-round way, and a crisis that swept across the country and almost shook the state of the Tang empire, the "Anshi Rebellion". At this time, the nationwide strict bureaucratic system established with the Jiaku system as the core became the "skeleton" that supported this crumbling country, and lifted the Tang Dynasty from the broken mountains and rivers again. More than one hundred and fifty years have passed.
During the Anshi Rebellion, when the emperor had already escaped from the capital, the bureaucratic system in various places was still able to find the officials they needed because of the complete file information, and arranged the ranks according to their files, and operated them in their own way. The efforts of the officials have greatly preserved the local dimes, property and resources, and supported the counterinsurgency and administrative work of the entire country.A well-deserved "lifeline" of the Tang Empire.
2. The rulers reorganized the Jiaku nationwide, and the Jiali archives became the only standard for selecting officials in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. The role of the Jiaku system in the Anshi Rebellion shocked the rulers of the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dezong period, large-scale investigations, additions, and collection of Jiali archives began to be carried out nationwide. All local states, prefectures, and counties need to register for each member and official in accordance with the unified format prescribed by the central government, and renew the Jia calendar. The end of each Jia calendar should be stamped with the place where it belongs. The seal of the chief executive at the state level is then sent to the observers, who will be uniformly checked by the central government. After the verification is correct, they will be sealed up again, affixed with a big seal, and finally submitted to the three provinces and six departments.
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the importance of the Jia calendar system even surpassed the imperial examination system, becoming the only standard for selecting officials in the Tang Empire, enjoying a "unique" transcendent status. Regardless of whether it is a scholar-official or a soldier, their promotion and examinations are determined by the Jiali archives, so as to maintain the normal operation of the state apparatus.
Conclusion:
Tang Dynasty is one of the most prosperous and glorious historical periods in the history of our country. No matter from the political, military, economic, or cultural level, countless achievements have been made that have attracted worldwide attention. Inside and outside of Wiga, all countries have come to Korea, and even now, the settlements of Chinese descent all over the world have been called "Chinatown". The Jiali and Jiaku systems are the most brilliant of these achievements, writing a new chapter in China's archival industry.
After the Tang Dynasty, this file system was inherited by Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing successively and became a real tool for talent selection. Improving the archive system and putting an end to "imposters" has become the consensus of the rulers of the past dynasties. After entering the modern society, it still has great reference and reference value under the premise of selecting the essence and removing the dross.
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