targets ancient China Why didn’t science come into being? Einstein and Yang Zhenning Although the research field is different, it has a consistent view on why is not scientific in ancient China. That is, both Einstein and Yang Zhenning believe that ancient China lacked deductive reasoning logic .
So we Chinese often say that do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you, do what you do, don’t pretend if you don’t understand, etc. irrational sentences.
However, the blogger emphasizes that do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you. Although there is a logical paradox of the golden rule, it does not affect value judgment. For example, Zhang San is a person who is pessimistic and world-weary and wants to give up himself and always thinks about ending his life. However, it lacks the courage. Suddenly one day, he met Li Si who was committing suicide. So how should he do it? Does not do to others what you do not want others to do to you, will it form a paradox?
returns to deductive reasoning logic, deductive reasoning refers to the reasoning method from general to special . For example, all metals can conduct electricity, and copper is metal, so copper can conduct electricity. This is typical deductive reasoning logic.
deductive reasoning includes syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning . The first person who advocates the organized research of deductive reasoning is Aristotle , among which syllogism is the simplest form of deductive reasoning.
Aristotle
Almost all the sophistry we encounter usually can refute it with syllogisms, for example:
The first sentence, if I don’t sleep at night and watch Douyin, this world belongs to me.
The second game, I stayed up late to watch Douyin, which was equivalent to not sleeping at night.
Conclusion: So if I stay up late to brush Douyin , this world belongs to me.
Another example: emptiness requires drinking, my life is very empty, so my life requires drinking.
This structure is Aristotle's famous syllogistic expression. Ancient Greek mathematician Euclid was the first person to use the deductive method of syllogistic form of Aristotle to build a practical knowledge system. Then Spinoza, Newton , Maxwell, Einstein, etc. When they created their own scientific systems, they all used this method.
Then How should we understand syllogism in ?
The structure of the syllogism consists of three parts: the main premise, the small premise and the conclusion.
's main premise is common sense principles, laws, rules or theorems; for example, metals can conduct electricity;
's small premise refers to special circumstances that require us to study, and must be attached to 's main premise, such as copper belongs to metal;
's conclusion is the judgment formed by the first two premises. For example, copper can conduct electricity.
So how should we use syllogism to see through sophistry?
For example: People live for millions of years, but I haven’t lived for millions of years, so I am not a human. The sophistry here in
is that the first "man" and the last "man" are not the same concept. The first person is the whole of human beings and a collection, while the last person refers to a single body of human beings, which means there is an additional concept. There can only be three concepts in the syllogism. If one more concept is found, it is sophistry.
In addition to this rule, logic also stipulates that has four rules in total to help us judge sophist .
The second item, has no common word in the two premises of . For example: All people who believe in Buddhism eat vegetarian food, all Chinese monks are vegetarian food, so all Chinese monks are Buddhists.
third item, minor premise error. For example: He is a man, and men love women, so the example of him loves women
is that the small premise is wrong, which leads to the wrong conclusion. The small premise is that "men all love women". We all know that men can not only love women, but also love men.
Article 4, the main premise is wrong, for example, living is a good thing, the person I love is a human, so living is a good thing, is a good thing.The main premise is that being alive is a good thing. We know that if the living person is a murderer who needs to be criminally responsible.
Therefore, using deductive syllogism to restore the inference process can not only recognize other people's sophistry, but also use it to test whether the conclusions you draw can stand scrutiny.
finally emphasized, "Things that conform to logic may not necessarily be truth, but truth must be logical." This is because there will be no errors in objective laws, but there may be errors in our understanding of objective laws.
For example, some people say that men are all fickle, because you are a man, you must be fickle. But in fact, for example, and , there are still many good men who are that are not fickle.
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