In costume dramas, we regard ourselves as the Central Plains nations and as the center of the Celestial Empire, and the familiar phrase "Four barbarians and guest consorts, all nations come to cede" to describe the dynasty's prosperity;

In costume dramas, we regard ourselves as the Central Plains nations and as the center of the Celestial Empire, and the familiar saying "Four barbarians are in harmony, and all nations come to pay tribute" to describe the dynasty's strength; there are also " Xirong " and "Nan Barbarians" to describe those vulgar outsiders, so what do these mean?

What are the Four Barbarians of China?

We often call ourselves the Central Plains people and the Chinese nation, referred to as the Huaxia people for short, and is the predecessor of the Han Chinese . China is also known as "Hua", "Zhuhua", "Xia", "Zhuxia", and "Zhongxia". It is the ancestors of the Han people who lived in the Central Plains in ancient times, which distinguished Four-irritating (Dongyi , Nanman , Xirong, Northern Di ), also known as China. According to historical records, among the " Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ", the first of the "Five Emperors" is Huangdi , so later generations called Huangdi the ancestor of the Huaxia clan.

After the Han Dynasty, it was also called Han people , but the title of China did not disappear because of this, but continued. The most commonly used title before the 20th century was "Chinese". For example, the Han Dynasty often regarded itself as a "Chinese". Ming Dynasty regarded both Han and Hua, and the two words are synonymous. In short, the Han and Huaxia people as a whole are called the most common since the Han Dynasty.

Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River centered in the area of ​​Luoyang, Henan to Kaifeng. The climate is suitable, the rainfall is moderate, and the soil is fertile. Therefore, it entered the city farming society earlier. The land is called China and China.

Then the four Chinese barbarians refer to: Dongyi, Nan barbarian, Xirong, and Northern Di. The Chinese military and barbarians and the people of all directions have their own nature and cannot be moved. The east is called Yi, and the body is sent to the body, and there are those who do not eat fire. The south is called Man, and the carvings are written on Jiaozhi, and there are those who do not eat fire. In the West, it is called Rong, and there are people who don’t eat any food. It is called Di in the north, and there are people who don’t eat any food without ingestion.

Yi has multiple meanings, and its main meaning is "ping". Eastern Han Xu Shen's speech words "From the big to the bow". It is said that the Dongyi people first invented bows and arrows and were good at shooting archery. Therefore, there is a saying that "Dongyi" is the archer in the east. Legends and classical documents believe that Houyi, who shot nine days, was the leader of the Dongyi.

Dongyi: Dongyi is also called Yi. It was originally a tribe opposite to Yanhuang and is an important part of China. It became the general term for the non-Chinese nations in the East by the ancient Han people. It is a non-specific group. The concepts it refers to have changed repeatedly with the changes in the territory of the Central Plains dynasty. The character "Yi" similar to the human-backed bow shape has been found in the Dongyi bone inscriptions during the Longshan Cultural Period, which dates from 4,600 to 3,300 years ago, and "From the Big to the Bow" has an original basis.

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Nanman: In ancient times, the term "Nanman" generally refers to the area south of the Yangtze River basin. With the continuous expansion and influence of the Central Plains politics, economy and culture, and with the continuous integration of the unified political pattern of the Central Plains and the continuous integration of local regional politics, economy and culture, the geographical area of ​​"Nanman" has actually encompassed the entire Southeast Asia.

The ethnic composition of the Southern Barbarians is quite complex, and can be roughly divided into three major clans: Baiyue , Baipu and Bashu. Baiyue tribe system is distributed in a vast area south of the Yangtze River, Baipu tribe is distributed in the areas of today's Hunan and Guizhou, and Bashu tribe is distributed in the areas of today's Sichuan and Chongqing. Most of the ethnic minorities in the south evolved from the Southern Barbarians. Most of them are now distributed in the Luzhou area of ​​Sichuan. Also known as Nanman, Jingman , Jingyue, Yangyue , Baiyue, etc.

Xirong: The title of Xirong was first derived from Zhou Dynasty . Before the destruction of Shang, it was mainly used to call the tribes near Zhouyuan that were enemies with Zhouyuan. Their strong enemies were concentrated in the Longshan area west of Zhouyuan, so they were called Xirong. The Western Rong can also refer to some countries established by the Western Rong people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Ying Shao "Customs and Common Meanings " says: "Rong is a bad thing."The ancient version of " Bamboo Book Anniversary " records: "In the 35th year of Wu Yi, King Ji of Zhou attacked the West and fell into Guirong and captured the twelve Di Wangs. "The Book of Songs often contains epics of the war between the Zhou Dynasty and the Western Rong, such as "Hihe Nanzhong, Bo attacked the Western Rong. "

In the early days of Spring and Autumn , Rong was very powerful, and the Central Plains were under severe threat. Even major countries such as Jin and Qi were often attacked by Rong. Since the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the various countries in China have developed greatly, especially through dominance and uniting each other, enhancing their defense capabilities against the Rong clan. Many Rong clans were gradually conquered by China. Qin destroyed the Western Rong, and Chu clans annexed a large number of barbarians or small countries of the Pu people. Because various ethnic groups lived together with China for a long time, they continued to The differences in cultural etiquette and customs are decreasing.

to . During the Warring States period, Yiqu , Dali and other countries joined the Qin Dynasty, and gradually destroyed the Qin Dynasty since the Spring and Autumn Period. Lin Hu and Loufan were destroyed in Zhao. Shanrong no longer appeared in history. Donghu has its own place, but Yan Donghu established five counties in the north and northeast. Therefore, Rong may often be mixed with Hu, and the names are often mixed.

Beidi: Di ​​is the name of the clan, which was recorded in "Spring and Autumn Period" from In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, but "Mandarin·Zheng Kingdom" has recorded Di in the Western Weekend. This is the name of some northern tribes and countries by the Xia people in the Central Plains, not their self-proclaimed. At this time, Jin Xiangong was reigned, and the relationship with the Di people was complicated, but Rong and Di often mixed. Di and Rong throughout the Spring and Autumn Period had a deep relationship with the Yanhuang Group.

After the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, Di and Rong were obviously different in their regions, but the entire Spring and Autumn Period , and even the Warring States Period Before the middle of the lunar calendar, Rongdi often mixed names, and some tribes still had the titles of Rong and Di. This situation, as well as the surnames of the Northern Di tribes of the Spring and Autumn Period, and the cultural relics of Rongdi in northern Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei, all show that Rong and Di in the Spring and Autumn Period were only clearly differentiated in regional distribution, but the races were relatively close.

entered the Warring States Period, and some of them had integrated into the Hu people after the Hu people went south, becoming one of the important sources of Xiongnu . In the late Warring States Period, Hu people rose, and the Hu people were the most powerful. The Northern Di mentioned in ancient China in the late Warring States Period and after the Qin and Han Dynasties all refer to Hu people and East. Hu people are all ethnic groups.

Four barbarians come to the dynasty: The surrounding countries are centered on this country, bow down to this country, and pay tribute to this country every year. Every year, many countries send envoys to this country to worship the dynasty in our history that this situation is the most prosperous in the Tang Dynasty.

Zizhi Tongjian records: in December of the seventh year of Zhenguan. At the same time, he was lucky in Furong Garden and returned to the palace in Wuwu. From the emperor (referring to the Tang Emperor Gaozu , the throne had been abdicated at that time. ) The old man Weiyang Palace . The emperor ordered Turkic Jie Li Khan to dance. He also ordered the chief of the Southern Barbarians Feng Zhidae to recite poems. The latter four barbarians praised him and regarded Tang as the sect leader, Tang Taizong Li Shimin as the " Tian Khan " means the common ruler of the world. The capital of the Tang Dynasty Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang are both international metropolises. There are not only a large number of foreign envoys in the city, but also students from various countries, as well as a large number of Hu merchants who do business. 1.8 million Among the population, there are more than 100,000 foreigners.

When the Tang Dynasty was the most vast, it reclaimed Western Regions , destroyed Goguryeo and Eastern Turks, unified all tribes of the grassland. Turks, Uighur , Tiel , Khitan , jing mar et al. all became the people of the Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao , Silla , Bohai , Bohai , Japan and other countries As a vassal, distant countries such as Tianzhu, Dashi, Persian , and Byzantine also sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty. The grand occasion of ,000 countries came to pay was wonderful.

like Poetry Immortal Li Bai wrote "Mingtang Fu". The last of the fu is a poem describing Wu Zetian in the Mingtang of Luoyang Palace, and received the grand occasion of all countries: Four doors open and all countries come, and the examination and the pursuit of talents are not allowed to be conquered. Just like the imperial residence and the work is solid, and the sacrifice is leisurely!