Mao Zedong
Zhou En said: "We should all pass the exam, don't return it."
Mao Zedong said confidently: "It failed when we return. We will never be Li Zicheng . We all hope to get a good score."
At the previous Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party, the Party Central Committee had officially decided to set the capital of New China as Peking. But what many people don’t know is that Peking was not the first choice of the central government.
The earliest capital selected in the center is Harbin, known as "Moscow of the East". In August 1945, after the Soviet Red Army and the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces liberated Harbin, it became the earliest major city to liberate in the country. It has always been the political, economic and cultural center of the Northeast. The Northeast Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Northeast Administrative Committee of are also located here.
Mao Zedong also admired Harbin very much. In his opinion, the map of China is like a rooster, and Heilongjiang is like a swan spreading its wings. Harbin is this "pearl under the swan's neck". Moreover, Harbin is very close to the Soviet Union and it is easier to obtain Soviet aid. Therefore, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China designated Harbin as a "special city" and prepared to establish a new China here.
Harbin
before the founding of the People's Republic of China, but Harbin is too far from Yan'an after all, and there needs to be a transit place in the middle, so the Party Central Committee selected Chengde as the temporary location. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Li Fuchun, deputy secretary-general of the Central Committee, talked to Wu Lie, the head of the Central Security Corps, and said: "The Central Committee is preparing to go to the northeast. It is very beneficial to go there to command the war of liberation across the country. You have to leave Yan'an and go to the northeast. The original Central Security Corps is divided into two. You take the Central Military Corps to the Chengde Daqian Station to prepare the dormitory and residence for the Central Committee there."
After that, as our army continued to win on the battlefield of liberation, more and more big cities were liberated. In this way, the vision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong was no longer limited to Harbin. Nanjing, Xi'an, Luoyang , Kaifeng , and Peking all appeared in front of Mao Zedong, and finally his eyes were fixed on Peiping.
Mao Zedong had a deep affection for Peking. In August 1918, in order to contact young Hunan students to study in France, he came to Peking specifically and worked as an administrator at the Peking University Library for several months. Under the guidance of Li Dazhao, the director of the library, he gradually grew into a firm Marxist.
Two trips to Peking left a deep impression on Mao Zedong, making him feel proud of the ancient culture, beautiful scenery and magnificent buildings of Peking. Moreover, Peking is also the birthplace of the "May Fourth Movement" and "
during the May Fourth Movement, Beiping
Xu Xiangqian replied: "I'm afraid it's not easy. We have taken a variety of ways to do it." In order to achieve peaceful liberation of Taiyuan, he also mobilized Yan Xishan's teacher to bring a letter written to him in my name and went to Taiyuan to find Lao Yan. As a result, he not only did not listen to advice, but instead ignored the friendship between teachers and students and killed the old scholar who was nearly 80 years old. It can be seen that he was very stubborn." After hearing this, Mao Zedong said thoughtfully: "It seems that it is impossible not to fight Taiyuan. It is best not to fight in Peking." At this time, Mao Zedong had already had the idea of establishing the capital of Peking.
In mid-December of this year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed Peng Zhen as the secretary of the Beiping Municipal Party Committee, and Ye Jianying was the director of the Beiping Military Control Commission and the mayor of Beiping City, and unified the leadership of the takeover work in Peiping. Mao Zedong specially met Peng Zhen and Ye Jianying, and said to them with expectations: "This time taking over Peking will affect China and foreign countries. You must achieve better results like taking over Shenyang and Jinan, and do not fall behind Shenyang and Jinan."
ye Jianying
ye Jianying was also deeply aware that the central government might choose Beijing as the capital, so he asked the majority of cadres to attach great importance to the takeover of Peking. He emphasized: "Peijing is a city with international perspective, our own city, and the capital of red."
At this time, Nie Rongzhen, who participated in the Pingjin Battle, , had also realized that the central government was very likely to establish its capital in Peiping. He said to Luo Ronghuan: "We should try our best to strive for the peaceful liberation of Peiping. If the Party Central Committee decides to establish its capital in Peiping, and then it will be ruined, and there will be no place to live at that time."
Luo Ronghuan said confidently: "We must use the gun as a backer, force Fu Zuoyi to put down his weapons and take the path of peaceful negotiations."
Nie Rongzhen reported his idea of striving for the peaceful liberation of Peiping to the Central Military Commission, and received high praise from Mao Zedong. During the process of liberating Peking, Mao Zedong also called the front-line command many times, asking them to try their best to preserve places such as Peking University and cultural and educational institutions. The commanders and soldiers of the army also attached great importance to it, and they also sent two cadres to the residence of the famous architect Liang Sicheng late at night, asking him to mark the locations of important cultural relics and ancient buildings on the map to prevent them from being destroyed by artillery fire.
Under my powerful military and political offensive, on January 30, 1949, the commander of the Beiping defender Fu Zuoyi announced that he would accept the peaceful adaptation and the Beiping peaceful liberation , and all the famous places and historical sites in the city were protected.
Beijing Peaceful Liberation
Then Mao Zedong changed the topic: "Okay, I won't talk about other issues for now. Today I have another big thing to ask you for advice.”
Wang Jiaxiang asked quickly, "I dare not take it, I wonder what the Chairman is going to talk about? "
Mao Zedong said: "The capital has been basically set in Xi'an, Kaifeng, Luoyang, Nanjing, and Beiping. We are about to win. Do you think where is the most suitable building? Although the central government has considered it, it has not yet finalized the case. I want to hear your opinions. "
Wang Jiaxiang first started with Nanjing: "Although Nanjing claims to be a tiger occupies a dragon and has a dangerous terrain, as long as you look at history, you will know that all the dynasties that built the capital, including the Kuomintang government, have short lives. This is a historical fatalism, and we certainly don’t believe this. But from another perspective, Nanjing is too close to the southeast coast, and from the current international situation, this is its major flaw. ”
Mao Zedong nodded in approval and asked again: “How is Xi’an? "
Wang Jiaxiang said: "Xi'an's flaw is too western. Now it is not the Qin, Han, and Sui and Tang dynasties. Today, China's economic focus is on the coast and the south of the Yangtze River. From this point of view, Xi'an is not suitable. "
Wang Jiaxiang
Mao Zedong also said: "Some people think that Kaifeng and Luoyang, which were once the capitals in ancient times, should be considered. "
Wang Jiaxiang said: "Now the economy of the Central Plains is backward, and this situation cannot be improved in the short term. In addition to the problems of transportation and floods in the Yellow River , Luoyang and Kaifeng have lost their status as capitals. ”
At this time, Mao Zedong finally asked: “So, according to your opinion, where should we set the capital? ”
Wang Jiaxiang said: “I think the most ideal place is Peiping. Beiping is located in a coastal area, is within the economically developed circle, and is close to the six northeastern provinces. It has a very important strategic position and is convenient for the development of industry. At the same time, it is close to the Soviet Union and Mongolia, without any worries about war. Although it is close to the sea, Bohai is the inland sea of China, with two peninsular guarded by Liaoning and Shandong. It is also relatively safe from a strategic perspective. Once there is something internationally, the capital will not be shaken immediately. In addition, as the capital, Peking has a history of 700 years, and the people are also psychologically willing to accept it. "
Mao Zedong was overjoyed after hearing this. Wang Jiaxiang's idea could be said to be coincidental with him. These words further strengthened his idea of establishing the capital of Peking.
From March 5 to 13, 1949, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party was held in Xibaipo. Mao Zedong announced at the meeting: "We hope to occupy Nanjing in April or May, and then convene a political consultation meeting in Peiping, establish a coalition government, and establish a capital of Peiping. "Since then, the capital of Peking has become the decision of the central government and informed the whole party.
The former site of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee
After Mao Zedong and other central leaders entered Peiping, Ye Jianying considered that the social conditions in the city were complex, the enemy spies had not been completely cleared, and the public security conditions were still relatively poor. He believed that the central government should not enter the city for the time being, but live in the suburbs of the city. After selection, he arranged the residence of the central government in Xiangshan, the western suburbs of Beiping.
After a period of cleaning and renovation in the city, the enemy spies were basically wiped out. Zhongnanhai also looked fresh inside and out, so Ye Jianying made a report asking the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong to move to Zhongnanhai.
Ye Jianying's report was highly praised by Zhou Enlai, but Mao Zedong refused to move. A few days later, Ye Jianying had to come to Xiangshan in person. He said to Mao Zedong: "According to work needs, we are ready to invite the Chairman and other leaders to work and live in Zhongnanhai..."
Mao Zedong directly interrupted Ye Jianying's words: "I don't like Zhongnanhai. I don't want to go to this place, why do you have to lock me in the Red Wall Courtyard and separate from the masses? We can't learn from Li Zicheng! "
Ye Jianying saw that the persuasion was ineffective, so she had to go back first. After he left, Mao Zedong said to Zhou En seriously: "I won't move, I won't be the emperor. This Ye Jianying is really stubborn. ”
Zhou Enlai advised Mao Zedong: “We should still listen to the opinions of the 'parents' officials’. "
Mao Zedong insisted: "I don't listen, this is a matter of principle."
Mao Zedong in Xiangshan
But the leaders of the central government all believed that Zhongnanhai was the best place for meetings and offices, and it was also very safe. The red walls around it were an extremely tight natural barrier. Finally, the Politburo discussed and made a resolution. The minority obeyed the majority. Under the repeated persuasion and strong demands of many comrades, Mao Zedong was reluctant, but had to accept everyone's suggestions. He joked: "Listen to others, eat a lot, move it if you move it! "Hurry Zhou Enlai next to him also smiled and said, "If the Chairman doesn't live in, we can't rest assured! ”
html On September 21, the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference opened in Huairen Hall, Zhongnanhai. After discussion, the delegates unanimously agreed to establish the capital of Peking, but everyone had objections to whether Peking should be renamed. Zhang Xiruo said: "The capital of the country is set in Peiping, and everyone will not have any objections, but since Nanjing is no longer the capital, some people suggested that Nanjing be renamed. ”
Another representative Huang Yanpei said: “In order to save trouble, my opinion is that both Peking and Nanjing can not change. ”
But Mao Zedong insisted: “It’s better to change one word, I think Peking should be changed to Beijing. "
Why did Mao Zedong insist on changing "Beijing"? Because since Ming Chengzu Zhu Di established his capital in Beiping, Peiping was renamed Beijing. It was not until Chiang Kai-shek established the capital of the National Government in Nanjing that Beijing was renamed Peking in 1928. Mao Zedong insisted on changing Peiping to Beijing in order to reflect the fundamental difference between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang regime.
htmlOn September 27, the conference passed the resolution on the issue of the capital: "The capital of all the people's Republic of China, which unanimously passed of the People's Republic of China, is scheduled to be Beijing, and it will be renamed to Beijing from now on. "
htmlOn October 1, Founding Ceremony was held in Beijing. Beijing, this historical and cultural city has officially become the capital of New China.
Founding Ceremony
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