The ancestors of the Western Xia Dangxiang clan originally lived in the Songpan Plateau, Sichuan, and its historical roots can be traced back to the early Tang Dynasty. Dangxiang is a branch of the Qiang tribe, and the Sui book uploaded "Dangxiang Qiang people, Sanmiao after ". "Old Book of Tang" records: "Dangxiang Qiang...a different species of Han and Western Qiang. After the Wei and Jin Dian, the Western Qiang was weak, either from China or from the mountains and fields. Since the Zhou family destroyed Dangchang and Deng, the Dangxiang began to be strong."
during the Tang Dynasty, the Dangxiang Qiang and Tuyuhun who lived in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau often united to fight against Tubo. When Emperor Gaozong of Tang , Tuyuhun was destroyed by Tubo, and the Dangxiang Qiang, who had lost his dependent requested to be attached to him, and was placed in Songzhou (now Songpan, Sichuan) by the Tang Dynasty. Later, Dangxiang Qiang gradually reproduced into several large tribes, among which the leader tribe Tuoba family probably only occupied the southeastern Qinghai and southern Gansu.
During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Dangxiang, who lived in southeastern Qinghai and southern Gansu, was attacked by the Tubo army, so he asked Emperor Xuanzong of Tang for help, and was moved to Qingzhou (now Qingyang City, Gansu). After the Anshi Rebellion (755-763), Guo Ziyi, fearing that these ethnic minorities would cause trouble, suggested that Emperor Daizong of Tang moved the Tuoba Chaoguang tribe in Qingzhou at that time to the area north of Yinzhou and east of Xiazhou. This area was the old land of the "Daxia" of the Xiongnu during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was called Pingxia at that time, so this part of the Dangxiang Qiang became the Pingxia tribe, which was the ancestor of the Western Xia royal family in the future.
When Emperor Xizong of Tang Dynasty, the leader of the Dangxiang division, Li Sigong was named the governor of Xiazhou by the court. Because of his contribution to pacifying the Huang Chao uprising, he once regained Chang'an and was once given the surname Li and was named "Duke of Xia". From then on, Tuoba Sigong and his descendants of the Li surname became the local vassal forces as Duke Xia. This part of the Dangxiang Qiang armed forces is also called the "Dingnan Army". At this point, they officially led five prefectures, including Yinzhou (Mizhi County, Shaanxi), Xiazhou (Hengshan County, Shaanxi), Suizhou (Shaanxi Suide County), Youzhou (Jingbian County, Shaanxi) and Jingzhou (west of Mizhi County, Shaanxi).
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, no matter who was in power in the Central Plains, the Li family (Tuoba family) all "restrained their heads and surrendered", in exchange for the dominance of the place and a large amount of rewards. During this period, Xixia carefully handled the intricate diplomatic relations with the regimes such as Later Tang , Later Jin , Later Han , Later Han , Liao established with Yelu Abaoji, and Song Dynasty .
After more than two hundred years of construction, the Pingxia area is very rich. The plump pasture with Ordos southern Dijinze area as the core. The agricultural area represented by Qiliping at the junction of Xia and Song Dynasty provided a large amount of cattle, sheep, food and grass for Xixia. At the same time, Ordos was still rich in the high-quality green salt that could be used as currency at that time, so the power of the Pingxia ministry's party gradually expanded. Song Taizu Although the military power of the vassal states was seized, it still forgives the ethnic minorities in the northwest and "Xu Zhi hereditary". When the Xiazhou Jiebang governor Li Jipang came to power, the situation changed. Because Li Jibang could not resolve the internal conflicts of the family, in the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo (982), he personally led his clan members to the capital to pay tribute to the Emperor of Song, and voluntarily gave out the four prefectures and eight counties of Yin, Xia, Sui and You. However, Li Jibang's clan brother Yinzhou Fanluo, Li Jiqian refused to enter the capital, pretending to have a burial wet nurse, led dozens of people to flee to Dijinze (now Bayannur, Yikezhao League, Inner Mongolia), 300 miles northeast of Xiazhou, assembled armed forces and carried out activities to harass the border of the Song Dynasty.
Yongxi second year (985), Li Jiqian and his clan brother Li Jichong lured and killed Song generals Cao Guangshi , and occupied Yinzhou, conquered Huizhou (Jingyuan, Gansu), and had amazement with Song; he also "please surrender" to Liao Dynasty, and was named King of Xia by the Khitan people. In the second year of Zhidao (996), Li Jiqian intercepted 400,000 yuan in the Song army's food and supplies, and then went out to surround Lingwu City. Song Taizong was furious and sent five troops to attack Xia, but they were all defeated. After Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty collapsed, Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty ascended the throne. In order to calm the affairs, he ceded Xia, Sui, Yin, You (Jingbian, Shaanxi) and Jing (Mizhi in Shaanxi) to Li Jiqian, and in fact recognized the independent status of Western Xia.
Song Zhenzong Hianping In the fifth year of Xianping (1002), Li Jiqian led all tribes to capture Lingzhou Hiancheng, renamed Xiping Prefecture, and later captured Liangzhou, the important town of northwest, cut off the business road between the Song Dynasty and the Western Regions, cut off the tribute from the Western Regions to the Song Dynasty, and at the same time prohibited the Western Regions from selling horses to the Song Dynasty, which seriously affected the construction of the national defense and military strength of the Song Dynasty. When he was in alliance with Tubo, Li Jiqian was plotted against by a Tubo people and was shot by a crossbow. He later died of serious injuries at the age of 42.
After Li Jiqian's death, Li Deming succeeded to the throne and devoted himself to the development of Hexi Corridor , attacking Tubo in the south and attacking Uighur in the west, greatly expanding the living space of the Dangxiang Qiang people. Li Deming believes that Xiping Prefecture is located in the four subway areas, which is not conducive to defense, and is not as good as Huaiyuan's situation. In 1020, the minister He Chengzhen was sent to lead his servants to cross the Yellow River north to build a city, build a palace and a ancestral land, and set up the capital here, and it was named Xingzhou. He still resigned to the Song and Liao externally, but was completely imperial in style. And wait for an opportunity to develop westward. Over the years, he attacked Tubo and Uighurs in the west, and captured Xiliang Prefecture, Ganzhou, Guazhou, Shazhou and other places. Its sphere of influence expanded to Yumen Pass and the entire Hexi Corridor.
The tenth year of Tiansheng in Song Dynasty (1032) Li Deming's son Li Yuanhao Following the Duke of Xia Kingdom, he began to actively prepare to leave the Song Dynasty. He first abandoned the surname Li and called himself Weiming. The next year, he changed the reign name of the Song and Ming Dao to Xiandao in the name of avoiding his father's taboo, and began to use the reign name of Xixia. In the following years, he built palaces, established civil and military squads, stipulated the clothing of officials and civilians, established military systems, established military names, created his own national characters (Western Xia Script), and issued the Bald Decree. He also sent a large army to capture the three strategic areas of Guazhou, Shazhou and Suzhou in Tubo. In this way, Yuanhao already has Xia, Yin, Sui, You, Jing, Ling, Hui, Sheng, Gan, Liang, Gua, Sha, and Suzhou, namely the northern part of Ningxia, small part of Gansu, northern Shaanxi, eastern Qinghai and some areas of Inner Mongolia.
On October 11, the first year of Song Baoyuan (1038), Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor and founded the country Daxia. After Li Yuanhao became emperor, the Song court was extremely angry and the relationship between the two sides was officially broken. In the following years, Yuan Hao launched four major battles, including the Battle of Sanchuankou, the Battle of Hitaka, the Battle of Hitaka, the Battle of Hitaka, the Battle of Hitaka, the Battle of Linfufeng, and the Battle of Dingchuanzhai, and annihilated tens of thousands of elite soldiers in the northwest of the Song army. In the seventh year of Yanzuo (1044), he defeated Liao Xingzong, who had led 100,000 elite troops in the Battle of Hequ, in , . At this time, the total force of Xixia was about 500,000.
After defeating the Song and Liao dynasties, Yuan Hao indulged in wine and sex, and was very fond of merit, which led to the increasingly corrupt internal decay and the betrayal of his relatives. He had an affair with the Wuzang family and had a good fortune. The empress Yeli family was also abolished, and the prince Ning Lingge was relocated to the new queen. Wu Zang Epang encouraged Ning Ling to be in trouble. In 1048, Ning Lingge killed his father Li Yuanhao and was executed by Mozang Epang. Wu Zang Epang supported Liang Zuo, who was the first year of the year, as the emperor, for the Xia Yizong.
Although the Western Xia defeated the Song army many times, the interruption of trade with the Song Dynasty caused an economic recession, frequent wars and heavy consumption of national strength, and the people were dissatisfied. After the rise of the Jurchens, the Western Xia captured the border army of the Song Dynasty and surrendered to the Jin Dynasty. Jin Dynasty The emperor was happy and rewarded the former Xixia land Lezhou and other Hewai prefectures, including Lezhou, Jishizhou, , and the territory of Xixia reached its peak. After Mongolia rose, it has always regarded Xixia as a thorn in its side, used it as a training ground, and constantly sent troops to harass and attack and practice troops.
Daily Celebration Ten Year (1203) Kereba in the northern desert was swallowed by Temujin, and Sangkun, the son of its leader Wang Khan, fled to Xixia. Two years later, Temujin led his army to invade Xixia and plundered the border cities of Xixia. Xia Huanzong believes that he will repel foreign troubles and change Xingqing Prefecture to Zhongxing Prefecture, taking the intention of the Xia Kingdom's Zhongxing Prefecture. In fact, Xixia was under the threat of Mongolia.
In the first year of Yingtian (1206), Temujin established Great Mongolian , namely Genghis Khan , and was later honored as Yuan Taizu. In order to defeat the enemy's Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan must cut off the Jinxia alliance, so Xixia became one of his goals.In the first year of Baoyi (1226), Genghis Khan's troops divided the east and west to attack Western Xia. Genghis Khan personally captured Ganzhou and surrendered the Liangzhou guardian Ozhakui, and surrendered. At this point, all the Hexi Corridors fell. Xia Xianzong died of distress and his nephew Nanping King Li Xun succeeded to the throne, namely the last emperor of Xia.
In August of the same year, Genghis Khan led his army across Shatuo, marched into the Nine Crossings of the Yellow River, and captured Yingli (Ningxia Zhongwei). Then he divided his troops to capture Xiazhou, and then divided his troops to capture Jishizhou (Xunhua, Qinghai), Xining (Xining, Qinghai), and other Xixia territories, and stationed in Liupanshan, Xia. At this time, only Zhongxing Prefecture remained in Xixia. In the second year of Baoyi (1227), the late Xia emperor surrendered to Mongolia after being besieged in Zhongxing Prefecture for half a year, and Western Xia was destroyed. Genghis Khan had died of illness at this time, but he did not die in secret to avoid the Western Xia's repentance. Tolei kills Li Xu according to Genghis Khan's will. After the Mongolian army captured Zhongxing Prefecture, the palaces and cemeteries were burned. Later, after Chahan advised him, Yinchuan avoided the fate of massacre and entered the city to appease the military and civilians in the city. The military and civilians in the city were preserved and the Western Xia was destroyed.
Mongolian cavalry invaded Xixia and ravaged it. The residents of Xixia fled abroad. They went towards China and after thousands of miles of trekking, they settled down in the area of Muya in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province (that is, the area west of Kanding County, east of Kwaishan, east of Kwailong River, south of Qianning County, and north of Kowloon County) and established a small regime. To this day, they left a legend among the local Tibetan residents. They called the leader of this small regime "King of Xiwu", which is actually the title of "King of Xixia". This small regime was not completely destroyed until the reign of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
yuan in the 25th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1288), the Yuan Dynasty changed Zhongxing Prefecture, the former capital of Xixia to Ningxia Road. This name has been used to this day.
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