In the end, Nero, who was desperate, ended his brutal life by suicide, and the first dynasty of the Roman Empire, the Julia-Claudi Dynasty, ended.

In 68 AD, the tyrant Nero fled from the descent of his relatives and relatives. After learning about it, Nero was immediately sentenced to be the "public enemy of the country", and anyone has the right to pursue or kill Nero. In the end, Nero, who was desperate, ended his brutal life by suicide, and the first dynasty of the Roman Empire, Julia, , ended in the Claudi Dynasty. After learning about Nero's death, the Senate added another knife and announced that Nero's "memory erasure" was implemented, that is, any statues, inscriptions on Nero, and inscriptions on buildings must be destroyed or erased.

In sharp contrast to Nero is the founder of the Julia-Claudi dynasty, Octavian . Not only was Octavian revered as " Augustus " (meaning "sacred"), but after his death, the Roman Senate decided to include him in the ranks of "god". But after Octavian's death, the successors Tiberius , Caligula, Claudius and Nero were not very good. Tiberius was sinister and vicious, and was not loved by the people. Later, he simply moved out of Rome and retired to Capri to remote control of the government. Karigula and Nero are both virtuous and cruel, and are killed by their subordinates. Only Claudius made some difference, but the successor Nero ruined everything. Despite this, the Julia-Claudi dynasty, which had been with five emperors for 41 years, was already considered a long-lived dynasty throughout the Roman Empire. After this, the Roman Empire's dynasty continued to change, and it was incomparable to the Han Empire, which lasted for hundreds of years in the same era. What exactly made the dynasty rise and fall of the Roman Empire so chaotic, can be seen from the development history of Rome.

Octavian

Rome had a king at the beginning of its establishment. The first king was the legendary Romulus , but Rome was just a city-state at this time, and the so-called king's power was just a village chief. The king is not hereditary, but chosen by the people. When he reached the seventh king, the arrogant Takwen, he intended to strengthen the royal power, but it aroused the resistance of the people. In 509 B.C. Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Turkven Coratine led the People's Rebellion to overthrow Turkven's rule. After that, the Roman people decided not to establish a king, and the consuls were responsible for the state affairs. The consul serves one year and two consuls are elected at the same time. The two consuls have equal power, avoiding the emergence of dictatorship. Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tuckerven Coratine were elected as the first consuls, and Rome entered the republican era.

From 59 BC to 27 AD, the Roman Republic era went through more than 500 years of ups and downs, and during this period, it experienced the Punic War, Macedonian War, and the Syrian War. Rome grew from a small city-state to a great empire that dominated the Mediterranean . However, the dividends brought by territorial expansion only entered the pockets of a small number of nobles, and a large number of lower-class people not only received the cake, but also went bankrupt in large quantities.

Rome's expansion

Rome's military system is the unity of military and agricultural, similar to the Chinese government military system when the Western Wei . During the war, the farmers were gathered together, and all the equipment and dry food were brought by the soldiers. At the beginning, Rome was just a small city-state, and wars all took place nearby. After the war, the spoils were distributed, they could go home to farm. But as the territory expanded, the front line was also lengthened. The soldiers were forced to leave their hometowns and go to fight far away, which not only increased costs, but also caused soldiers to be unable to return to their hometowns to work during the busy farming season. The noble landlords took the opportunity to annex the land, resulting in the bankruptcy of a large number of self-cultivated farmers. Bankrupt civilians were unable to purchase weapons and equipment, and the source of troops and combat effectiveness of the Roman army broke out in a serious crisis.

In 111 BC, the Juguda War broke out between Rome and Numidia. The Kingdom of Numidia (now Algeria ) is a vassal state of Roman , and Juguda is a prince of Numidia who usurped the throne. This war was completely easily won by Roman strength, but Juguda bribed the deterioration of the combat effectiveness of the corrupt Roman nobles and Roman army. The war was dragged down for several years.In 107 BC, the angry Roman citizens left aristocrats who controlled the power of the consuls and selected the famous generals of civilian origin to be elected as the consul.

Roman Legion

Mallo was born in a tenant farmer family and knew the situation of the lower class. I have been struggling in the army for many years and am very clear about the various shortcomings of the army. Since the people no longer have the money to buy equipment to participate in the war, there are a large number of bankrupt farmers in society who have no jobs. Then we might as well give up the conscription system of the unity of soldiers and farmers and change it to recruitment system . The recruitment system recruits a large number of bankrupt farmers into the army, and the state will distribute equipment and military pay. This not only solves the problem of military source, but also solves the employment problem. Moreover, the recruiting soldiers are full-time soldiers, with longer service periods, more adequate training, and stronger combat effectiveness than temporary recruitment soldiers. However, the recruitment system also has a huge hidden danger, that is, the generals command the army for a long time to fight abroad, and soldiers can easily become the general's private soldiers, which ultimately leads to a situation of military dictatorship.

In 49 BC, Caesar , who had fought in Gaul for 9 years, led the army across the Rubicon river and marched towards Rome. According to the laws of Rome at that time, no general was allowed to lead his army across the Rubicon River, which was the dividing line between Italy's native place and Yamanet Gaul, otherwise it would be regarded as a rebellion. But Caesar, unwilling to be dismissed from power by the Senate, was determined to take a risk. The Senate was caught off guard by Caesar's unfair morality and fled from Rome one after another. Caesar entered Rome as a victorious person, and then fought east and west to eliminate hostile forces and took the position of dictator.

Every era passes by the old forces, and the Senate nobles representing the republicans are unwilling to be excluded from the center of power by the army. In 44 BC, Cassius and Brutus were the members of the Republican Senate assassinated Caesar. But Caesar's personal life and death cannot reverse the situation. At Caesar's funeral, Caesar's subordinate Mark Anthony passionately counts Caesar's contributions and the despicable murderer, and pulls off the wide robe covering the corpse of Caesar in public to show the scars on Caesar's body. The indignation of civilians and soldiers was aroused, and the elders fled out of Rome in a panic. In 43 BC, Caesar's nephew and adopted son Octavian and Anthony completely defeated the republicans in the battle of Philippi. Brutus and Cassius both committed suicide. Since then, the republican forces gradually withdrew from the Roman political stage, and Rome entered the imperial era.

Caiser's assassination

From the source, the Roman Empire had a distinct military dictatorship. Unlike the unified in the Qin and Han dynasties in China, the Roman Empire did not have the mature centralized system and the bureaucratic system that matched it, and also lacked the idea of ​​unified ideology. The government structure in the Roman Empire era was almost exactly the same as that in the Republican era, except that there was an extra emperor who practiced military dictatorship. The emperor's power is firmly tied to the army, and the army is another place where strength is valued. In order to seize power, ambitious generals may challenge the throne at any time. The main reason why the Julia-Claudi dynasty, which had two tyrants, was able to live longer than the later dynasties was that it was in the transition period from republic to military dictatorship, and the military power was restrained by republican forces. After Nero's death, the governors from all over the country raised troops to seize the throne, and the military's power was completely out of control.

In order to survive the dynasty, the emperors had to give up the idea of ​​passing on their children and instead select outstanding abilities in the army to adopt adopted sons or son-in-law as heirs to train them. The most stable Five Sages era Nerva (reigned from 96 to 98), Turazhen (reigned from 98 to 117), Hadrian (reigned from 117 to 138), Anthony Pius (reigned from 138 to 161), and Anthony Pius (reigned from 138 to 161), and Marco Aurelius (reigned from 161 to 180) inherited the throne from this model, which allowed the empire to maintain stable operation. When Marco Aurelius violated the principle and passed the throne to his son Commod . Commod was not well-known and capable, and he was eventually assassinated. After that, the Roman Empire was in chaos again, and he did not get rid of the chronic disease of the army's chaos until his demise.The Roman Empire was nothing more than a military dictatorship dressed in the cloak of an emperor. It neither completed the integration of power nor created a unified country. This not only caused constant internal chaos in the Roman Empire, but also caused a mess of Europe after the demise of Rome, and there was no Rome after Rome.

Tang Dynasty During the reign of Xuanzong, it was also because of the expansion of the country's territory, frequent foreign wars and the bankruptcy of a large number of self-cultivated farmers. The government system came to an end and the recruitment system replaced it. But recruiting soldiers soon became the private soldiers of the generals, and the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion and the root cause of the separatist rule of the vassal states in the middle and late Tang Dynasty was also laid. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms became an era of military generals chaotic politics. The generals who controlled the army launched a coup and the emperor changed frequently like a lantern. The habit of adopting sons was also very common, such as the Five Sages of Rome. For example, Li Keyong Thirteen Taibao , and Li Sheng, the founder of the Southern Tang , is also the adopted son of Yang Wu , the powerful minister Xu Wen . But since Qin Shihuang , the unification of China has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and the split and troubled times were eventually replaced by a unified rule.

5 Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Song Taizu After winning the world, he ruled the world with literati and opened up the imperial examinations, so that the world could only solve the problem of military generals chaotic politics. However, since Rome began its recruitment system, it has been in the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" mode. No emperor can suppress the power of military generals like Song Taizu, and no emperor can clear the separatist forces like Qin Shihuang, and integrate the world into one in geography, economy, culture, politics and other aspects. After all, an emperor supported by the army will only represent the interests of the army, not the entire people. A regime controlled by a military dictatorship can only achieve temporary stability and prosperity, and will not shape a powerful country that will last for a long time.