Jiang Zhongzheng (October 31, 1887 - April 5, 1975), Jiang Jieshi , Zhejiang Fenghua , Chinese politicians, military strategists . He has served as the principal of , the principal of the Whampoa Military Academy, the commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, the chairman of the National Government, the chairman of the National Government, the first president of the Republic of China. After Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Taiwan, he was re-elected as president of . He has been re-elected for four consecutive terms and was elected as president of the Kuomintang of China. As the head of state, China won the China War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression , and after lost the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, he led the government of the Republic of China to move to Pengjinma . Chiang was one of the most important leaders of the 20th century, and countries around the world disagree with a lot of evaluations of Chiang.
Chiang Kai-shek
China Kuomintang believes that after Chiang died of Sun Wen , he led the National Government and National Revolutionary Army Northern Expedition , swept away Beiyang warlords , nominally unified mainland Chinese , ended warlords separatist and North-South division. Chiang played an important role in the modern history of China. After Sun Yat-sen became a leader, leading the Kuomintang Party, government and military. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese army invaded Lugou Bridge . The war broke out and Chiang sent troops north. The general countermeasure adopted by Chiang is to "first settle the country when fighting foreign countries." On January 1, 1939, the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee of China decided to expel Wang Zhaoming from the party and ordered a wanted warrant. In October 1939, first battle in Changsha killed and injured more than 40,000 enemies. In early October 1942, Chiang urged the United States to take the lead in automatically abandoning the "Inequality Treaty with China". On October 9, the United States and Britain informed Chiang that he would negotiate with China to conclude a new contract and give up some extraterritorial legal rights in China. Chiang first advocated " political democratization and military nationalization " and held an political consultation meeting .
Sun Yat-sen once mentioned that Chiang was "strong in temper and arrogant in his talent." Sun found that Jiang Gang was useless and was worried that Jiang had a violent temper and felt that Jiang hated ordinary people too much. Although one day, Sun would like to appreciate Jiang's military knowledge and organizational skills. Jiang Chang had a dispute with others and it was difficult for him to cooperate with other colleagues. Sun learned from the side that Jiang was corrupt, indulged in love with others, and excessive drinking.
Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Chiang Kai-shek was passive in the Chinese War of Resistance Against Japan, actively anti-communist , ignoring anti-Japanese and ignoring national interests. In March 1926, Chiang created the " Zhongshan Ship Incident ". In 1929, Chiang held a dispatch meeting in the name of disarmament, attempting to reduce the armed forces of other sects. After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, Chiang concessed in the armed aggression of Japanese imperialism and stepped up suppression of the Communist Party of China. We adhere to the principle of "staying at home first when resisting foreign countries", continue the anti-communist civil war, and "encirclement and suppression" five military "encirclements and suppression" against the revolutionary bases led by the Communist Party of China and the Red Army of Workers and Peasants.
During the Anti-Japanese War, under the leadership of Chiang, the Chinese army successively fought in Songhu , Xinkou , Nanjing, Xuzhou , Wuhan, Changsha, Nanchang and other places, blocking the Japanese attack. After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Chiang, while discussing peace with the Communist Party of China, deployed the civil war . Chiang opposes "Taiwan independence", "international trusteeship" and "two Chinas" and adheres to the one-China position. In 1949, he went to Taiwan after the complete failure of the anti-communist civil war. At the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan, underground members of the Communist Party of China, including Xiong Xianghui, , Guo Rugui, Liu Fei, , and Liu Fei, , and senior generals of the National Army continued to contact the Communist Party of China, but Chiang did not notice it.
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling
Chairman of the Communist Party of China Mao Zedong commented on Chiang as: "The political representative of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie", "The leader of China's fascist ", and "Only the thief".In December 1971, Mao Zedong convened the Ministry of Publicity and Publicity for an internal conversation: "Chiang Kai-shek has several advantages, objective historical facts. When we talk about history, we must pay attention to it. One is the Northern Expedition to unify China, the Second Anti-Japanese War, the Third Recovery of Taiwan Peng , and the Fourth Opening of the Maritime Frontier. In 1946, Chiang retrieved from the Nanhai Islands from , and the 3.7 million square kilometers of sea border is equivalent to three Outer Mongolia . "
During the Chongqing negotiations, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong
Former Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and Premier of the State Council Zhou Enlai made excellent comments in a conversation with American journalist Edgar Snow in a kiln in Baijiaping, northern Shaanxi on July 9, 1936. Snow asked: "As a soldier, what do you think of Chiang Kai-shek?" Zhou Enlai replied after thinking a little, "As a tactician, he is a clumsy layman, and as a strategist, he might be better. As a tactician, Chiang Kai-shek adopted the method of Napoleon. Napoleon's tactics need to greatly encourage the soldiers' high morale and fighting spirit, and the will to win. Chiang Kai-shek always makes mistakes in this regard. He likes to imagine himself as a The hero who led the suicide squad, he led a regiment or division, always made a mess. He always concentrated his troops and tried to seize positions through fierce attacks.
When he was young, Zhou Enlai and Chiang Kai-shek were
1927 Wuhan Battle . After the failure of other troops, Chiang Kai-shek led a division to attack the city and surrender All the forces entered the fortifications, but the entire division was wiped out. In Nanchang , Chiang Kai-shek repeated the same mistake. Before the reinforcements arrived, he used his first division to launch an attack on the city occupied by Sun Chuanfang . Sun Chuanfang retreated and let Chiang Kai-shek enter some positions, and then counterattacked, leading Chiang Kai-shek into the ups and downs between the city wall and a river, and finally Chiang's army ( National Revolutionary Army ) was defeated. However, Chiang Kai-shek was stronger in strategy than tactical. His political sense of smell was stronger than military . This is why he could win other warlords. He often was able to plan a battle in a comprehensive manner. "Zhou Enlai repeatedly represented the government of the People's Republic of China to hope that Chiang would return to the mainland and achieve national unity. It is clearly stated: "Chang Kai-shek and his group are Chinese. As Chinese, we do not want to see permanent division between the Chinese. This is why we think they should eventually return to their motherland."
- Researcher at the Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Researcher Yang Tianshi said: Influenced by the Marxist boom, Chiang once read Marxist works carefully in Japan, but eventually gave up because it was inconsistent with his ideas. In 1923, Lenin was seriously ill. The Soviet Union's internal Stalin and Trotsky power struggle, excluding dissidents, and Chiang was very disappointed with Soviet politics. In 1937, Chiang decided to ignore all the proposals and conditions of Japan. Yang Tianshi believed that Chiang had two great achievements and two great mistakes in his life. The two great achievements were to unify China in the Northern Expedition and lead the anti-Japanese war with the leadership until the final victory; the two great powers destroyed the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the second civil war with the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Building Taiwan was also considered a great achievement. Chiang had come into contact with Marxism in his early years and expressed his appreciation and admiration, but he believed in Sun Yat-sen's thoughts, especially the reformism in his thoughts. The component. Although Chiang's economic thoughts and economic policies during his administration were different in different periods, they generally did not exceed the scope of " Average Land Rights , Controlling Capital".
- Associate researcher Luo Min, an associate researcher at the Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that the important reason why Chiang eliminated the challenges of Beiyang warlords and internal local separatist forces from the 1920s to the 1930s was that his strategic thinking and ability were obviously stronger than that of the local politicians of the same era. Chiang did not fully estimate Japan's ambition to occupy the Northeast. Chiang did not know much about Northeast resources. After learning that Northeast China has abundant coal and iron resources, he suddenly realized the internal and external policy errors.Due to the status and strength of the country at that time, coupled with the limitations of its own traditional concepts, Chiang lacked far-sightedness on the border issues, causing huge losses and was irreversible. In Chiang's view, China's border crisis in the 1930s was all in the category of "vassal system". Without taking it into consideration, Chiang planned to pilot "local autonomy" in Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet for 10 years. In order to ensure the safety of the inner city, Chiang was firm in his attitude towards the Great Wall War of Resistance , and he would rather break the jade than make the tile. Jiang's style of conduct emphasizes planning before moving. The rare cause of unification in Chinese history was created by himself, and Chiang was proud of his achievements. For the southwestern China, we will take advantage of the opportunity of "suppressing the Communist Party" to actively rectify and transform it, making it a base for national rejuvenation in the future.
- American writer Mel Miller mentioned in his book "Speak straight to the truth" that once he interviewed the 33rd US President Harry S. Truman . When talking about China's policy, Truman was so angry that he scolded, "They (Jiang, Song, Kong) are all thieves, and every one of them is... They stole 750 million from the 3.8 billion US$3 we sent to Chiang. They stole the money and invested the money in Brazilian São Paulo , and here real estate till here real estate till here." The book says that Truman is also very dissatisfied with the serious deficit of the US aid to China, as well as the fact that the US Congress and noticed that the Kong Song family was abnormally accrued money. The book says that when Truman was interviewed at the age of 77, he still furiously mentioned Chiang: "I have never changed my view of Chiang and his group. They all should go to prison ! If I live to see the day they were sent to jail, I would be very happy."
Chiang Kai-shek
American writer Edgar Snow in "The Far East Front" believes that his enemies said that he was "vanity, stubborn, and very jealous of even insignificant power-grabbing opponents." But he has a great courage and tireless spirit, which is admirable to some extent. He mainly relied on his superhuman energy, from the status of an unknown securities broker ten years ago to the master of the fate of a country with a population of 400 million today.
Member of the Soviet International Secretariat of the Far East and staff of the Oriental Department of the Executive Committee of the Youth Communist International C. A. Darling, in his "Memoirs of China", believes that the most interesting thing is financial issues. He tried to continue to control the allocation to individual legions. Because he understands: whoever gives money can continue to control the allocation to individual legions. Because he understood: whoever gives the money will be able to control the army adapted to the Kuomintang.
Chiang Kai-shek
A.B. Bragonatov (pseudonym Roland, later served as chief of staff of the Soviet Military Advisory Group of the National Army), in the "Chronicle of the Chinese Revolution (1925-1927)", believes that according to the introductions of some other consultants who have dealt with Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Kai-shek's first impression is that he is nervous, has strong self-esteem, and is greedy for power. Although he knows common sense in military affairs, practice has proved that he is not a courageous and fearless military commander. In the finger fight, he is indecisive, always overestimates the strength of his enemy, and often has a hysterical attack in difficult times. He is more likely to accept new methods.
But Chiang Kai-shek always paid great attention to his own power and prestige. Varcon Bruuheer once saw through this characteristic of him with a keen eye. In fact, Chiang Kai-shek was a person with a non-strong personality and always listened to the people around him. He always keeps his decision secret and sometimes does nothing when implementing his decisions. In some public speeches made by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing, he promised to give up his dictatorial privileges and transfer the financial and supply power to the government and the military committee. In fact, he didn't want to give up his dictatorship at all. He spent a lot of effort to consolidate his strength in Nanjing and when he went to Shanghai.
Chiang Kai-shek wrote
Japanese " Asahi Shimbun " Editorial on April 7, 1975 "President Chiang's death" stated: "...President Chiang's outstanding merits reached its peak due to his eight years of leadership in the victory of the War of Resistance. The victory of the Sino-Japanese War has made China html from Since the Opium War , the state of " semi-colonial " that was eroded by the great powers has become one of the five world powers alongside the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union. "
Former Chairman of the Presidium of the National Congress and liberal intellectual Hu Shi 1935 article stated: Mr. Chiang Kai-shek is indeed qualified to be a leader of a country today. This is not because he is the most powerful, and the most powerful person may not be able to be the leader of a country. His qualifications are exactly what Mr. Qian said, "The progress has been made in recent years." He has grown: his temperament has become wider and his attitude has become peaceful. His views may be wrong, and his measures may be unsatisfactory, but people gradually admit that he is not selfish and does not seek benefits for one party and one sect. In the past few years, people across the country have gradually felt that he was always working hard, straightening his shoulders to carry the burden, working hard without hesitation, not avoiding complaints and slander, and "can abide by the demands of dissidents and respecting the views of dissidents." In this country without leadership talent education, such a person who can improve with experience must of course be gradually recognized by the Chinese people.
Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Shi
former Northeast Army Young Marshal Zhang Xueliang criticized Jiang in his oral history, saying: Mr. Jiang, I criticize him, he needs a chance, he can really be the emperor. His thoughts were very stubborn. The old thoughts were not contemporary thoughts. Chiang Ching-kuo was different. So I can say that after arriving in Taiwan, if it weren't for Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek would have gone, and now there is no more. Zhang said: Chiang Kai-shek has no central idea, his central idea is himself. He originally respected Mr. Jiang very much, but later he did not respect it because Mr. Jiang was completely self-centered. "The visitor mentioned: "We have seen a lot of books in the Columbia Library, which is about Mr. Jiang's contribution to Taiwan. Zhang: "That's probably written by the Kuomintang. If you want to say that Chiang Ching-kuo has made contributions to Taiwan, I admit it.
What contribution did Mr. Jiang make? Zhang believes that Jiang is an opportunistic comprador , easy to brag, for example, Jiang Chang said; he was prepared for a few years (counterattack), and succeeded in a few years, and was untrustworthy to the people. Zhang also said that after the Xi'an Incident, Jiang published "The Story of Chairman Jiang Xi'an Half Monthly"; "It's all fake", but in fact, Jiang asked Wendan Chen Bulei to be new in Hangzhou in February 1937 The new hotel has a room and made up the manuscript. Zhang wrote in his diary that under the surveillance of spies Liu Yiguang , he did not dare to say hello when he met an acquaintance. He was in a bad mood, so it would be better to "catch a poem".
does not get close to people Jiang or Jiang did not like, Chen Cheng dares to reuse, and Jiang also let it go. Chen Cheng uses talents based on talents, regardless of hometown or faction. For example, in the 1930s, he once wooed opposition to Jiang. As long as he is good at fighting and has talent, including Tang Shengzhi General Liu Xing and html l2 Feng Yuxiang Sun Lianzhong, Guangdong Xue Yue , Wu Qiwei, etc. Jiang and Chen Cheng were also very courteous to intellectual figures, and were kind to Hu Shi, Jiang Menglin , Mei Yiqi , Fu Sinian , and Wang Shijie.
Later years, Chiang Kai-shek
in Taiwan, because of his dictatorship, the responsibility for dealing with the White Terror and the 228 incident, It has been criticized a lot. After Taiwan’s lifting the strictness, Taiwanese people’s personal worship of Chiang gradually faded. The contemporary Taiwanese people’s evaluation of Chiang is polarized according to their political stance: some supporters respect and support the maintenance of Chiang’s bronze statues, and some even transformed Chiang into a temple’s sacred god, such as Hsinchu Tianhong Palace and Chiang Gong’s Gratitude Hall in Qijin. The de-Chenghua movement was booming in the 2000s. Some scholars reviewed what role Chiang played in the 228th incident and white terror, and pursued transformation justice. Some people even publicly disliked him, and occasionally destroyed bronze statues, and even deliberately expressed political demands by destroying bronze statues.Especially on the February 28th anniversary of each year, there are countless bronze statues in various places in Chiang Kai-shek being graffitied and destroyed by independent groups or individuals. In the "Biography of Chiang Kai-shek" co-authored by Wang Rongzu and Li Ao , it is believed that Chiang is not a competent military leader. As the principal of the Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang was an incompetent military strategist and was lacking in tactical aspects, so he had a very low evaluation of Chiang Kai-shek.
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