In ancient China's state governance was a process of power game between dynasties and local societies, and order was the manifestation or result of power game. Through competition, cooperation and conflict between the central government and local governments, the government and the public have shaped the system, organization, structure, mechanism and other order forms of the state and society. It can be said that "power" and "order" constitute the main contents of national governance and local society.
On September 24, 2022, the "National Governance and Local Society" workshop was held in the form of an online meeting with the theme of "Ancient Chinese Power and Order". The workshop is hosted by Shanghai Normal University Chinese History Discipline and co-organized by Shanghai History Society , key innovation team for digital human resource construction and research. More than 30 experts and scholars from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , Beijing Normal University , Shandong University , Central China Normal University , Northwestern University , Jilin University , Anhui University , Capital Normal University , Shandong Normal University , Jilin Normal University , Anhui Normal University , Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences , Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences , " Jiangxi Social Sciences " editorial department and Shanghai Normal University attended the workshop.
opening ceremony was hosted by Professor Chen Dawei of Shanghai Normal University. Professor Yu Gang of Shanghai Normal University pointed out in his speech that there were three surprises in this workshop. First, the participation was high, and the scholars attended came from all over the country; second, the topic selection pointed to the academic frontier and had a strong sense of problem; third, the research was in-depth and innovative. The workshop will become a platform for academic exchanges for young scholars, colliding with academic sparks to help discipline construction and the growth of young scholars. I hope that everyone will uphold the "spirit of independence and freedom" advocated by Mr. Chen Yinke , and promote academic development and prosperity through continuous academic exchanges.
In thematic report session, eight speakers published their respective research results on the theme of "Power and Order in Ancient China". Sun Jiulong of Jilin University, Xue Hongbo of Jilin Normal University, Chen Lei of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Liu Xiaoman of Capital Normal University, Yu Hui of Jiangxi Social Sciences, Xu Chang of Beijing Normal University, Zhang Yuhai of Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences, and Liu Li of Shanxi Normal University serves as commentators.
The theme of Zhao Yuping's report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences is "Dunhuang Divine Examination - centered on Dunhuang's "Dianyou" essay in the late Tang and Five Dynasties". Through the analysis of the Dunhuang manuscript S.4474 "Dianyou" 第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一第一�
commentator pointed out that the article is based on the new historical material "Tianyou" in Dunhuang document "Tianyou" in Dunhuang. It carefully interprets the "Tianyou" in the four parts of "Tianyou" in the meaning of "Tianyou" in the meaning of "Tianyou" in the Tao, sighing virtue, temple and solemnity. The argument is relatively sufficient, but it still needs to further enrich the research on the relationship between Buddhism and justice. At the same time, the basis for the existence of God's judgment, the earliest cases of God's judgment in ancient China, etc. were discussed.
Yang Rui's report from Central China Normal University is "Together to Peace: An Analysis of the Distribution of Zhicao Furui by Emperor Zhenzong of Song during the Dazhong Xiangfu Period." The report analyzed the several distributions of "Taishan Zhicao" obtained by Song Zhenzong in the past three years, and examined the political and religious reasons reflected in this top-down and nationwide distribution of Zhicao Furui. This political propaganda method that integrates the three religions aims to achieve the purpose of strengthening the legitimacy of the regime and the personal authority of the monarch.
commentator pointed out that the article is rich in historical materials, and uses detailed information to demonstrate the article's views, and has a more comprehensive and systematic explanation of the problem. The article structure layout and expression of the article, such as "Together to Peace" in the title of the article, the introduction and processing of the academic history review part, etc. were discussed and analyzed.
Wang Jing's report theme of Northwestern University is "The Book of Disasters and Disasters in the Early Tang Dynasty: Centered on the service documents in Tomb No. 61, Astana".The report centered on the service-based documents in Tomb No. 61, and examined the basic situation of the documents issued in Tomb No. 61, the famous books of Kan Luo□, etc., the nature of the famous books of Tian Fengluo, and the notes of the previous famous books, and the notes of the bad subjects, thus analyzing the basic steps of the bad subjects. The article uses this group of bad documents to discuss the relationship between the official service, sex service, , and miscellaneous service in the early Tang Dynasty.
commentator pointed out that the issue of the chronological limit of this group of documents is a meaningful attempt. Through detailed explanations, multiple clues are verified by each other, and the argumentation process is reasonable and well-founded and has strong persuasive power. This article is an advancement of existing document research and has certain academic value of . The article is highly academically innovative, supplements the documentary materials and puts forward new insights. And the issue of whether the erotic service is an independent service species and the structure and layout of the article were discussed.
The theme of Guo Ruijun's report at Anhui University is "Family care for widowed women in Huizhou in the Qing Dynasty". The report centered on the Qing Dynasty Huizhou family division contract documents, and systematically studied the pension problem of widowed women in Huizhou. It conducted an in-depth analysis on the type of assets, the source of assets and the proportion of assets of widowed women in their family pension during their lifetime, and the arrangements for the affairs behind widowed women. It explored the pension security of widowed women in Huizhou in the Qing Dynasty from four aspects: the contract itself, all witnesses and participants except the parties, punishment for breach of contract, and the protection of clans.
commentator pointed out that the article is refined and deepened based on previous research, and has a novel perspective on topic selection. It is also a concern for current social problems and has practical significance. The article studies the issue of widowed mothers as a group study, and needs to consider this group characteristics, as well as the basis and significance of selecting widowed women to support their elderly care. In the document of the separation, there are situations such as father, mother, or parents who are both presided over the separation. These three situations can be compared and analyzed. At the same time, issues such as the correspondence between the word "oldering" and the content of the article were discussed.
Zheng Hongxiang's report from Northwestern University is "The Rheology of Geshuhan's Historical Image in the Lost of Tongguan". The report takes the key figure in Tongguan's fall as the research object, focusing on sorting out the subtle differences between the characters in historical records from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, and analyzes the attitudes of future generations towards people and their affairs from four levels: the recovery of the incident of Geshuhan's fall in Tongguan, the reflection on the situation of Tongguan in Tang Dynasty, the ups and downs of the fate of pseudo-officials, and the retelling of the Song people's rebellion of Geshuhan's behavior.
commentator pointed out that we can start from the perspective of the game between imperial power and monarchy in the Tang and Song dynasties, grasp the institutional background of the Tang and Song dynasties that have profound contrasts on this issue, and explore the deep reasons why historians represent interest groups to adopt different narratives on historical events. Or expand the analysis of Geshuhan alone to relevant group research, and the article's perspective will be larger and more persuasive. At the same time, we should pay attention to the problem of the lack of evidence in historical research, as well as the relevant historical records such as "not being conserved" and "losing" worth further analysis.
The topic of the report by Yang Xiaoyi of Shanghai Normal University is "Judicial Experience and Official Journey of People from Law College in the Tang Dynasty". The report takes those from a legal profession as the research object, focusing on the particularity of such officials and the cultivation of legal talents in the Tang Dynasty. Combining the Tang Dynasty’s documents, epitaphs, unearthed documents, etc., taking "judicial experience" and "official profession" as research clues, discussing the characteristics and differences of the official profession of those from a legal profession, and analyzing the impact of the judicial experience of officials on their future careers.
commentator pointed out that the topic selection of the article is worthy of recognition and sufficient materials, so you can carefully sort it out again and summarize the rules. The impact of judicial experience in the article on the career journey can be verified in depth. The differences in the transfer experiences of officials from legal professions and ordinary officials from other professions in the Tang Dynasty can be analyzed in the article. At the same time, the structure layout, chart quotations, and some expressions of the article were discussed.
The topic of the report by Li Yin of Shanghai Normal University is "Examination of Dunhuang Edition "Biancai and Tutoring".The report reviewed the author information of "Biancai Tutor", verified its writing date, copying and circulating path, and analyzed the writing characteristics of "Biancai Tutor". The report believes that the book and distribution of "Breaking the Talent Family Tutoring" is not only due to the vigorous development of tutoring works in the Central Plains dynasty, but also caters to the popular Buddhist beliefs in Dunhuang. "Biancai and Family Tutoring" is an important portrayal of the cultural connection between the Han area of the Central Plains and the Dunhuang region.
commentator pointed out that the report presumed the time when the "Biancai Tutor" was published, which is the innovation of the article. As for the structure and layout of the article, you should pay attention to the authentication logic of the article during the narrative process, from the surface to the inside. At the same time, some of the expressions of the report, such as the title and summary, were discussed.
The topic of Chen Siyan's report at Shanghai Normal University is "The Myth of "Qianlong Imperial Acupuncture and Moxibustion of the Bronze Man" and the Construction of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Ordinary Order". The report starts from examining the identity of "Qianlong's Imperial Acupuncture Bronze Man" and discusses its historical environment as it is regarded as a precious cultural relic and the process of becoming a treasure in the museum. It presents the complex aspects of the development of traditional Chinese medicine such as the reinvention of acupuncture and acupuncture bronze man, the construction of the unified order of medical history.
commentator pointed out that the article is highly readable and logical, and the content is based on solid historical evidence, mainly based on historical materials, and is characterized by deciphering the threads and cocoons, with a strong sense of problem and very sufficient argumentation. The article solves the problem of artificial time and motivation for acupuncture copper, but further inference can be made about the problem of manufacturing subject. In addition, the specifications of the medical revision books involved in the article can be appropriately supplemented to prove it, which is more convincing.
During the discussion session, six interviewees shared their views on the issues involved in the eight reports.
Song Xuechun of Shanghai Normal University pointed out that research must return to the text, judge from the information disclosed in the text itself, and consolidate the text information in order to conduct the next step of research more effectively. Regarding the judgment of the author of "Biancai Family Tutoring", such manuscripts retained in the folk are not clear in the direction of information, so the author's judgment is highly flexible, and there are many ideas, all of which are reasonable. "Biancai Tutoring" has its own characteristics. It can be compared with similar tutors to find its specific nature, and can explore the similarities and similarities of similar documents, thereby discussing the social background and educational orientation at that time.
Wang Ping of Shandong Normal University starts from her research field and concerns, from the issue of sexual service in the Tang Dynasty, and think of labor service in the Qin and Han Dynasties, whether there is a connection between the two, and whether labor service is listed as a type of labor service in the Qin and Han Dynasties. There are many and detailed records about corvee levies in the Tang Dynasty documents, such as name, assignment method, determination of corvee staff, etc., but no more specific materials were found in the corvee labour issue during the Qin and Han Dynasties. So, are such detailed documents also present in the Qin and Han Dynasties?
Wen Junping, Institute of China Frontier, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out that although the research fields and periods are different, there are still common points in research methods. As for topic selection, research on the history of the Qin and Han dynasties can also be tried, such as the issue of elderly care for widowed women in Huizhou and the official career of those from law colleges. They can be studied and discovered in the history of the Qin and Han dynasties. From Xia, Shang, Zhou and Ming and Qing dynasties, there were relatively broad and broad divine judgments in all eras. At the same time, the issue of mutual verification of unearthed documents and handed down documents was also mentioned on the issue of poor academic records in the Tang Dynasty.
Anhui Normal University Zhou Ying pointed out that regarding the issue of Song Zhenzong's distribution of Zhicao Furui during the Dazhong Xiangfu period, Zhou Ying pointed out that if Zhicao is related to the legality construction of the Zhenzong regime, what role did local social forces play in this incident? Will Zhicao, as auspicious, become a link to strengthen the relationship between the central and local governments at this time? The issue of the legitimacy of the Zhenzong regime reflected in this incident itself can be further thought and explored from the perspective of local society.
Shandong Normal University Tian Yijing pointed out that the source of historical materials is very important when examining the records of a single event in different periods. Comparing the records of the same event at different periods, historical records and historical reality are at a certain distance.Historical books are the product of the writers of history books adding personal subjective consciousness. The objectivity of writing will be affected by factors such as historical materials, historians' aesthetic preferences, political stance, value judgment, personal business ability, as well as various factors such as the level of productivity development, political environment, social ideology, , and historical traditions at that time.
From the research perspective and research methods, Wang Yuxing of Shandong University believes that the article "The Changes of Geshuhan's Historical Image in the Tongguan Lost Incident" uses historical writing and textual research to sort out the whole story of Geshuhan's image evolution and Tongguan Lost Incident. "The Myth of "Qianlong's Imperial Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Bronze Man" and the Construction of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Ordinary Order" starts from the perspective of medical history and is also a hot research in recent years. The article has realistic concerns. It is also pointed out that unearthed documents reflect the social conditions of one place and are very local. It is necessary to upgrade materials with local characteristics and combine them with central government and national governance, that is, the combination of micro materials and macro conclusions. The closing ceremony of the
workshop was academically summarized by Dai Jianguo. Dai Jianguo pointed out that there were eight papers submitted in this workshop, covering multiple fields such as history, social history, economic history, legal history, , and medical history. The article may take a documentary as an example, place it in social and historical coordinates for investigation, provide in-depth interpretation, and explore its social functions and social values. Or by sorting out historical facts, examining and analyzing, we can draw innovative conclusions. Or through social appearances, dig deeper and reveal the trajectory of the times hidden behind the appearances. The papers at the conference are highly empirical, and long-term historical investigations are not limited to a certain period, which broadens the research horizons. The paper adopts interdisciplinary cross-disciplinary research, extracts research methods and results from different disciplines, integrates and expands the research field. The experts and scholars at the meeting spoke enthusiastically, and their comments were very strong. They checked the articles and put forward valuable and pertinent opinions, which was to the point, which was very beneficial for young scholars to further polish the papers. Holding a workshop to focus on a certain topic and provide young scholars with a discussion platform to show their research experiences so as to listen to different opinions and inspire ideas. It is of great value to strengthen academic exchanges and promote academic progress.
This workshop focuses on ancient Chinese power and order. It combines unearthed documents with handed down documents, involving political systems, social order, family life, etc., from macro-national governance to micro-family life, all of which were investigated. The scholars attending the meeting believe that research in different disciplines and eras has both commonality and speciality. The mutual exchanges will help deepen the understanding of related issues and promote academic development.
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