In 214 BC, Qin Shihuang finally conquered Nanyue and set up three counties: Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangjun. At present, there are two views about the location of Xiangjun, Guangxi and Jiaozhi. So who is the correct two views?

In 214 BC, Qin Shihuang finally conquered Nanyue and set up three counties: Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangjun. Nanhai County is located in Guangdong, with the county seat located in Guangzhou; Guilin County is located in Guangxi, with the county seat located in Guiping County; but there is no clear record of the specific location of Xiang County. Since the Qin Dynasty had only five years of rule in the South Vietnamese region, it was difficult to find evidence in archaeology. At present, there are two views about the location of Xiangjun, Guangxi and Jiaozhi. So who is the correct two views?

1, is Xiangjun in Jiaozhi or Linchen?

"Records of the Grand Historian: The Annals of Qin Shihuang" describes the territory of the Qin Dynasty. " reaches the sea and Korea in the east, to Lintao and Qiangzhong in the west, to in the south, to the north, to the river in the north, and to the Yinshan to Liaodong. " It can be seen that the north-facing Hu is the southernmost end of the Qin Dynasty. Northbound means places where windows may open north during the year, which are south of the Tropic of Cancer. The Tropic of Cancer crosses Guangxi and central Guangdong, so this range is only a rough idea.

After the Han Dynasty unified Nanyue, Sunan County was set up in central Vietnam. The so-called Sunan means northward. "Han Shu Geography" explains that " says it is south of the sun, so-called opening a northern door to the sun. " "Shui Jingzhu" further explains that "the area is built with eight feet of millet, and the sun shadow reaches eight inches south. Since then, the shadow is south of the sun, it is named as a county." In this way, the southernmost part of the Sun County is 17 degrees north latitude, which is in the Hue area today.

"Han Shu Geography" also records: "html on the 5th, Nanjun, so Xiangjun of Qin was opened in the sixth year of Yuanding of Emperor Wu, and was renamed ." If the "Han Shu Geography" is correct, then Xiangjun should have been in charge of the central area of ​​Vietnam. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Li Daoyuan wrote in "Shui Jing Notes" that "There is Xiang County in the Qin Dynasty in Pukou, and the ruins are still ", " Linyi Capital, and the governance... Xiang Linyi in Xiang County in the Qin and Han Dynasties is also ". According to this information, Xiangjun is Xianglin, which later came out of independence from China and established Chameng Kingdom.

In ancient times, literati from China and Vietnam basically recognized Xiangjun in Jiaozhi. Zhou Qufei of the Song Dynasty recorded in "The Annex to the Ridge and Baiyue Old Places": " Jiaozhi is Xiang County. Emperor Wu of Han... Lixiang County is three, called Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Sunnan. " Vietnam's historical book "Annan Zhiluo" also records "In ancient times, Nanjiao was named Yueshang, Qin was named Xiang County... Now Annan lives within the nine counties, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Sunnan."

Jiazhou County in the Han Dynasty

So why did there be controversy in modern times? It turns out that the content recorded in "Book of Han" is contradictory. "Book of Han: Maoling" says: " Xiangjun's jurisdiction is in the dust, and we go to Chang'an for 7,500 miles. " Lin Chen means that we want to be in Chongzuo. In 1916, French sinologist Ma Bo wrote "A Study of Xiangjun in Qin and Han Dynasties", which first proposed Xiangjun in Guangxi and Guizhou, which caused a sensation in the academic community.

Ma Bole presented three evidence. 1. "Shan Hai Jing·Hai Nei East Classic" records that " Yuanshui comes out of the west of Xiangjun, flows into the river in the east, goes into the west of Xia Rong, and joins the Dongting", "Yu River comes out of Xiangjun, and goes to the southwest of the South China Sea, and goes to the southeast of Xuling. " means "Shan Hai Jing" records that both Yuanjiang and Yujiang flow through Xiangjun; second, Chen Zan's notes "Han Shu·Gao Di Ji" quotes "Maoling": "Xiang County is in the dust, and goes to Chang'an 7,500 miles"; third, "Han Shu·Gao Di Ji" records that " Yuanfeng's fifth year...... Xiangjun is divided into Yulin and Yuhu ." That is, Xiangjun is only in the southern part of Guizhou and western Guangxi.

Another French sinologist, Erlusso, proposed 34 historical materials to oppose Ma Bole, but since Erlusso had no substantial evidence, the two disputes continued.

2, has the Linchen site been discovered in Guangxi?

After World War II, China and Vietnam both achieved national independence and began to revive. At this time, the dispute in Xiangjun became a dispute among scholars from China and Vietnam. In the Chinese historian community, people initially believed in the theory of Rinan. For example, Gu Jiegang's historical map and Guo Moruo's "Chinese History Map" both painted Xiangjun in Vietnam.But later, more and more scholars began to recognize Guangxi's theory. For example, Tan Qixiang's "Attachment of Chinese History" marked the county government of Xiang County in Chongzuo, and Tan Qixiang believed that this place was Linchen.

0 The Qin Dynasty territory map drawn by Tan Qixiang

After Tan Qixiang's territory appeared, many scholars felt that they did not understand. In 1984, Tan Qixiang went to the History Department of Guangxi Normal University to give an academic report. Mr. Qian Zongfan handed him a note to Tan Qixiang and asked him what the basis for painting Xiangjun in Guangxi was. Tan Qixiang replied in front of all the listeners: "The reasons for paintings in southern Qin Xiangjun in Guangxi are more sufficient in today's Guangxi, and of course this issue can be discussed."

I initially questioned Tan Qixiang very much, and I also wrote an article to explain that Xiangjun is in the Jiaozhi area. However, the more I studied and thought, the more I found that Linchen's statement made more reasonable.

The Qin Dynasty was very short-lived and could not fully control the Lingnan region. The Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangjun set up by Qin were the three major military bases of the Qin Dynasty here. There were only military and political affairs but no civil affairs, and only county magistrates but no county magistrates. These strongholds are then communicated with the mainland through water transportation routes and are replenished. The vast forests and mountains are still occupied by the Ou Yue people, and they are in a state of confrontation with the Qin army. The Qin Dynasty could only rely on its strongholds to immigrate and gradually devour the land of Ouyue. Unfortunately, the Qin Dynasty soon perished, and the Nanyue and Han dynasties continued their careers.

Pearl River water system

Therefore, the three counties and counties can only be at the forefront of waterway traffic. The Qin Dynasty conquered Lingnan mainly relied on Lingqu. The opening of Lingqu provided a steady stream of supplies to the three counties. Among them, Nanhai County is located at the mouth of the Pearl River, which is the throat that controls the entire Lingnan; Guilin County is located above the main stream of the Xijiang River, which is convenient for ensuring smooth grain transportation.

Linchen is located above Zuojiang, and Zuojiang is a tributary of the Yujiang River, and Yujiang is also a tributary of the Xijiang River. In the dust, it is a water transport throat. In ancient times, the only water transport route to enter the Honghe Delta in Guangxi was to go upstream from Zuojiang. The area from Guangxi to Jiaozhi is separated by 100,000 mountains, and there is no river to directly communicate with the Honghe Plain. Dust is a key to water transportation. The Qin Dynasty set up Xiangjun in Linchen, and its purpose was naturally to survive the Honghe Plain.

Lingnan Sanjun

In 2008, a western archaeological team conducted archaeological excavations on the ancient slope site of Huashan in Longchuan County, and discovered the Han Dynasty ancient tomb group, a batch of copper axes, copper spears, copper basins, copper bowls, Han tiles, etc. were unearthed, and an ancient city site was also discovered. This is the first time that such a large-scale Han Dynasty ruins were discovered in southwestern Guangxi. The burial customs of these ancient tomb groups are not consistent with the safety of the cliff cave burials of the ancient Yue people, which shows that they are urban ruins created by the Central Plains people.

Xiangjun in the Qin Dynasty only lasted for five years and was difficult to discover in archaeology. Xiangjun, which was once set up for a period of time in the Han Dynasty, may not be completely consistent in the jurisdiction of the two, but in general, there should be an inheritance relationship.

3, Xiangjun is so remote, who is it to deal with?

As mentioned above, Xiangjun is set up in Linchen, and this is the southwest corner of Guangxi, and it is not convenient to manage most areas. However, the three counties in Lingnan are all military bases, and their military functions are stronger than their management functions. Xiangjun was not set up to manage the western part of Guangxi, but to continue the southern expedition. Judging from the map, Xiangjun is at the bridgehead for Guangxi to advance towards the Honghe Delta, so the direction of the Qin Dynasty's expedition was Jiaozhi. Who was hindering the Qin Dynasty at that time?

Legend, the earliest country in Vietnam was the Wenlang Kingdom, and this "Wenlang" is also the "Wang's tattoo". The tattoo means the hair cut off the tattoo, and the wolf is the totem symbol. Wenlang is a branch of Baiyue and has not actually entered the national stage.

During the Warring States Period, Qin State destroyed Shu, and his prince Pan led some of his tribesmen to Vietnam, conquered Wenlang, and established Ouluo State. Let’s analyze this Ou Luo. Ou is the branch of Baiyue, most of the Guangxi area is Xiou, and most of the Fujian area is Dongou. Luo is actually Luo, and it is also the branch of Baiyue, which is Luo Yue. Ouluo is actually a combination of Xiou and Luoyue.

According to the records of "Huainanzi·Human Examination", Qin Shihuang sent " Wei Tu Ju to send 500,000 soldiers to the five armies... After three years of unarmored crossbows, the supervisor could not transfer salary; he also used the soldiers to dig a canal to open the food road, and to fight with the Yue people, killing Xiyoujun to translate the Song Dynasty; and the Yue people all entered the bush and flocked with animals, and were unwilling to be the Qin enemy, and they set Jie Jun as the general, and attacked the Qin people at night, defeated them, killed Wei Tu Ju, and buried the corpse and bleeding hundreds of thousands, so they set off to prepare for it. " It can be seen that a large-scale war broke out between the Qin Dynasty and Ouyue, and they sacrificed a lot.

Then, the Qin Dynasty sent Ren Xiao as the main general and launched a war against Ouyue. Finally, it conquered Xiou and established Guilin County and Xiang County. After that, Ren Xiao served as the Nanhai Wei, Zhao Tuo served as the magistrate of Longchuan County, and Zhao Tuo was stationed on the front line. In 210 BC, Ren Xiao was preparing to launch a war against Ouluo, but died before he could take action. After that, Zhao Tuo inherited his career and set off a war against Ouluo Kingdom.

Qinzheng Baiyue

This war was not going well. Due to the superb archery skills of the Ouluo people, Zhao Tuo suffered losses in his troops and generals. Later, this story gradually evolved into a legend. "Jiaozhou Foreign Region Records" records: "After , the king of Nanyue, Wei Tuo, led all the people to attack the King of Anyang. The King of Anyang had a name named Wang Tong, and the subordinate assisted him. He controlled a divine crossbow for the King of Anyang, and killed three hundred people with one shot. Later, Zhao Tuo and King Anyang married Pingjiang as the border, but where Pingjiang was no longer verified. Later, after the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Zhao Tuo became king and established the Nanyue Kingdom. During the Nanyue Kingdom, Zhao Tuo destroyed the Ouluo Kingdom.

Qin Dynasty administrative division map

In recent decades, Vietnam has made great achievements in archaeology and discovered that the bronze culture of the Red River Delta is related to the Sanxingdui culture. In 1954, Mr. Feng Hanji conducted archaeology in the Red River Delta and discovered the "ship coffin". This "ship coffin" was also found in many places in Sichuan, and it was before the Qin Dynasty destroyed Shu. A Hu-Wu Shu-style spear was unearthed in northern Vietnam, which was a weapon originating from the Chengdu Plain. It appeared in the early Warring States Period. After Qin destroyed Shu, it disappeared, which shows that it was unique to the ancient Shu Kingdom. In 2006, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology jointly conducted archaeology in Vietnam. This time, a jade halberd that was almost the same as Sanxingdui was unearthed.

Sanxingdui Yuzhang

Through a series of archaeological discoveries, people can basically confirm that the early bronze culture in northern Vietnam was established by the ancient Shu people migrated south, so there is archaeological evidence for the existence of Ou Luo Kingdom. Combined with the records of various historical materials, we can confirm that there was indeed Ouluo State on the Honghe Plain at that time. The country was not conquered by Zhao Tuo until the fall of Qin, so it did not belong to Qin Xiang County.