Chongqing is abbreviated as "Yu", also known as Jiangcheng. It is a famous historical and cultural city. It has a history of three thousand years since its establishment since Ba Kingdom . The history of Chongqing’s urban development has experienced four large-scale constructions of Qin Zhang Yi , Shu Han Li Yan , Southern Song Peng Daya and Ming Daiding, and finally formed the main urban development pattern before the opening of the old Chongqing city, as shown in the figure below.
▲The urban pattern after the evolution of Chongqing city in the middle of the Qing Dynasty
The history of Chongqing’s urban development has experienced two related and different development processes: One is the urbanization process from the city to the city. During this process, four large-scale constructions of Qin Zhangyi, Shu Han Li Yan, Southern Song Peng Daya, and Ming Daiding were experienced. The city developed from the river to the cross-river, which initially laid the foundation for today’s Chongqing city pattern. Another is the modernization process of the city, which began in the 17th year of the Guangxu period (1891). After the construction of the wartime capital of the Anti-Japanese War and the central city in the southwest region in the early stage of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing City developed from crossing the river to group formation, and the urban spatial pattern was finally formed. Through the development of these two processes, Chongqing's urban functions have become more and more perfect, urban civilization has become increasingly developed, and the role and status of the city are becoming increasingly important. Today, we will introduce the first urbanization evolution process in Chongqing.
The first city to build Yicheng Jiangzhou
Chongqing City is located at the confluence of Jialing River and Yangtze River . It is surrounded by water on three sides like a peninsula, and looks like an autumn leaf. There is a poem that says: "The leaves float and sink to the Bazi Kingdom, and the double rivers are surrounded by Futu Pass", which is telling the location and shape of Chongqing city.
Chongqing City began when King Wu of Zhou led the Ba people to destroy Zhou, and he appointed Zi "Ba" as the country of Bazi. The capital of the country was first established in Zhi (now Fuling), and later moved to Jiangzhou (now Yuzhong District ), becoming the capital of Ba. "Shui Jing Notes": Jiangzhou County , so it is the capital of Bazi. But there is no record of the time when the Ba State founded Jiangzhou, and we have no way to find out. When the capital was built in Jiangzhou, whether there were only villages surrounded by fences in the city, and whether there were city walls (earth walls) built, there were no records in history books, and no archaeological discoveries. But it is safe to say that there was a city in Jiangzhou back then. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the size of a "country" was measured by "city". The transfer of interests between "country" and "country" (such as the defeated country cedes the city to the victorious country) was based on "city". Ba Manzi asked Chu State to send troops to quell the civil strife, and he once "promulgated three cities". Jiangzhou is located in the hinterland of Ba State and has become a capital city. It is unimaginable that there is no "city". However, even if Jiangzhou built a city at that time, it would definitely be very small.
In the fifth year of King Shenliang (316 BC), King Hui of Qin sent Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo to attack Bashu and "hold the king to return." Zhang Yi was the famous 新方新方新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新� After destroying the Ba Kingdom, he knew the importance of Jiangzhou and immediately ordered the construction of a city, known in history as "Yicheng Jiangzhou". Therefore, Chongqing City really has a "city" that can be verified and verified. Zhang Yi has built a city for more than two thousand years, and his ruins are no longer available.
According to relevant experts, there are 5 different statements in the historical community about the location of Jiangzhou. One is that it has been said in Jiangbei, the second is that Qin is on the peninsula, the Han is on the peninsula, the third is that the Qin and Han peninsula, the Jiangbei Shuangcheng, the fourth is that Qin and Western Han are on the peninsula, Eastern Han are on the peninsula, and the fifth is that Zhang Yi builds the city on the peninsula. Therefore, the current statement about the city in this period is more referenced to earlier ancient books such as "Huayang Guozhi ∙ Bazhi" and "Shui Jingzhu". Many scholars believe that the material is more feasible. Some scholars have made some reasoning based on the distribution of tombs from the Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties excavated by Jiangbei and Yuzhong and combined with relevant documents. Therefore, it is necessary to explain this history of city building clearly, and a large amount of historical materials and archaeology are needed to support it.
The second time Li Yan Dacheng was built
During the Three Kingdoms period, Shu Han not only faced the threat of Cao Wei in the north, but also the threat of Sun Wu in the east. For Cao Wei, Zhuge Liang adopted a strategy of attack as defense; for Sun Wu, he could only make peace and take the defensive. When Sun Wu wanted to attack Shu, he could only go up the Yangtze River. Jiang Pass located in Kuimen is of course important. Liu Bei failed to attack Wu , Lu Xun attacked Shu as if it was unstoppable, but he could only fight outside Qutang Gorge , and sighed as he watched Liu Bei entrusting the orphan in Baidi City.
In the fourth year of Jianxing in Shu Han (226), the capital of the capital Li Yan was in Jiangzhou. He returned to the city for sixteen miles and wanted to pass through the back mountain of the city. He opened water from the Wenjiang River (now the Yangtze River) and entered the Bajiang River (now the Jialing River), making the city a prefecture (continent), so that the five counties could establish Bazhou... to build Canglong and Baihumen, and to have cities in each county and county." This is the earliest Chongqing city scale data recorded. According to the latest conversion, it can be seen that the city siege was about 6,640 meters at that time, including three small cities: County, County and Cangcheng. Since the city built by Li Yan is a big city, Li Yan's previous siege should be smaller than this data. The southern line of this city ranges from Chaotianmen to Nanjimen. The northern line extends from Xiaoshizi along the current Xinhua Road to Jiaochangkou area, which is the lower half of the city, with an area of about 3.5 square kilometers. At the same time, Li Yan also planned to dig out the Fotu Pass behind the city to form an isolated island in Jiangzhou. This may be because Li Yan had his own political selfishness and was also convenient for competing with Zhuge Liang.
Li Yan's plan to build a city was submitted to the court and approved, but after Zhuge Liang discovered Li Yan's selfishness, he transferred him from Jiangzhou and later demoted him to a commoner. Later, Deng Zhi, the governor of Jiangzhou, actually moved the prefecture from Jiangzhou City to Tongluoxia (now near Tangjiatuo). Perhaps it was to eliminate the suspicion of Liu Chan and the court ministers, right?
For thousands of years after Li Yan built the city, Jiangzhou was renamed Jingzhou , Chuzhou, Bazhou, Yuzhou , Kongzhou , until it was renamed Chongqing. During this period, the county and prefectures belonged to lower counties, prefectures and lower counties. It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that Chongqing's status began to rise, and there was no record of building a city during this period. Despite this, Chongqing is a "city" after all, and it is the location of county and prefecture. All dynasties may have repaired the city walls and towers left by the previous dynasties. It may be "tear of the headache to treat the head and feet" or "demolition of the east wall to repair the west wall", but it is impossible to see the city walls and towers of the previous dynasty damaged and collapsed without even asking about it, and stand by. Such repair projects are available in every city, so there is no need to record them or not in history books.
The third time Peng Daya scrambled to build Chongqing city
In the Song Dynasty, with the continuous improvement of the political status of Ba County (Yuzhou), and the development of the region's agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, the increasing prosperity of the industry and commerce of the Zhoufucheng. Yuzhou (Chongqing Prefecture ) developed from a city centered on politics and military to a city centered on politics, military, economy and culture, and the political and military functions that had been lost gradually returned.
Northern Song Dynasty During the Qingli period (1041-1048), the Kuizhou Road Trip Criminal Division was moved from Wanzhou (now Wanzhou District) to Yuzhou; in the 16th year of Chunxi, the Southern Song Dynasty, Gongzhou was promoted to Chongqing Prefecture; in the third year of Jiaxi (1239), the Sichuan Pacification and Control Department was established in Chongqing Prefecture; in the second year of Chunyou (1242), the Sichuan Pacification and Control Department was transferred to Chongqing Prefecture, and the following year, the Sichuan Pacification and Control Department was appointed Yu Jie, the Sichuan General Leadership Finance and the Kuizhou Road Transport Envoy, and concentrated Sichuan's major political, military, financial, judicial and other institutions in Chongqing. With its economic strength, Chongqing once again became the military and political and economic center of Sichuan's eastern Sichuan region.
The improvement of the traffic status, the "Chuanxia Fourth Road" in the Song Dynasty was still mainly waterways. The Yangtze River, Minjiang water systems, the Jialing River, Fujiang water systems were still the transportation arteries of Sichuan waterways at that time, and the circulation of goods also passed through waterways. Chongqing Prefecture was at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River, which promoted the improvement of its economic status and also brought about the improvement of its political status.
In the second year of Duanping (1235), the Yuan army invaded Song and captured Chengdu. The Song army had to retreat to defend east and south of Sichuan. If the east of Sichuan is lost, the Yuan army can go down the Yangtze River and destroy the Southern Song Dynasty. Under this dangerous situation, in the second year of Jiaxi of the Southern Song Dynasty (1238), Peng Daya served as deputy envoy of Sichuan and prefect of Chongqing.
In the summer of the third year of Jiaxi (1239), the Mongolian army launched a large-scale attack on the Dongchuan area. After dealing with the Mongolian attack by Zhu Er's troops, Peng Daya resolutely decided to "brush through thorns and take arrows and stones" at all costs to build Chongqing city defense. Peng Daya personally robbed the construction of Chongqing City by "surrendering thorns and catching arrows and stones". With the opposition of subordinates, the court suspicion, and the attacks of political enemies, the project was finally completed in the fourth year of Jiaxi (1240). After the construction of Chongqing City was completed, Peng Daya asked someone to set up a stone on the four gates, engraved on it: " Great Song Jiaxi Gengzi , the chief minister Peng Daya City Yu is the foundation of Shu."
This is the third time in Chongqing's history to build the city wall for defense needs. The western line has been moved from Daliangzi on the peninsula ridge line of Li Yan's old city to the current line of Linjiangmen and Tongyuanmen . The large area of gentle and flat areas north of the ridge line and the commanding heights west of the original city (now the water plant pool area) have been built into the city. The area of the city has been nearly twice as wide as that of Li Yan's old city. The city siege is about 7,000 meters, and the area within the city is about 4 square kilometers, which has initially laid the general scope of Chongqing City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some people say that Yuzhou City in the Song Dynasty may still be a rammed earth city, while others think it may be a stone city, so it is recorded that Dai Ding "built a stone city from the former site."
The fourth time I built the city with a seventeen gates
After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, Chongqing City was not rebuilt in the entire Yuan Dynasty, and even the Chongqing City built by Peng Daya may not have been repaired. However, the Yuan Dynasty was very short-lived. From the third year of Jingyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1278), the commander of the Song army, Zhao An, was in charge of the Sichuan commander and the prefect of Chongqing, to the seventeenth year of Zhizheng in the Yuan Dynasty (1357), Ming Yuzhen in the Ming Dynasty occupied Chongqing for less than 80 years. After the war at the end of the Song Dynasty, Chongqing and its surrounding areas were sparsely populated, and it seemed normal that Chongqing City had not been renovated.
Not long after Ming Yuzhen conquered Chongqing, she was supported by her subordinates and established the Daxia Kingdom. Ming Yuzhen was reigned for only a few years, and wars were frequent at that time, and the Daxia Kingdom was in financial difficulties. He was very sympathetic to the people and could not renovate Chongqing City.
In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1371), Tang and conquered Chongqing, continued the Western Expedition, and left Dai Ding to defend the city. Perhaps Tang He had instructed Dai Ding, as the commander of Chongqing's military, immediately built a large-scale construction and built a city. This is the fourth largest city building recorded in Chongqing's history. The scale and scope of the city built by Dai Ding are basically the same as that of the city built by Peng Daya, and are not much different. It is likely to be repaired, reinforced and improved. Of course, many new facilities have been built, especially the reconstruction and the construction of seventeen new city gates.
"The Record of Emperor Gao of Ming Taizu" records that November 2, 2018 (1373) Guimao: "The rebellion of Chongqing guarding Qianhu was the Chongqing Guard. At first, Wang Libao of Ba County caused rebellion and called Yingtian General. He burned Fotu Pass and attacked Tongyuan and Nanji Gate. Qianhu Zuofu rushed away. At that time, he established Wei Zhi and ordered Dai Ding to guard it."
According to this record, after pacifying the rebellion of Wang Libao, Dai Ding served as the commander of the reorganized Chongqing Guard. Before he built the city, there were already gates of Tongyuan Gate and Nanji Gate, which showed that Chongqing City had undergone major changes between Peng Daya and Dai Ding. This shows that Dai Ding "builds a stone city based on the former site" was built on the basis of Yu Jie's reinforcement and rebuilding of Chongqing City. 17 city gates have been set up, is open and eight is closed. It is 660 feet and seven feet per week, and the length of the city wall is 7722 meters. This is the fourth large-scale construction of a city in Chongqing's history.
After Dai Ding built Chongqing City, it experienced decades of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Yang Yinglong rebelled, She Chongming rebelled, Zhang Xianzhong entered Sichuan, Li Zicheng's remaining troops fought with the Qing army in and around Chongqing City, etc., decades of war caused the population of Chongqing City to plummet. Neither new construction nor large-scale repair of Chongqing City is possible. During this period, due to the war, the Chongqing City built by Dai Ding must have been damaged.In the first year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1662), after Chongqing was occupied by the Qing army, Sichuan Governor Li Guoying ordered the construction of the city wall, which was repaired to a length of 6 kilometers. In other words, the city wall repaired by Li Guoying accounts for more than 77% of the city walls built by Dai Ding. Li Guoying not only repaired it, but reinforced it. In some places, he added half a person-high guard wall, in some places, the battlements on the city wall, and in some places he even raised the city wall. Where did people come from to build these city walls? The population of Chongqing City itself has decreased a lot due to war. It is estimated that a large number of soldiers were used to build the city walls. Just like the construction of Chengdu-Chongqing Railway after 1949, more than 30,000 troops were used to build the road.
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