In June 1912, the governor of Xinjiang Yuan Dahua hurriedly returned east under the threat of the Mutiny in Dihua, and the military and political power in Xinjiang was grasped by Yang Zengxin . After Yang Zengxin ascended to the throne of the governor of Xinjiang, he was closed to the outside world, and he was foolish internally, but the province was quiet.
Yang Zengxin, a native of Mengzi, Yunnan, a political figure in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, a warlord in Xinjiang.
In 1924, Governor Yang suddenly became "enlightened" and he planned to start a shipping business in Xinjiang. After consultation with the Northwest Aviation Committee of the Republic of China Government, it was decided that the route will start from Shaanzhou, Henan, go through Weinan, Xi'an, Pingliang, Lanzhou and other places to Yili to connect to Central Asia, and start preparing to connect to Central Asia at Dihua , Wusu , Yili are trying to build a station for navigation.
In 1929, began to build airports in Dihua, Hami , Tacheng . At that time, Dihua Airport was built near Dongshan, which is just east of Nanliang in Urumqi, about 8 kilometers away from the East City Wall. It was called Eurasian Airport, and was later moved to Diwopu.
Hami Airport Built in Beishawo, which is 3 to 4 kilometers away from the county seat. On July 7, 1930, Yang Zengxin was shot and killed by Fan Yaonan at the first graduation ceremony of the Provincial Russian Language and Law School.
Minister of Political Affairs Jin Shuren Immediately after hearing the news, he took measures to arrest Fan Yaonan and others. At the suggestion of Foreign Affairs Minister Chen Jishan, Jin Shuren became the chairman of the provincial government.
In May 1931, Sino-German co-organized Eurasian Airlines was established. The two parties signed a postal transportation contract valid for ten years and raised 3 million yuan.First completed the first route from Shanghai via Beiping to Manzhouli , and the second route to Europe via Siberia .
Jin Shuren, from Yongjing, Gansu Province, was the political and military leader of Xinjiang Province during the period of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China, and served as the chairman and commander-in-chief of Xinjiang Province.
After the "September 18th Incident" , it was forced to stop sailing due to the occupation of the Northeast. At that time, Eurasian shipping was in urgent need of realization, and the Northeast problem could not be solved in the short term, so a third route was opened, namely the new Shanghai route.
The line starts from Shanghai and goes through Nanjing, Luoyang , Xi'an and other places to Tacheng on the Sino-Russian border. The route is barren and passenger mail is minimal. Especially in the west of Xi'an, the oil used in each terminal is transported to storage by the company itself, and there is no oil camel team of the company on the northwest road, which is expensive and low in income.
However, since the international route via Manchuria was blocked by the Japanese Kwantung Army's artillery fire, the Eurasian Airlines plan could not be realized, so it had to reluctantly open up this route.
The Shanghai-new route is 4,050 kilometers in length, and it takes three days and nights for a one-way flight. Regular flights take off from Shanghai and Tacheng at the same time every Tuesday at 7 am.
The fare from Shanghai to Dihua is 1130 yuan (old currency), and the fare to Tacheng is 1405 yuan. The models of Eurasia Airlines are the F-13, W-33, twin W-34 and TV-52 monoplanes manufactured by the German Juncker Aircraft Company.
On December 13, 1931, Eurasia Airlines decided that Chinese pilot Li Jingzong would fly the "Eurasia 1" passenger plane from Peiping, via Luoyang, Xi'an and other places, arrived at Dihua on December 22, and landed at Eurasia Airport superior.
China's earliest international airline, established in March 1931, headquartered in Shanghai. A joint venture between the National Government and Lufthansa.
At this point, the first plane appeared in the sky of the northwest desert.The successful test flight of the maiden flight opened up the air passage between Xinjiang and the mainland, and ushered in a new era of western aviation.
At that time, Tianjin's " Ta Kung Pao " once stated that this would be "a major event that can be remembered in the history of the Republic of China", and said that "the date of success of Northwest Airlines is the time when the national foundation is consolidated."
After Jin Shuren came to power, all kinds of social contradictions became increasingly intensified due to his actions, and the situation was turbulent. The warlord Ma Zhongying regrouped and entered Xinjiang again, Yaolebos , and Ganyaz and Ma Zhongying worked closely together to besiege Hami, an important town in eastern Xinjiang.
The wars come and go. Jin Shuren felt his seat wobbly and tried to develop military aviation to stabilize the political situation and maintain his shaky dominance.
In the first half of 1931, Jin Shuren ordered 10 old-fashioned military aircraft from the Soviet Union. Among them, 4 La-1 aircraft are used for reconnaissance and bombing, 4 U-2 trainers are used for bombing and shooting, and 2 are light passenger aircraft.
From the end of the year to the spring of the following year, the aircraft parts arrived one after another. The Soviet side transported the parts by car to Tacheng for entry, and then transported them to Dihua Diwopu Airport via Wusu. Professional and technical personnel also came to Dihua, lived in the Soviet consulate, and temporarily set up a shed at the airport to assemble the aircraft.
In October of the same year, the first and second aircraft were assembled. The inspection and test drive were good, and since then, the prelude to the history of military aviation in Xinjiang has been opened. When the residents of Dihua heard the news, they rushed to the airport to open their eyes.
Glass-2, originally called U-2, a multi-purpose biplane designed by the Soviet Polikarpov Design Bureau.
For the past few days, the road leading to the airport has been crowded with people coming and going, and the surrounding area of the parking shed has been crowded. This is probably the first time in Xinjiang's history. At the same time, Jin Shuren began to recruit troops to gather strength.
While hiring Soviet consultants, he went to the mainland to recruit aviation technicians. Through various channels, several flight and maintenance personnel were recruited from the Northeastern Army aviation team of Zhang Xueliang .
In the middle of winter this year, Li Xiaotian, Yao Xiong, Qiao Wancai, Zhang Xuzhi and others were brought to Dihua by Jin Shuren from Peiping and were given generous treatment. This is the first batch of aviation personnel in Xinjiang. Afterwards, Wang Zhen, Wang Yushan, Zhang Nianshao and others were successively invited from the mainland to form the backbone of the Xinjiang Airlines team.
In 1932, Hami was in an emergency, and Jin Shuren urgently sent a plane to help in the battle. After obtaining the consent of Consul Su, he sent Soviet pilots to fly to Hami with the No. 1 aircraft.
Order is good, things are difficult to achieve, the Gobi Gobi, the goal is hard to find. The Su pilot only sighed that the vertical visibility was poor, and that he was not familiar with the route landmarks when flying in a foreign country. As a result, it yawed to Balikun north of Hami, and the plane landed on the snow in the wilderness. An oil pipe cracked and the plane ran aground. The Russian young man was so anxious.
A few local onlookers did not understand his Russian, so he had to remove the broken oil pipe and take it to a repairman on the street. Finally, when he stopped in front of a tin shop, the people who followed him knew that he was going to weld. After welding, take it and put it on the plane, and then go back to the sky and return to Dihua.
Aircraft No. 1 returned and landed, and Jin Shuren was informed earlier. Jin Shuren was very unhappy when he heard that the Soviet pilot was just doing this in vain. Afterwards, he informed Li Xiaotian to help out quickly, and Li Xiaotian called the mechanic Zhang Xuzhi to accompany him.
Junkers nicknamed "Aunt Junker" or "Steel Anne"
This was Li Xiaotian's first flight over the West. He took off and circled over Dihua for a moment, then headed east. When he arrived in Hami, he looked down, but saw the rioting peasants tightly surrounding the lonely city. Li Xiaotian didn't want to hurt the peasants who rebelled, so he flew around the city a few times at a low altitude.
The motor was roaring and deafening for a while, and the sudden appearance of the divine soldier on this day made the people stunned and scattered. They didn't know what kind of weapon it was. The general of the Hami garrison sent the news to Dihua provincial capital by telecommunication, Jin Shuren was overjoyed.
During the Hami War, Jin Shuren tasted the sweetness of using aircraft to fight, and felt that the role of aircraft was too great, but he was not satisfied with the current recruitment of aviation personnel to maintain the status quo, not to mention that Li Xiaotian and others were all officers from the Northeast.
Jin Shuren wanted to create a group of pilots born and raised in Xinjiang, so he appointed Li Xiaotian as the director of the aviation department, and Li Xiaotian organized an aviation officer school.
In January 1932, a recruitment notice appeared on the streets of Dihua, and students from Dihua Middle School went to sign up out of curiosity. Twelve people including Wang Cong, Gao Jizhong, and Li Huanzhang were admitted.
In addition, four people including Sun Xuchang from the Xinjiang Army Military Academy were also sent to school. These 16 people formed the first flight class.
On March 1, 1932, the Xinjiang Aviation Military Academy was officially established, and the school was located outside the East Gate. Jin Shuren served as the principal, and Li Xiaotian was appointed as the head of the academic affairs section, in charge of all government affairs of the school.
Glass-2, originally called U-2, the aircraft is simple in structure and reliable in performance, and can be used for various purposes, such as agricultural aircraft, transport aircraft, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, etc.
The school has a flight room, a maintenance room, a general affairs room, a financial room, and a translation room. When it was first established, the conditions were very simple, everything was sponsored by the Soviet Union, and it was completely in accordance with the Soviet-style education method. Courses include "Aviation History", "Principles of Air Movement" and other courses, as well as piloting and meteorological knowledge.
Four Soviet aviation experts served as instructors. The flight instructors were Guan Renqinke and Nazanov, and the mechanical instructors were Chikalov and Sergey. The school has 6 trainers , known as the double-armed pull-1 type 3; U-2 type 3.
In the first year, the students only learn the theory, and the training stays on the ground all the time. At most, they can get on the plane and drive and taxi at the airport a few times to experience it. They are not qualified to fly in the blue sky.
Due to the frequent wars, the school was not very formal, the students were scattered all over the place, and the meal was rationed, and everything followed the Soviet Union's practice.
The Soviet planes purchased at that time were all wooden planes produced by after the First World War . Except for the wings, which were made of canvas, even the landing gear was made of wood, with poor performance and a small safety factor , accidents keep happening.
In the summer of 1932, a La-1 red plane was performing a show flight at Diwopu Airport,Consul Su specially invited important officials from the provincial government to watch, and Jin Shuren was also invited to the scene. Jin Shuren was asked to sit on the plane to visit, but Jin Shuren refused.
Map of Xinjiang Province during the Republic of China
The Soviet pilot took the plane into the air and performed stunts in the air. When doing the last ascending and turning action, due to the rough control action, the lever was too violent, the plane stalled and immediately caught fire . Pilots Yevremov and Klimovich were killed by the fire. Jin Shuren and his party returned from disappointment.
On November 7 of the same year, to commemorate the October Revolution , another La-1 aircraft performed stunts over Dihua City. At that time, the plane was only 100 meters above the ground, which was originally very low. In addition, the height dropped again during the roll, and the wing accidentally hit a big tree, breaking the plane and the pilot seriously injured.
After two consecutive flight accidents, people have a kind of fear of flying. The Soviet side was also dissatisfied and felt that it was disrespectful, and immediately transferred the original four instructors back, and replaced eight instructors including Biliske, Mamonov, Nayzhak, and Yuren to continue the flight instructor. .
In the early 1930s, the airport was quite simple. Choose a flat and open area to level it, and dispatch the cavalry team to step on it. Even if the airport has neither a formal runway nor complete support equipment, the command is carried out in an earthen house.
In winter, the airport is covered with snow and ice, the wheels are stuck in the snow and cannot turn, and the flight is forced to stop. At that time, in the outskirts of the sparsely populated Dihua City, it was easier said than done to manually clean the snow on a huge site!
So I used the method of changing the landing gear, dismantled the two front wheels of the plane, and installed two wooden skis that are more than one foot wide and six feet long, and the tail was also converted into a small snowboard, with The sled replaces the landing gear to support the body to take off, land and slide on the airport to ensure that the training continues. Of course there are no accidents.
The Soviet Embassy in Xinjiang during the Republic of China
In December 1932, because the suburbs of Dihua were quite chaotic, and it was difficult for planes to park at Xiaodiwopu for protection, a large 600-meter-long and 200-meter-wide large building was placed outside the Xiaodongmen. The teaching field was converted into a small base airport.
It's close to the city, easily accessible, and next to the aviation school. Due to the small size of the airport, it can only be used for aircraft take-off, landing and parking. As for the airport used for training, it was initially set up at Eurasia Airport, and later transferred to Diwopu Airport in the west of Dihua.
In the spring of 1933, the students of the first flight class began to enter primary training. The 16 students were divided into two groups by Soviet instructors Yuren and Mamonov respectively.
On April 12, Li Xiaotian, the head of the Academic Affairs Section, participated in the mutiny instigated by Chen Zhong, staff officer of the Dihua Garrison Command, and Tao Mingyue, the head of Dihua County. Hearing the news, Jin Shuren left Dihua in a hurry, ran away from Changji , and fled to Tacheng to power on and get off the field.
The aviation school is in a state of chaos, people are distracted, and training has to stop. At this time, there were only ten students left in the first flight class.
On April 12, 1933, with a gunshot, the end of Jin Shuren's five-year totalitarian rule was announced.
Li Xiaotian, head of the Academic Affairs Section of the Aviation Military Academy, and others, persuaded the lieutenant general of the Supervisory Office, , chief of staff and the commander-in-chief of the East Road Bandit Suppression, Sheng Shicai In response to the mutiny, Sheng Shicai took the team to Liudaowan for observation although he did not express his position. movement.
Sheng Shicai, from Kaiyuan, Liaoning. From 1933 to 1944, he was in charge of the military and political affairs of Xinjiang. Chen Tanqiu and Deng Fa commented that in terms of his behavior, he was a "wolf breed pig".
On the afternoon of the 14th, Sheng learned that the mutiny was won with the cooperation of the Northeast Volunteer Army . Liu Wenlong became the interim chairman and the volunteer army Zheng Runcheng became the chairman of the military committee, and he was quite unhappy.
After Li Xiaotian took Sheng Shicai from Wulapo to Dihua City from Wulapo, Sheng Shicai relied on military power to exert pressure and forced Zheng Runcheng to resign and let him take the post. In order to eliminate dissidents, Sheng also took decisive measures. On April 26, he shot and killed Li Xiaotian and Chen Zhong, who were known as the "Three Young Heroes", in the back garden of the provincial government on April 26 on trumped-up charges. , Tao Mingyue.
After Li Xiaotian was killed,Sheng Shicai ordered the pilots Yao Xiong and Wang Yushan to take over the aviation school. On August 25, Luo Wenqian, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Justice of the Nanjing National Government, was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman of the National Government, and Wang Jingwei, President of the Executive Yuan, to leave Chongqing by Eurasia Airlines. Lanzhou flew to Dihua.
On September 7, Liu Wenlong and Sheng Shicai officially announced their inauguration, and Luo Wenqian delivered a speech on behalf of the National Government and the Executive Yuan. Later, Luo Wenqian began to lobby in Hami, Yili and other places, persuading Ma Zhongying and Zhang Peiyuan to cooperate with Sheng Shicai. Sheng is extremely dissatisfied with this, because his purpose is to be the king of Xinjiang.
Therefore, Shanda played two-faced tactics and personally sent Chen Lide, director of the Finance Department, and Yao Xiong, an aviation school, to Moscow to ask the Soviet Union to quickly deliver the equipment that Moscow had promised to sell to Xinjiang during Jin Shuren's reign.
In December, Zhang Peiyuan, the military envoy of Yili, and Ma Zhongying, the commander of the thirty-sixth division, formed an alliance and parted ways with Sheng Shicai, and the provincial capital Dihua was under attack from the north and the south.
The first from the left is Zhang Peiyuan, from Guide County, Qinghai. It is a pity that in the battle with Sheng Shicai, he lost his life under the interference of external forces.
On January 1, 1934, Zhang Peiyuan first captured Tacheng and intercepted the firearms transported from the Soviet Union to Dihua. When Yao Xiong, an aviation school, was in Tacheng, Yao Xiong called the local naturalized army to resist.
At the same time, the Soviet Red Army was divided into two groups, from Kaweitangzi and Horgos to Xinjiang to fight. Zhang Bu was defeated in front of the Red Army . Ma Zhongying cooperated with Zhang Peiyuan's actions, surrounded Dihua with heavy troops, and concentrated his forces to capture the airport outside the East Gate, smashing two planes.
Several burly men boarded an airplane and forced Zhang Xuzhi, a mechanic who had never piloted an airplane, to take off and distribute leaflets.
Zhang had no choice but to start sliding, flying crookedly for a circle, distributing anti-Sheng leaflets to the city, and threw three small bombs at Shengbu,The plane failed to land several times during the landing, and finally broke down.
Dihua City was besieged, especially after Ma Zhongying captured the important place "successfully with one shot", Sheng Shicai was quite surprised, and he rushed to Yao Xiong in Tacheng one after another to inquire about the entry of the Red Army.
In addition to sending army reinforcements, the Soviet Union also sent 12 planes to Dihua to help relieve the siege. Before the Soviet aircraft entered the new aircraft, the aircraft emblem was painted as the emblem of the blue sky and white sun. After reaching the sky over Dihua, they immediately bombed and strafed the horse department.
Although Ma Bu had been intimidated by Li Xiaotian's single plane in Hami, he had never seen a large group of experienced Soviet Air Force bombing and strafing, forcing Ma Zhongying to evacuate overnight and defeated Southern Xinjiang .
The Aviation Officers Academy worked closely with the operation. Pilots Wang Zhen, Zhang Nianshao, and Cheng Honglu flew the plane to carry out reconnaissance and bombing missions. When Cheng Honglu was reconnaissance at Qitai, he was hit in the leg by ground artillery fire.
Joseph Visarionovich Stalin, Georgian, supreme leader of the party and state of the Soviet Union, had a profound influence on the Soviet Union and the world in the twentieth century.
When Wang Zhen was on a bombing mission, he accidentally dropped the bomb into the Sheng army. Sheng Shicai was furious and sentenced Wang Zhen to one year in prison.
The Soviet Union sent troops to help the war, laying the foundation for the consolidation of Sheng Shicai's regime. Sheng Shicai claimed to be "a loyal friend of Marshal Stalin " and invited the Soviet Air Force to establish a flying base in Hami.
After the war, 12 Soviet planes were parked at Diwopu Airport. One night there was a strong wind and all 12 planes were damaged. After all-out rush repairs, 7 were repaired well, and they were flown back to the Soviet Union. The remaining 5 were left to Xinjiang Aviation School.
Sheng Shicai is very grateful for Stalin's help at this moment. In April 1934, on the first anniversary of Sheng Shicai's coming to power, the first Xinjiang people's congress was held, and the banner of the pro-Soviet Communist Party was displayed, and the "April 12" coup d'etat was held. Known as the "April Revolution", Sheng assumed the leadership of the "April Revolution" and began to reorganize the military and political institutions.
Soon, Xinjiang Aviation School was renamed the Air Force of the Frontier Inspection Office, with Sheng Shicai as the captain.Ren Yaoxiong is the executive captain, in charge of the daily business of the air force. The air force organization has more than a dozen divisions and three squadrons, namely the destroyer squadron, the bomber squadron and the trainer squadron.
Ren Zhaoxiang, Yang Zhaorong and Li Huanzhang were the captains of the first, second and third squadrons respectively. In order to facilitate maneuvering, the Supervision Office has set up terminals in Aksu, Altai, Tacheng Fuyun and other places. The Air Force of the Supervising Office is responsible for the dual tasks of training the flying team and supporting the operations of the ground army.
In the spring of 1935, the Air Force recruited 15 students including Zhang Ziqiang and Zhang Cong from the Military Academy and Dihua Middle School to set up the first reconnaissance class. Wait.
The Air Force of Xinjiang Frontier Defense Supervision Office during the Republic of China
In July of the following year, 10 people graduated from the first flight class of the Air Force and recruited students for the second flight class. There are 10 cadets from the military academy, 3 locals were admitted, 2 were introduced by others, a total of 15 cadets.
At the end of the year, Yao Xiong was transferred to Tacheng as the garrison commander, and Zhang Zaishan was the acting captain. Soon, Zhang Nianshao served as the captain, and Zhang Shuyan served as the team's assistant.
In the autumn of 1937, the first training of the second flight class began at Eurasia Airport. The students were divided into two groups, with Zhang Nianshao and Zhang Shuyan flying separately.
In the spring of the following year, I entered the intermediate flight instructor at Diwopu Airport. The grouping remained unchanged. The instructors were Sun Taichang and Gao Jizhong. In September of the same year, 14 second-phase pilot students graduated.
During this period, the Air Force participated in two major operations. The first time was in March 1937. In order to completely eliminate the Ma Jiajun , Sheng Shicai sent troops to the south. The Soviet Red Army sent planes to participate in the war. The pilots of the First Squadron of the Air Force, Wang Yingqi, Zhu Chenyu, and Sun Xiangfu, flew the planes to cooperate with the Soviet Air Force to the south. Xinjiang cooperates with ground forces to fight.
Another time was in April 1937, the Left Detachment of the Chinese Workers and Peasants' Red Army West Route Army, led by Li Zhuoran, Li Xiannian, Cheng Shicai and others, broke through after a fierce battle with Ma Bufang army in Anxi.After several setbacks, they reached Xingxia Gorge . After Chen Yun, the representative of the Communist Party of China in Xinjiang, negotiated with Sheng Shicai, Sheng Shicai sent an air team to drop food by air to help the West Road Army .
Chen Yun, from Shanghai. The great proletarian revolutionary, statesman, and outstanding Marxist
Soviet adviser Yudeev personally led the team.
Thank you for your support, because of your opinion on this article, we have the motivation to keep updating. Thanks!
.-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-