Tang Zong, an outstanding graduate of the sixth phase of the Whampoa Military Academy, known as the "Zhi Duo Xing" of the Kuomintang military command, and highly regarded by Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo, wrote in his diary in the second half of 1944: "Is it right to be an official? Yes, follow what you want, do not find trouble, take responsibility, laugh and scold others; if you have one, don’t talk about theories, and look at the reality more. It is the principle of being an official nowadays. This habit has become a trend."
The great spy, who is so favored by Chiang Kai-shek, even said such low-spirited words of condemnation, which makes people feel incredible while reflecting from the side. The KMT's internal ethos is so bad that it has become so serious. Strong1strong "Up and down effect" The rules of are contained in various groups in society. When someone asked Chen Geng why he abandoned Chiang Kai-shek and left, Chen Geng smiled and said: "Chiang Kai-shek turned on the radio to listen to the Shanghai stock market during the battle command. I don’t think he is a real revolutionist. ”
1949 A Kuomintang soldier who retired to Taiwan also said that Chen Geng looked down on Chiang Kai-shek from the bottom of his heart. Chiang Kai-shek's style of being the leader of the Kuomintang affects the entire Kuomintang's high-level leadership, and the high-level leadership drives the middle and lower levels. After Truman was elected president, he faced an interview with American writer Merle Miller: "They are all thieves, all of them! They stole 750 million from the billions of dollars we helped, and they just In this way, we stole our money and invested it in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and some even the New York real estate under our feet."
These contents were published in the "New York Times". And the "them" in the text,It was the leader of the National Government-Chiang Kai-shek and his family. A considerable part of the heads of the key departments of the National Government were Chiang Kai-shek’s in-laws, such as Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi , etc.; Song Meiling was also involved as an "invisible" high-level national government. The real reason that made US President Truman yelling at him, in the final analysis, was the outbreak of the gold fraud case in 1945.
Since the mid-term of the War of Resistance against Japan, the Nationalist government is in a corner. The political one-party dictatorship has been strengthened again, and the economic control and monopoly have been carried out, but the military has shown a situation of continuous defeat and defeat. The front line is tight, the rear is tight. The situation in the rear of the Nationalist Government is almost like this. Strong1strong collusion between officials and businessmen to seek personal gains has become more and more serious, as if it had reached the end of a dynasty and a country.
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government led by Chiang Kai-shek has been committed to seeking strong assistance from Western countries, but the assistance it has received has been very small. At the beginning, the National Government’s diplomacy was leaning towards the world’s veteran power, the United Kingdom, but the United Kingdom was already overwhelmed by Nazi Germany, so how could it bother to manage matters in the Far East.
After recognizing this reality, Chiang Kai-shek changed the focus of his diplomacy and prioritized diplomacy with the United States. He wrote in his diary: "Britain is scheming, it is easy to say, Russia also has its own national policy, so the request for help is invalid. The United States is a country of democratic public opinion, and it is easy to arouse the sense of righteousness, and President Roosevelt does have the embrace of solving the entire problem of the Far East. If public opinion agrees, and Congress agrees, President Roosevelt will definitely be able to do something." exaggerated in disguise The United States had a meal with Roosevelt.
China and the United States have conducted many difficult negotiations,The National Government successively signed several loan contracts with the U.S. government for tung oil, tin, tungsten sand, and metals. In June 1940, Song Ziwen, who also served as the director of the Board of Directors of the Bank of China, went to the United States as Chiang Kai-shek's special representative, and stayed there to obtain more US loans for Chiang Kai-shek. With the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Nationalist government declared war on Germany and Japan on behalf of China and joined the Allied Powers camp, and its international status also improved.
Chiang Kai-shek thought that this was an opportunity, so he borrowed 10,000 pounds from the British government as "long-term government bonds and fixed-term savings bonds, in order to improve the credit and recovery of legal currency" , and specifically proposed that this loan should not be used. Any guarantee conditions. This is a bit like an empty glove white wolf. In June 1940, Song Ziwen was formally appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs and continued to borrow from the United States, and Chiang Kai-shek set an amount for this purpose as high as: 500 million US dollars .
It may be the rise of the domestic uproar (Treasury Minister Kong Xiangxi) at that time. Kong Xiangxi’s wind evaluation was not very good. Chiang Kai-shek specially explained to Song Ziwen, "Treasury Secretary Kong Xiangxi is seriously ill with typhoid fever, so now all diplomatic and fiscal policies are under my presidency. "_Span3span , and once again emphasized that the aid and borrowing of countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States is from Chiang Kai-shek himself. In order to borrow money, Chiang Kai-shek tried his best to explain to the high level of the United States China’s difficulty in resisting Japan, and the adverse impact on the situation in East Asia .
The United States naturally did not want this to happen, so it agreed to provide assistance to China. However, the United States initially only agreed to change the way of loans to the way of granting 1 million Chinese troops to the army. This move has the intention of seriously interfering in China's internal affairs, and Song Ziwen actually feels that it is nothing! Fortunately, even though Chiang Kai-shek appointed him as Minister of Foreign Affairs at that time,He didn't fully trust and reuse him (not enough ability), just manipulate him as a puppet.
After learning about the US aid method, Chiang Kai-shek totally disagreed, and hated Song Ziwen, who failed to learn the true intentions of the United States. He wrote in his diary: "Ziwen's selfishness and ambition cannot be changed, and it is only for personal gain , And leave the country in disregard, why? Britain and the United States have borrowed our military salary and allocated monthly, and they have done their best to contempt and insult China. Ziwen agrees, and it is especially painful. Ziwen agrees with the US proposal and loses its national system. Disregarding his personality, he was full of anger. The original draft denounced his faults, and then restrained and eased, and re-scheduled to avoid grievances."
Chiang Kai-shek, who held back his anger, called Song Ziwen again to emphasize this."
The second national government's "borrowing principle" , on the other hand, let "pretend to be sick" 's Kong Xiangxi contacted this matter, it can be seen that Chiang Kai-shek is still full of trust in Kong Xiangxi (wife is Song Ailing) .
Song Ziwen had a lot of activities, the US government finally agreed to borrow money, but worried that the national government did not use it for the country (their worries just came true), so it stipulated in the second article of the draft agreement: "China is willing to inform the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury of the use of funds listed in this agreement, and is willing to consult with him on such use at any time. The U.S. Treasury Secretary is willing to provide the Chinese government with technical and other appropriate The suggestion."
Both Chiang Kai-shek and Kong Xiangxi thought that such constraints were too great and changed it to: "For the purpose of this paragraph, I would like to inform the Secretary of the US Treasury at any time,And negotiate with it on technical matters related to the use. _Span3span On March 21, 1942, Song Ziwen, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Nationalist Government and Chiang Kai-shek's special representative, signed a loan agreement with US Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau. The two sides made clear provisions on the use of the loan.
The financial aid is a real deal. The US$500 million is an important loan provided by the United States to China, and the borrowing conditions are extremely loose, or unconditional: is unsecured, indefinite, and interest-free. For this, Chiang Kai-shek thanked US President Roosevelt Apart from that, he also vowed to say: "Except for military needs, most of this loan will be used to strengthen our country’s economic institutions, recover legal currency, deflate deflation, stabilize prices, and maintain living standards and increase in wartime. produce. "_Span3span
Chiang Kai-shek led the National Government to use this money, and it did indeed go in this direction, but the effect was obviously not good. On the other hand, Kong Xiangxi was jealous of Song Ziwen, and the two were brother-in-law of . However, various financial concepts and policies of governing the country have great differences and many contradictions, especially after Song Ziwen successfully borrowed 500 million US dollars through diplomatic activities. The two remotely controlled the lower abdomen to attack each other, and this scene was in the war of resistance. Later, it is not uncommon. Song Ziwen, who was far away in the United States, ignored the domestic attacks of Kong Xiangxi, and he was more concerned about the changes in Chongqing’s officialdom.
After the successful loan of US$500 million, Kong Xiangxi held a press conference to announce the matter on March 24. He also made the issuance of U.S. dollar bonds public. Kong Xiangxi informed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury of the details of the U.S. dollar bond plan, but it aroused the dissatisfaction of U.S. officials. Song Ziwen, who was traveling in the United States to borrow money, was also quite dissatisfied. The situation in the United States.
Indeed, the 4 billion fiat currency (national government currency) issued with 100 million US dollars has little effect on China’s domestic inflation.The private sector is also not active in this regard. Kong Xiangxi didn't care about the displeasure of Song Ziwen, the US Treasury Department and other officials, and proceeded according to his own plan. For this reason, Kong Xiangxi’s report to Chiang Kai-shek stated that: US loans have been signed, so don’t worry about that much. According to my plan, it can play a role in “consolidating currency trust, absorbing hot money, stabilizing prices, and assisting production”.
The first 100 million US dollars loan was "used up" by Kong Xiangxi from , which did not have any actual effect. On April 15, the United States delivered 200 million US dollars to the National Government as scheduled. The Central Bank of the National Government took a series of measures to try to ease the pressure of inflation.
However, the national government's assumptions and actual results are completely different. The military and civilians of the country have long been numbed by the corruption of the national government, and they have no confidence in government debt. Moreover, most people in the Kuomintang Control Area are suffering from increasing inflation and it is difficult to maintain their daily lives. How can they have spare money to subscribe for public bonds. And those wealthy businessmen who have made a lot of money in the country would rather spend time grabbing purchases and selling them at high prices than doing this seemingly loss-making business.
The National Government tried its best to promote sales, and Chiang Kai-shek personally issued a warrant, requiring all localities to apportion subscriptions in accordance with the prescribed proportions. Under hype and compulsory apportionment, the effect was still not satisfactory, and only less than 50 million US dollars of bonds were sold. At the beginning of 1943, the US military stationed in southwest China. As the U.S. dollar was generally used for shopping in the rear, the gap between official foreign exchange and black market foreign exchange was widening.
In June 1943, 1 U.S. dollar was about 59 legal tender; in December 1943, 1 U.S. dollar was about 84 legal tender; in June 1944, 1 U.S. dollar was about 192 legal tender; in December 1944, 1 U.S. dollar Approximately 570 French currency. What a shocking comparison of numbers. National control area "Work is not as good as business, business is not as good as hoarding, hoarding is not as good as gold, and money is not as good as exchange" 's ballad,A vivid picture of the situation at that time.
The black market exchange rate of the US dollar continued to rise. The US government and other foreign institutions in China repeatedly demanded the devaluation of the legal currency, but the official exchange rate of the National Government remained at 1:20 . The official exchange rate is basically priceless and has no positive effect on inflation. On the contrary, it creates opportunities for those powerful and powerful. Buy and sell U.S. dollar bonds without losing money. On August 2, 1943, Kong Xiangxi, as a minister, ordered the Ministry of Finance to notify various national bureaus (banks, trust bureaus, bureaus of foreign exchange, etc.) to stop selling US dollar savings vouchers.
On October 9, Kong Xiangxi informed Chiang Kai-shek in a cipher text, requesting the end of the sale of US dollar bonds. On October 15th, major newspapers claimed that 100 million US dollars of government bonds had been sold out. In fact, nearly half of the bonds were not sold at all. Finally, under the instruction of Kong Xiangxi, the central bank asked all branches of the central bank to quickly turn in the unsold US dollar bonds, which were recovered by the Treasury Bureau. And this was finally divided up privately by Kong Xiangxi and others. This is the "US dollar bond fraud case" that shocked the Kuomintang Control Area and angered the US government.
The United States thought that this co-authored loan was not used to fight against Japan and save China. It was for you, the Kuomintang gang of military and political leaders and powerful people to choose cheaply. The National Gazette of January 1944 disclosed that even if calculated at the lowest price, this flipping can make at least twenty times the profit, and that individuals do not need to contribute funds, but only need to keep accounts . The empty glove white wolf is still a huge profit in a huge profit, as long as the relationship is strong enough.
Chiang Kai-shek's family (Song Ailing, Song Meiling, Kong Xiangxi, Song Ziwen, etc.) are full. The U.S. dollar was a very strong currency at that time and it was too profitable. The act of blatant fraud and enriching private pockets has not only aroused strong condemnation from the rear public opinion, but also made the U.S. government extremely dissatisfied. The US Treasury Secretary Morgenthau stated in a report to President Roosevelt: Kong, Song and their family invested heavily and profited from it.It also includes powerful figures such as Song Meiling, Song Ailing, Chen Guangfu, Wei Daoming, Du Yuesheng, Li Guoqin, and Long Yun.
A new wave of "inverted holes" is on the rise again. The upside-down tide did not make Kong Xiangxi lose anything. Chiang Kai-shek trusted him as always and arranged for him to go abroad to avoid the limelight by attending the International Monetary Fund meeting and staying in the United States. But the tide is getting higher and higher, not getting smaller. On September 5, 1944, the third session of the third session of the National Political Council opened in Chongqing. Political senator Fu Sinian took the lead to "blow up" Kong Xiangxi, and the others followed. Only then did Chiang Kai-shek consider having to replace Kong Xiangxi, who had been Finance Minister for 11 years.
Kong Xiangxi was dismissed on November 20, 1944, and the successor of the Minister of Finance was Yu Hongjun, the former undersecretary of political affairs. Chiang Kai-shek (the two are really good brothers) did not believe that Kong Xiangxi was involved in the "fraud case", and ordered Yu Hongjun to investigate and report to himself in secret. At this time, the voice of "inverting Confucianism and anti-corruption" in the Kuomintang-ruled area is growing. Various newspapers are criticizing and criticizing the country. The first step is to remove and punish Kong Xiangxi (Deputy President of the Executive Yuan) and Yuan Yuan. Military and Political Minister He Yingqin and other military and political officials .
The secret investigation ordered by Chiang Kai-shek finally found that Kong Xiangxi had more than $16.6 million in iron evidence. At that time, 1 US dollar was equivalent to current 55 US dollars (approximately). One can imagine what a huge sum of money. Chiang Kai-shek informed Kong Xiangxi who was staying in the United States of the preliminary investigation results, but Kong Xiangxi refused to admit it. As this case involved the Kong family (also the Song family and the Jiang family), it was very difficult to deal with, and Chiang Kai-shek thought it was difficult to resolve the matter.
The turmoil here has not subsided, but the turmoil has risen again. Chongqing also uncovered a shocking case-the gold fraud case.
In March 1945, the Central Bank decided to increase the price of gold from the original 20,000 fiat currency one or two to 35,000 fiat currency one or two. 500 million US dollars in borrowing and a total of 220 million US dollars in gold purchases,Accounting for 44% of the total amount, it is the project with the largest expenditure amount and proportion. The news that the price of gold is about to be raised was leaked out by some key officials of the central bank. Many people who were related to the news used the time difference between before and after the price increase of gold to buy and sell to make huge profits.
Chongqing has formed a huge gold speculation market, and in this "special market" , officials are both athletes and referees. "Who can buy a lot of gold before the price increase, and spit it out after the price increase, can make a lot of money."
People recalled: "On the night of March 28, hurriedly , I handle gold savings business all night long, and even at the next morning, I write the date of the first day. Overnight, after all, it is short and it is not easy to raise a large amount of cash. I use the National Bank’s empty checks, empty bank transfer books, and public-private The bank’s promissory notes issued indiscriminately were purchased instead of cash."
More than two ounces of huge gold were sold overnight. Once the case was disclosed, it immediately aroused great attention from the public. The newspapers of the National Control District concentrated on fire and fierce attacks, and Kong Xiangxi became a target of public criticism as the president of the central bank. On April 6th, the National Political Council passed the "span3span proposal on the proposal to severely punish the leakage of gold price increases." The Chongqing court finally pronounced that some small characters with no background were sentenced, and big bosses like Kong Xiangxi lived a leisurely life in the United States and were not affected at all.
It was reported that Guo Jingkun, the former director of the Central Banking Bureau, might be sentenced. Soong Ching Ling personally wrote to Song Ziwen to express her dissatisfaction: "I don’t need to tell you that many people, including foreigners,They all expressed their deep concern about Guo Jingkun's case, which was handled unfairly. None of the existing evidence can prove that he revealed the news or he bought gold. We talked about the constitution and the sanctity of the law, but we made an innocent person suffer all kinds of humiliation, as if he had been Prove guilty. _Span3span
Soong Ching Ling said affirmatively: "To me, this is obviously a political case. Even before the trial, a certain faction had already announced Guo Jingkun's verdict. ”_Span3span Even dealing with some small people, the case is extremely complicated, and the final result is either indecision or acquittal. The US dollar bond fraud case is not settled, and the gold fraud case is tyrannical , which is the same as Chiang Kai-shek. His connivance has a lot to do. His has become a corrupt leader, and the government has also become a corrupt government, breaking the trust of the international and the people.
on the eve of the end of the war, it is said that the exchange rate of 's French currency against the US dollar It fell to a few millionths. American diplomats also found that military supplies sent to the National Government often appeared on the black market as soon as they arrived in China. The Chiang family did steal the United States to support the Chinese civil war and the anti-Japanese war. This is a good thing for New China, but it is a sad thing for China at the time.
Truman once ordered the FBI to investigate the Kong family’s assets in the United States and found that Song Ailing was at Chase Bank in New York There is a deposit of 80 million U.S. dollars, Song Ziwen has a deposit of 70 million U.S. dollars in Citibank, Chiang Kai-shek’s wife, Soong Meiling, is even more powerful: both banks have deposits, 150 million U.S. dollars (These are unofficial information, but they are very rich, it is true ). The Jiang family’s in-laws, the specific amount of embezzlement, is already a headless case.
No wonder Truman swears,Not only the 750 million US dollars, but also the billions of US dollars for the Chiang Kai-shek Group. It's equivalent to losing money in business.
In contrast, the Communist Party of China and the People’s Liberation Army, relying on their wise command and leadership and policies that are in line with the interests of the broad masses of people, opened up bases in the areas occupied by the Japanese invaders and swept the Kuomintang reactionaries out in less than four years. China Mainland. Comparing the two, you will find that national self-improvement is the kingly way. What is the use of always looking for foreign aid?
Look at China now, synonymous with wealth and power, and the leader from scratch; and this is not the apex of China's development. The future China will be more brilliant, stronger and richer, as long as the Chinese people all work hard!
The world's affairs, everyone's point of view, are all clear in the comment section.
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