"Manzhouli Boundary Treaty", also known as "Qiqihar Agreement" (Russian: Договор цицикар), is an unequal treaty signed between the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang on December 20, 1911 (3rd year of Xuantong). It is also the Qing government. The last border treaty was signed. Two months after the signing of the treaty, the Qing emperor abdicated and the Qing Dynasty fell. The Chinese representative of the treaty is Heilongjiang Governor Zhou Shumo, and the Russian representative is Bodhirov.
The water and land boundaries of the Hulunbuir region in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, and Russia are defined by the Qing-Russian "Nerchinsk Treaty" in 1689 and the Qing-Russian "Kaktu Treaty" in 1727. However, with the expansion of Tsarist Russia’s aggression, disputes over border affairs in this area have increased, and incidents of Russians illegally crossing the border and occupying the territory of the Qing Dynasty have occurred frequently. In order to prevent the Tsarist Russia from expanding its aggression, the Qing government issued a note to the Tsarist Russian government in 1909 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty, suggesting that the two sides send personnel to survey the border. In April 1910, Tsarist Russia agreed to the Qing government's proposal.
In May 1910, the Qing government ordered Song Xiaolian, Hulundao, Heilongjiang, as the demarcation committee member, and held a meeting with Rudanov, the Russian demarcation committee member, in Manzhouli. The meeting lasted for 3 months and had more than 10 talks. It was decided to survey the water boundary first and then the land boundary. The water and land borders in Manzhouli area, due to the long-term failure of the Qing and Russia to conduct surveys, the waterway borders and rivers are silted up, and the port is divided; the land borders are destroyed and the borders are unclear, and the Old Testament provisions are simple, and there is no map to rely on at that time. . These objective factors have become an excuse for Tsarist Russia to invade and occupy Chinese territory arbitrarily. Regarding the waterway, the Russian Federation did not follow the treaty. It insisted that the river had been diverted to the west in history. It insisted that the river on the right bank was the old channel of the Ergun River, and wanted to include many rivers near the banks of the Qing Dynasty. When investigating land boundary sites, Russia often stays far away from the historically customary boundary lines, and goes deep into China for tens of miles or tens of miles to find boundary points. It is far-fetched to refer to a certain place as a boundary point set by the Old Testament, and to threaten with force. Threats forced China to approve. Song Xiaolian refuted it on reason and protested against the Russian threat of force. However, the Qing government blindly adopted an attitude of compromise and concessions against the invaders of Tsarist Russia, lest the negotiations would break down. Z1z
In the early and middle Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia still invaded the outer northeast in a dot-and-strip manner, and then progressed very quickly, and soon occupied the outer northeast by both hard and soft.
In May 1911, the Qing government sent Heilongjiang governor Zhou Shumo as minister of the Qing-Russian border to negotiate with the Russian representative Bodhirov in Qiqihar. Prior to the meeting, Czarist Russia had repeatedly increased its troops near the border of Manzhouli and threatened with force. During the meeting, the Russian side demanded that Manchuria be transferred to Russia. Zhou Shumo argued for reasons and resolutely refused. The Russian side also proposed that the Qing Dynasty should make concessions in other places on both land and water as a condition for Russia not to invade and occupy Manchuria. On December 20, Zhou Shumo was forced to sign the "Manchurian Boundary Treaty" with Russia. At this time, the Xinhai Revolution had broken out and the Qing Dynasty was about to fall. In view of this, Tsarist Russia issued a note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, stating that the agreement "does not need to be approved by the two governments, and the government regards it as a complete conclusion." "The Manchurian Journey" was so hastily become a "final".
There are two "Manzhouli Boundary Agreements", the main content of which is: the Qing and Russia re-decided from the 58th boundary point of Talbaganda Hu to the 63rd boundary point of Abagatu and along the Ergu Na River, to the border where the river and Heilongjiang meet.
According to the provisions of the Old Testament, the two sides should conduct joint surveys on both land and water. However, the results completely exceeded the scope of the survey and the provisions of the Old Testament, resulting in the establishment of new border points and waterways. Does not match. All six border points of the land boundary line moved south, causing China to lose hundreds of square kilometers of land. Although the waterway is stated in the boundary agreement to be bounded by the Ergun River, the right bank should belong to many continents in China. However, it was assigned to Russia under the pretext of the invented "Old Ergun River". The Manchuria Boundary Treaty modified the Old Testament in favor of Russia and redefined the national boundaries. It is an unequal treaty that harms China’s territorial sovereignty.The decadent Qing government signed the last power-defying border treaty on behalf of China.
The "Manchurian Boundary Treaty" has caused China to lose more than 1,400 square kilometers of territory. In the land boundary, although the names of the six Obo between No. 58 (Talbagandahu) and No. 63 (Abagat) have not changed, each Obo moves south 4- Range of 21 kilometers. In the water sector, with the Ergun River as the boundary, 160 of the 280 Zhouzhus in the river are assigned to Russia and 120 to China. Later, the Ergun River was diverted and moved westward. The Russian side believed that the river branch on the right bank was the old channel of the Ergun River. The 18 continents on the Chinese side of the main stream of the river were assigned to Russia. These 18 continents accounted for 84% of the total area of the continents, becoming Russia's outer territories.
After the contract was signed in Russia, the country was signed in the Russian territory of Russia. From then on, the nearby Zhouzhu was also called "Abagaitu Zhouzhu". The total area of Abgaitu Zhouzhu is about 58 square kilometers. It is located in the Manzhouli region of China, on the southeast side of the Erguna River, which is the boundary river between China and Russia. According to the 1689 Sino-Russian Nerchinsk Treaty, the middle and lower reaches of the Ergun River, the source river of Heilongjiang, is the boundary river between the two countries. After the Russian government signed the unequal "Sino-Russian Manchuria Boundary Treaty" in 1911, it forcibly occupied 18 Zhouzhu including Zhouzhu.
Abagatu Island, Russian called Big Island (островов Большой). Abagaitu Zhouzhu is a small island on the Chinese side of the main channel of the Erguna River, the border river between China and Russia. It was once a disputed territory between China and Russia, covering an area of nearly 58 square kilometers. But when the Ergun River is high tide, the area will be greatly reduced. "Abagaitu" is Mongolian, meaning "a mountain with women". The name comes from a beautiful legend. Legend has it that in the fifth year of Emperor Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, that is, in 1727 AD, when the ministers of the border exploration of China and Russia were resting in the middle of the investigation of the middle and Russian borders in Manchuria, suddenly a woman who looked like a god (according to the Mongolian nationality) descended from the sky with her hands. The copper kettle walked in front of the officials from both sides and brewed a cup of sweet and delicious milk tea for each of them. The thirst and fatigue of the boundary survey officers disappeared immediately. After the incident, the border demarcation officials of both sides named the resting mountain "Abagaitu" for commemoration. Aba Ghetu Chauzhu is uninhabited, and Chauzhu includes many small islands and river branches. Looking at the green, tall wicker and reeds, clusters of wicker and reeds dotted the grass, the grass sounds crisp and bird song from time to time; the crisscrossing creek, the blue waves are like a mirror, in the sunshine White light glowed under the direct shot. A black-brown puppy kept at the Camel Hill post ran back and forth in the bushes not far away, starting to start a group of grassland larks.
