In the winter of 1957, a train slowly drove into Moscow with the wind and snow of China. In the snow and ice, the five-pointed star pattern on the body of the car was more and more vivid.
People's leader Chairman Mao walked off the train surrounded by Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping and others. Khrushchev immediately took people forward and expressed a warm welcome to all members of the Chinese delegation to visit the Soviet Union.
In the crowd, Khrushchev noticed the "little" man behind Mao Zedong and asked about his identity curiously. In the face of the "taught" of the Soviet leader, Deng Xiaoping's answer was very witty, and a sentence instantly eased the atmosphere on the scene.
During this period in Moscow, Deng Xiaoping successfully impressed Khrushchev with his personal wisdom and charm. Khrushchev, who had always been a little proud, couldn't help but sigh: "Your little guy stumps our big guy!"
When Khrushchev "taught" Deng Xiaoping, how did he cleverly resolve it with one sentence? What did Deng Xiaoping do during this period in Moscow that could convince Khrushchev’s loss?
Speaking of the grievances between Deng Xiaoping and Khrushchev, we have to start with the 20th National Congress of the Soviet Union in 1956...
pic | Deng Xiaoping took the train
1. Can't treat revolutionary leaders like this Stalin
Deng Xiaoping went to the Soviet Union eight times in his life, seven of which were dealing with Khrushchev. In the Sino-Soviet debate, Deng Xiaoping played an important role as the head coach.
Since the mid-1950s, Sino-Soviet relations have entered a subtle "cooling" state. After coming to the 1960s, they directly evolved into an unprecedented large-scale debate, and the Sino-Soviet parties gradually became disagreements.
In order to strengthen the unity between various socialist countries, Deng Xiaoping often traveled between countries, especially in his diplomatic cause with the Soviet Union, and made outstanding contributions.
Time went back to February 1956, when the Soviet Communist Party held the 20th National Congress and specially sent an olive branch to the CCP.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China organized a delegation with Zhu De as the leader and Deng Xiaoping, Tan Zhenlin, Wang Jiaxiang and Liu Xiao as members to the Soviet Union.
At the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev, who had just taken office, made a report criticizing Stalin in order to consolidate his position. Once this report was released, it instantly caused chaos internationally.
Khrushchev became a "chess piece" of Western countries, setting off a wave of "anti-communist" climaxes around the world, causing considerable chaos.
Deng Xiaoping was very angry. He believed that no matter Stalin's merits and demerits were right or wrong, he was always a memorable revolutionary pioneer. How could he be so "criticized" by Khrushchev?
"Stalin is an international figure, so he is simply a fool to him! No one can treat a revolutionary leader like this!"
Deng Xiaoping couldn't wait to publish the article "Historical Experience on the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" in the " People's Daily ". In the article, Deng Xiaoping said earnestly: "Stalin is a great Marxist, but he is also a Marxist who made mistakes but was unconscious. We should make appropriate analysis from his right and wrong places and learn useful lessons!"
Khrushchev's words stirred up a thousand waves. On June 28 of the same year, a large-scale workers' demonstration occurred in Poznan, Poland, and the situation once expanded to the whole country.
The Polish incident attracted the high attention of the CCP. Mao Zedong immediately sent Deng Xiaoping, Liu Shaoqi, Hu Qiaomu and his group to Moscow on a special plane to hold talks with representatives from the Soviet Union and Polish . During the extremely complex bilateral talks, Deng Xiaoping showed his extraordinary diplomatic talent for the first time!
The Polish incident has just been resolved, and Hungary has caused a big mess again. Since late October, workers' strikes and demonstrations of different sizes have occurred in Budapest, Hungary and other places. The situation has become increasingly chaotic, and the Soviet Union decided to withdraw troops from Hungary.
But withdrawing troops at this critical moment is like adding fuel to the fire. At that time, Deng Xiaoping happened to be in charge of work in Moscow. The Central Committee immediately called Deng Xiaoping, asking him to propose on behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that he did not agree with the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Hungary.
As soon as Deng Xiaoping hung up the phone, he called Liu Shaoqi. The two met with the delegation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and firmly conveyed the opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to them.
At the beginning, the Soviet Union was very stubborn. Deng Xiaoping argued with reason. The two sides quarreled for a long time before the Soviet Union agreed not to withdraw troops from Hungary for the time being.
After the Soviet army stayed in Hungary, it helped the Hungarian Party and the people to quell the riots, calm the situation, stabilize the world pattern, and maintain the unity of the entire communist camp.
Deng Xiaoping frequently showed his face during Sino-Soviet foreign affairs, which soon attracted Khrushchev's attention. In his impression, Deng Xiaoping was just one of the deputy prime ministers behind Mao Zedong. He was short, taciturn and always had a very serious expression.
Before this, Khrushchev didn't even remember Deng Xiaoping's name. It was not until 1956 that Deng Xiaoping broke into his vision for the first time. Khrushchev suddenly realized and asked carefully that he had met Deng Xiaoping as early as 1954.
pic | Khrushchev
At the end of September 1954, Khrushchev and his party conducted an official visit to China. On the day they arrived in Beijing, the weather was clear and cloudless. Khrushchev was in a good mood, and the sentiment of the delegations between China and the Soviet Union was very high.
Deng Xiaoping at that time happened to be the honorary director of China-Soviet Friendship Association , but he was rarely seen in many major events, so Khrushchev had no deep impression of Deng Xiaoping.
The only memory point is Deng Xiaoping's very personal characteristics, short and hard hair. At that time, such hairstyles were rare in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev couldn't help but take a look. Later, after inquiring, he found out that this hairstyle was called "little flat head" in China.
Just by this hairstyle, it can be inferred that Deng Xiaoping is a strong-willed, decisive, constantly enterprising and pragmatic leader. The veteran Soviet theorists Suslov and Persbelov judged that this person was not simple at the first glance and warned Khrushchev to pay more attention to Deng Xiaoping.
It’s a pity that Khrushchev saw that Deng Xiaoping was short and had nothing special about his appearance, so he kept ignoring Deng Xiaoping’s existence in foreign affairs work.
In the "anti-communist and anti-Soviet" wave in 1956, the small Deng Xiaoping turned the tide, dealt with Sino-Soviet foreign affairs activities, planned and devoted himself to the work, and made great contributions to the communist camp!
pic | Deng Xiaoping
2. Your little one stumped our big one
1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite . For the first time, humans spread their gaze to the deep universe, but what followed was the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. capitalist camp and socialist camp began to confront each other. An artificial satellite not only opened a new era of science and technology, but also changed the world pattern!
In order to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the successful launch of satellites into space and the victory of October Revolution , Khrushchev invited Mao Zedong to visit the Soviet Union. Under the world situation at that time, Mao Zedong knew very well that this was a "Hongmen Banquet" by Khrushchev.
Affected by the Polish incident and the Hungarian incident, Mao Zedong was not very interested in Khrushchev's kind invitation. Later, the Soviet Union stated that " Yugoslavia 's Tito will also attend the Moscow meeting ". Mao Zedong decided to visit the Soviet Union under Zhou Enlai's persuasion.
Yugoslavia, far away from the other end of the earth, has a highly similar fate to us. The people have experienced the baptism of war and become a member of the communist camp. Their leader, Chairman Tito, is just like our Chairman Mao Zedong, is both upright and dedicated to the country. Both of them are dissatisfied with Khrushchev's " Great Power Chauvinism ".
This time, Chairman Tito visited the Soviet Union at the same time as us, and he had a companion. I guess the conversation would go much smoother. Mao Zedong did not delay and immediately formed a delegation to go to the Soviet Union.
In November 1957, accompanied by the wind and snow in Moscow, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping slowly arrived at the station by train. Khrushchev and the Soviet delegation had been waiting for a long time.
"Comrade Mao Zedong, thank you all the hard work along the way!" Khrushchev said politely.
Mao Zedong nodded with a smile and replied, "For this meeting, everything is worth it."
Then, Mao Zedong swept over the delegation behind Khrushchev's face and found that there was no Chairman Tito. He was about to ask, but Khrushchev rushed to say, "Comrade Tito has a pain in his back, so he had to miss the meeting."
Mao Zedong still kept a smile, but said in a meaningful tone: "I think he has a political back pain."
As soon as these words came out, the originally warm atmosphere instantly cooled down, and the smile on Khrushchev's face was a little unhurried. In this delicate atmosphere, the group slowly drove towards Moscow City in a car.
pic | Mao Zedong (Chinese) Visited the Soviet Union
In the driving car, representatives of both sides talked about the international situation, socialist roads, party and government construction and other issues. Representatives of twenty socialist countries gathered in Moscow to discuss major events in Kremlin .
At that time, the biggest contradiction between China and the Soviet Union was the issue of "peaceful transition". The delegations of China and the Soviet Union held a heated discussion. Mao Zedong personally came to negotiate with Khrushchev, but he could not get a unified result.
Khrushchev firmly believes that some countries can transition into socialism through peaceful means and slowly and orderly embark on the parliamentary path. However, Mao Zedong, who has experienced the baptism of war, believes that in the face of any reactionary thing or thought, he cannot be merciful, otherwise there will be endless troubles.
Facing the stubborn Khrushchev, Mao Zedong was also a little tired. In order to find a new breakthrough point, Mao Zedong decided to go to negotiate with Khrushchev by another person. He wrote a note late at night and sent someone to pass it over to Khrushchev.
note read: "Comrade Khrushchev, Comrade Deng Xiaoping talks to you about the issue of peaceful transition. Do you think it is okay?"
The three words "Deng Xiaoping" broke into Khrushchev's sight. At this time, Khrushchev finally understood that the vice premier with thick and hard short hair, short stature, and often standing behind Mao Zedong's low-key position was highly valued by Mao Zedong.
pic | Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping took a photo
In Khrushchev's impression, Deng Xiaoping was the only comrade who was often praised by Mao Zedong.
At the banquet to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, Mao Zedong solemnly said to Khrushchev, "I am going to resign!"
Hearing this sentence, Khrushchev did not show any surprise, but asked calmly, "Is there a suitable replacement?"
Mao Zedong nodded firmly and said, "There are several comrades in our party, and they are not inferior to me, so they can replace me!"
Mao Zedong mentioned Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping one after another, and Deng Xiaoping's selection surprised Khrushchev the most.
Mao Zedong pretended to be mysterious and raised his right hand, pointed at Deng Xiaoping in the crowd in the distance, and said with a smile, "See the little man over there? He is very smart and has a bright future!"
Khrushchev looked in the direction Mao Zedong pointed, and saw that Deng Xiaoping, who was wearing dark Zhongshan suit and thick and hard short hair among a group of tall Soviet comrades, looked very inconspicuous. He didn't expect that this "little man" could actually get Mao Zedong's favor.
In the face of the "titled" by everyone, Deng Xiaoping's idea was also very open-minded, and his answer was also very witty: "I am a small man. Since this is the case, the Soviet Union will not be scared!"
Khrushchev at this moment did not realize that this "little man" was about to defeat him, the "big man" in the negotiations.
In the following negotiations, China and the Soviet Union still focused on "peaceful negotiations". Deng Xiaoping implemented Mao Zedong's view of "resolutely defeating the reactionaries" and negotiated with all the Soviet representatives.
Based on the negotiation situation, Deng Xiaoping submitted a written program, which pointed out the one-sidedness and harm of the Soviet Union's "peace transition theory".
At the negotiating table, Deng Xiaoping talked about the confucians and firmly denied the Soviet Union's "peaceful transition theory". In the end, the Soviet representative Suslov was defeated, and Khrushchev also completely remembered this "little man" with huge energy.
After the entire negotiations, Khrushchev specially found Mao Zedong and said with great emotion: "Your little man stumped our big man!"
Hearing this, Mao Zedong said to him with a smile: "You can't underestimate our 'little man'. Comrade Deng Xiaoping is a rare talent!"
Khrushchev nodded repeatedly and said in agreement: "Yes! I also feel that this person is very powerful and difficult to deal with. He has a strong observation ability!"
Khrushchev experienced Deng Xiaoping's power for the first time. At this moment, he did not expect that he and Deng Xiaoping had no fate.
Deng Xiaoping visited the Soviet Union eight times in his life, and seven of them dealt with Khrushchev, each of which left an extremely deep impression on Khrushchev.
pic | Deng Xiaoping
3. Deng Xiaoping talked about Khrushchev in Moscow
In April 1958, Soviet Defense Minister Malinovsky suddenly sent a letter to Peng Dehuai, requesting the establishment of long-wave radio station for submarine fleets along China's coast.
Even the "big brother" cannot openly invade our country's territorial sovereignty in this way. Peng Dehuai immediately submitted the letter to the Central Committee, and the Central Committee firmly rejected the Soviet Union's request.
In July of the same year, Soviet ambassador to China Eugene proposed to form the Sino-Soviet joint fleet . Mao Zedong directly rejected this unreasonable request without saying a word.
Eugene reported Mao Zedong's words to Khrushchev truthfully. Khrushchev was very angry when he found out and hurried to China to meet with Mao Zedong. This talks also became the beginning of a complete disastrous relationship between China and the Soviet Union.
After Khrushchev returned to China, he unilaterally tore up the "New National Defense Technology Agreement" signed by China and the Soviet Union. In order to achieve its strategic needs for development in South Asia, the Soviet Union disclosed the differences and contradictions between China and the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev personally visited the United States to meet Eisenhower, and wanted to engage in "Soviet-US cooperation" and talk about "dominate the world". He even openly launched a surprise attack on the CCP representatives at the Bucharest meeting.
The wheel of history entered the 1960s. The Soviet Union withdrew all experts in China and took back all design drawings and machinery. At that time, the New China was in a period of booming development in all walks of life. Soviet experts left at this time, causing significant losses to the economic and scientific construction of the New China.
Sino-Soviet relations are becoming increasingly tense, and a "huge crack" has appeared in the socialist camp. Under Vietnam's persuasion, Sino-Soviet decided to hold talks in Moscow in September 1960.
Mao Zedong predicted that this would be a tough battle. Only a tough military talent like Deng Xiaoping could compete with the Soviet side.
Picture|Peng Zhen
On September 15, the central delegation arrived in Moscow, Deng Xiaoping as the delegation head and Peng Zhen as the deputy delegation head. The delegation received high-level welcome and reception from the Soviet side.
At the grand welcome banquet, representatives of China and the Soviet Union delivered speeches one after another. The seemingly a happy atmosphere was actually undercurrents. Khrushchev borrowed Albanian to "point and scold the poor": " Albanian Workers' Party , I'm sorry for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union."
Deng Xiaoping immediately said bluntly: "They can insist on independence and we should Respect them, instead of constantly applying pressure. "
Khrushchev snorted coldly and said excitedly: "They took our food and gold, and in turn scolded us..."
"Aid is a relic of proletarian internationalism . The purpose of aid is not to control and interfere. If you help others, they will also help you!" Deng Xiaoping retorted fiercely.
Khrushchev was so angry that he couldn't speak for a long time.
Not long ago, the Soviet Union's behavior of withdrawing expert equipment directly led to more than 250 large and medium-sized enterprises and institutions in China being in a state of pause and semi-stop. This irresponsible and unmoral behavior is not allowed in international law.
Khrushchev immediately changed the topic and turned to Deng Xiaoping and said, "You have different attitudes toward the Stalin issue!"
"Our attitude is consistent!" Deng Xiaoping answered neatly.
Khrushchev's brows were tightly frowned, and he said with a red cheek, "At first you supported us, but later they opposed us!"
"What do you support? What do you oppose?" Deng Xiaoping immediately retorted.
"Comrade Liu Shaoqi has said it a long time ago. Ask Mi Gaoyang, we have never said it when he came to Beijing! We must criticize mistakes and affirm their achievements. We oppose this one-size-fits-all approach!"
Deng Xiaoping's words made Khrushchev feel a little embarrassed. In order to earn some face, he said furiously: "Gao Gang is our friend. You treat him like this to be unfriendly to us."
Hearing this sentence, Deng Xiaoping's expression immediately became serious. He stared at Khrushchev's eyes and said firmly: "This is what you said, and it must be recorded in Case! "
Reflecting on what nonsense he said, Khrushchev completely lost control and shouted wildly: "Don't you like Motolov! Give him to you, but Gao Gang is our friend!"
Deng Xiaoping was completely angry at Khrushchev's reaction, shook his head and said: "It's simply nonsense!"
Picture|Khrushchev
Khrushchev often speaks in some major occasions, even without any consequences, which has become a fatal shortcoming of his.
The Presidium of the CPC Central Committee knew that Khrushchev was an "old problem" and he had to stand up and toast everywhere, interrupting the topic. In order to save some face for the Soviet side, Deng Xiaoping did not hold on to it. He embarrassingly clinked the wine glass with Khrushchev and drank it all in one go.
In October, a drafting committee attended by representatives of the Workers' Party of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow, and Deng Xiaoping once again "departed to the expedition" on behalf of China.
Khrushchev, who had no wisdom in his mistakes, once again spoke "nonsense" at the welcome banquet. In front of everyone, he made public his opinions on the Chinese delegation: "I think our current views on International Communist Movement have many differences with the CCP. According to China's "Long Live Leninism", I think China has many wrong views."
Deng Xiaoping put down the wine glass in his hand, He walked over slowly and said to everyone with a smile: "Comrade Khrushchev, all parties can have their own opinions and cannot let you draw lines."
"Hmph, Comrade Deng Xiaoping, you would sing a opposite tune when the Soviet-US camp talks were held, saying "The Soviet Union is the leader". If the leader is just a treat to dinner, then we will not do it!"
"The leader cannot give orders at will, and stipulate other people's parties at will!" Deng Xiaoping retorted immediately.
Mao Zedong and the Party Central Committee were already dissatisfied with Khrushchev's "big power chauvinism", and Khrushchev's speech is even more heartbreaking.
After this talks, Deng Xiaoping held several negotiations with the Soviet Union, all ending with the Chinese delegation's triumphant return to China. Mao Zedong highly affirmed the delegation's achievements: "The delegation achieved a complete victory! You did not reach any agreement with the Soviet side that was inappropriate, this is a complete victory!"
pic |" Little man "Deng Xiaoping
When talking about Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong praised him: "Khrushchev once said that Deng Xiaoping was 'small', but he didn't expect to be a heavyweight boxer. In fact, Khrushchev could not move him, and Suslov could not!"
In just a few words, Mao Zedong's favor and attention to Deng Xiaoping. This "little man" who was once teased by Khrushchev and others has now become a "giant" that can shake the Far East!
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