"Traditional Stories and Exotic Legends" Wang Li wrote
The illusion of decapitation and the undead story of beheading are both a kind of fantasy narrative that harms the person involved, and transcends pain and death. These two types of stories are divided into active and passive. Are there an internal organic connection between them, and are they consistent from the Buddhist scriptures? Here we try to reorganize and review.
1. The illusion of the illusion of the stochastic
The acrobatic performance of broken limbs and resurrection of the head is actually closely related to the ancient records of the intestine-breaking and belly rebirth. Its origin is very far away in terms of time and space, and it has a profound and extensive background of foreign Buddhist culture. As some predecessors pointed out, the art of cutting off the head and paediatric surgery has been recorded in many records in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
ganbao "Soushen Ji" says that Xu Guang of the Three Kingdoms Wu once performed illusions in the street market. But when he passed by General Sun Lin's sect, he disclosed his perception of "bloody overturning the way, smelly and fishy" because of some disrespectful actions. General Sun was angry and killed: "Behead his head, no blood."
But later someone saw Xu Guang on a pine tree and slapped his hand to see the general's joke. Soon General Sun was indeed destroyed. "
Wang Yan's "Mingxiang Ji" wrote that Grand Sima Huan Wen was very committed to Buddhism in his later years and offered a nun from afar. This nun must take a bath for a long time.
Huan Wen peeped: "I saw the nun swinging a knife naked, breaking his abdomen and making his head cut off, and cutting his branches. "And when the nun came out of the bathroom, he "shaped like a normal body". A different story similar to
is found in Volume 395 of "Hi Ming Lu" and "Su Shen Jue", etc., and it was widely circulated at that time.
"Biography of the Empress Monk" by Huijiao of Liang Dynasty also recorded that in the Liu Song Dynasty, the middle-English people asked Nabadra to preach to King Qiao. Because he felt that he was "not good at Song Yan" (the Chinese pronunciation was not good), he prayed for Guanyin to help him. So he dreamed that someone was holding a sword in white and holding a head, and he changed his head with a sword, and he even had a new head. He couldn't forget whether a greeting was painful.
The next day, this foreign monk actually mastered the local language and could preach the scriptures normally. 3.
At that time, inspired by Buddhist illusion thinking, there were many rumors about being replaced in dreams such as head and feet, all of which were. This kind of "monster" has long been paid attention to by many commentators.
More clearly declared that the illusion of the slash of the head and abscissification came from ancient India, and Ma Ming's "The Great Sect of the Sword" (translated by Kumarajiva of the Later Qin Dynasty).
said that a illusionist used stalactia to be a woman, "righteous and strange", and could even kiss him in public. When the monks watched, they couldn't help but blame him. The illusionist had to temporarily change the program arrangement: "I heard that all the monks were ridiculed and blamed him, even if they were stabbing a woman with a knife, breaking up the branches, picking their eyes and cutting their noses, killing this woman in all kinds of bitterness. "But this caused new dissatisfaction among all the monks.
In order to eliminate the misunderstanding, the illusionist had to show it as a stalactite, indicating that he was not a living person.
The story is written that the monk kissed the donor and violated the precepts, so he was condemned by everyone.
If we dislike the man The examples in the translation of Buddhist scriptures are not sufficient, so you might as well take a look at the relevant records in the story of the Buddha's Birth.
The story of the Buddha's Birth in the eastern part of ancient India, "Da Shuang's Birth" in the story of the Birth of the Birth in the eastern part of ancient India, which said that the son of the king and the priest elopes with the queen, and the king suffered from lovesickness. Therefore, the Minister of Political Science and Law (Reincarnation of the Bodhisattva) and two other smart ministers asked the acrobatic artists to perform the "swallowing sword technique".
These three wise men asked the king to watch, "Among them, someone swallowed a thirty-three fingers long morally sharp sword." The king thought I had something more difficult than this, so he asked:
Dashuang's sword is the sharpest, drinking blood without any scruples;
This person swallowed it in public, is there any more difficult than this?
One of the wise men answered on the spot:
This person was so obsessed with greed and swallowing the blood-sucking sword.
promises to give people something, which is more difficult than this.
Although this is intended to use this example as a metaphor to illustrate a certain philosophy, it at least reflects that there was indeed such acrobatic performance at that time. But it is not just an acrobatic performance, it is rather an illusion operation. Illusion performances like
have damaged the bodies left by their parents for their "cutting their heads" and have received some criticism, thus becoming an excuse for the orthodox people in the Central Plains to criticize foreign Buddhist culture, showing the impact of Chinese and foreign cultures.
"Stories of Buddhist scriptures"
Sun Chuo's "Metaphor" (Volume 3 of Monkyou's "Hongming Collection", Volume 3, Page 17): "The parents of the body dare not destroy it. Therefore, the joy is hurting their feet, and they will be ashamed for life. And the way of monk is born of separation, abandoning their relatives and being alienated, shaving their hair, and stolen their appearance..."
and Liu Xie "Theory of Destruction" (Volume 8 of "Hongming Collection", page 51): "In the past, Tai Bo Yu Zhong cut off his hair and tattooed his master. ... Therefore, he abandoned his traces and sought his heart, and was sure to be wise. He was filial to both filial piety." Although he was criticized above, he was still like a grass snake and gray line, which was not like the commentator said, "being forgotten and abandoned."
In the early 1990s, Xuzhou Normal University Professor Chen Hong noticed the connection between the "disintegration and return to form" of the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties and Buddhist scriptures, which was of certain groundbreaking ("Fiction and Reform to form" novels and Buddhist scriptures", "Journal of Xuzhou Normal University" 1990, Issue 3).
However, until 17 years later, the monograph of the debater still believed that the novel "disintegration and shape" refers to the description of the strangeness of the protagonist's limbs that are broken and reconnected, but their vitality is not lost.
is surprised by those who become Buddhas: "It is the Chinese who are unbearable. The scholars and officials... pursue spiritual detachment and physical immortality, while the general public's psychology is kind and gentle and humane. Confucian often talks about "gentle and honest" not only refers to literature, but also a typical summary of national ethics.
Therefore, the disintegration is also a strange thing. In the deep psychology and subconscious of the Han people, they cannot find a suitable position, so they cannot be carried forward. And the favor of patronage can only linger in the displaced ranks in rags.
... Disintegration and form novels can be called "heterogeneous" and "the most inconsistent behavior". In the process of being integrated, "through the most unlikely change", it makes itself increasingly consistent with certain characteristics of Chinese literature (such as the story of "Li Xin".
Because there are too few factors that can be integrated for such novels, they will inevitably be forgotten and abandoned in the end. "This conclusion is subject to debate.
Shaanxi Normal University Liu Huiqing's thesis mentioned the description of the story of Buddhist scriptures that the general pattern is that a person's body is broken and split into several parts, and then it is restored to its original state, but it has no effect on life. This is the complex theme of novels that have been absorbed and solved by literati of the Six Dynasties.
He believes that the story of the Buddhist scriptures can be divided into four categories:
A story made up for promoting the idea of giving and rewarding Buddhism. Stories like
are either to give to parents with their bodies or to others. In the end, they all make a vow to seek the supreme and true way to restore the body to its original form.
2 For the Bodhisattva whom he respects, he will sacrifice his body at all costs.
3 is a story about the supernatural powers of Buddhism.
4 is to serve to promote the Mahayana concept of "emptiness".
believes that the emergence of the complex novel of the branch and complication was related to the prosperity of Buddhism and was the result of the references made by literati of the Six Dynasties from Buddhist literature.
Its main point follows Chen Hong's previous expo and classifies and reorganizes the novel of the Six Dynasties in tabular form to display the theory used mainly from the fourth volume of " Guanzhubeng " and Lu Xun's "Ancient Novels Hung".
It can be said that there are many things that ignore the fact that Chinese narrative literature in the first paragraph and the later paragraph reproduction of the motto. General research should not ignore phased variations, but should be more cautious about saying "none".
Even in the real life of the Ming and Qing dynasties, many cruel and lack of sympathy were everywhere. How can we use those empty conclusions to force it?
For example, in the early Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yu " Chaoye Qianzai " Volume 3 describes the magic of Zu Zhenjian during the Xianheng time. He put a jar of water in a closed room. After a long time, he saw that the broken branch of Jian was dissolved into five sections, and the water jar was all blood. But after he left, he calmed down as before.
Lingkong Ye Taoist cursive knife, cross the peach willow and cut it to the patient's abdomen, "The peach willow is broken but not hurt inside"; he also cut a woman with two swords, and blood flowed all over the ground, but he could continue: "Spray water and curse it, and it will calm down in a moment."
Some of these records combine Shang Hu and the sacrificial gods of the sacrificial gods, Most of them are quoted by people, such as the establishment of Defang, Henan Prefecture and the Hushen Temple in Xifang, Nanshi City. When praying for blessings, a Hu is recruited as the master of the turtle. The viewer gives money: "The master of the turtle takes a horizontal knife, which is as good as frost and snow, and does not blow hair. He stabs the abdomen with a knife, and the blade comes out of the back, which still disturbs the intestines and stomach bleeding. After a while, he sprays water to curse it, and calms it down. This is the illusion of the Western Regions."
As for later generations, such related narratives are still endless.
"Biography of the Empress"
2. Active "head change" to increase talent and become beautiful, etc. The narrative of the transplantation of narrative
Inspired by the theme of Buddhist scriptures, "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio·Lu Punishment" wrote about the bold Zhu Erdan was inspired by his friends, and he came to the Ten Kings Hall to carry the left corridor judge idol. Half drunk, he really entertained the visiting judge Lu, who became a drinker. Once he was drunk, he felt a slight pain in his stomach and abdominal pain. It turned out that judge Lu was "breaking the cavity and stomach, and sorting out all the lines."
It turned out that Lu Zhi's "unhappy composition" changed his selected wisdom heart for him. Since then, he has "prospered his literary thoughts and never forgotten them after all."
. At Zhu's request, Lu Jue replaced Zhu's wife with a beautiful "head and face", which is a fresh donor with "neck blood is still wet". This surgical process is described by the omniscient narrative:
led to the bedroom and saw the wife sleeping sideways. Lu used his head to hug him, and the white blade appeared from his boots like a dagger. He pressed his wife's neck, pressed his strength like a rotten shape, and he could easily untied it, and his head was stiff and his head was stiff. He was eager to take the beauty's head and neck to put her neck together, carefully examined and then pressed her down.
Afterwards, he moved his pillow to the shoulders and ordered the head to be buried in a quiet place, and then he left. Zhu's wife woke up and realized that her neck was slightly numb and her cheeks were incorrect. She rubbed it and found a bloody piece. He was very shocked and called his maid to wash his clothes. When the maid met, she was frightened and shocked; when she washed her, the water in the basin was red. When I raised my head, I was beyond recognition and shocked.
Lady led the mirror to take a look, and was shocked and could not explain himself. Zhu Zu told him. Because of repeated careful looking, the eyebrows cover the temples and the smile supports the cheeks, which is the person in the painting. After decorating it, there is a red line for a week, and the flesh color is obviously different.
First of all, it is a technical issue in surgical operations. Especially whether the "donor" and its "receptor" of the human head (head and face) can be aligned with the contact part. In the 37th chapter of the novel " Fengshen Romance ", Shen Gongbao and Jiang Ziya fight by the immortal man, and his head is taken away by a crane. He hurriedly faced his back, and then he straightened his ears and placed them straight.
Until the 72nd chapter of "The Romance of the Gods", Shen Gongbao still held a grudge and said to Jiang Ziya: "You don't remember that in Kunlun, you rely on the power of the Antarctic Immortal Man, and you have no good eyes to look at me; first, you just ignored me, and then you insulted me with the Antarctic Immortal Man, and asked the Baihe Boy to take my head and hoped to harm me; this is a murderous grievance, but still said no?..."
In the 75th chapter of "The Story of the West", there is also a Jinbifeng that causes all the people killed by Zen Master Feiyan to be resurrected, but there is also a mistake: "If a person has his head wrong, he will have to face his back."
Secondly, it describes a "medical ethics" issue derived from surgery, that is, the legality of the donor source.
says that Wu Shiyu's daughter is very beautiful, and she refused to rape and was killed, but she lost her head when she was there. It was confirmed that the county magistrate could not make a decision.
Lu Jue gave his friend the excuse, and asked Wu to ask his parents to have a dream at the same time, informing the real murderer Yang Danian, and telling the whole story: "(Zhu Xiaolian) is not fond of his wife, so Lu took the son's head and changed it to him, and the son died and lived his first life. I hope not to get enemies." So Wu and Zhu became father-in-law and son-in-law. The author's self-review:
"The crane and the duck are broken, and the author is arguing. The flowers and trees are transplanted, and the founder is strange. What's more, the chisel is cut into the heart and liver, and the knife is applied to the neck? The Duke of Lu can be said to be a beautiful bone wrapped in the skin.
From the Ming Dynasty to the present, it is not far away. Does Duke of Lingyang still exist? There is still a spirit Why? Is it so happy to hold a whip for it? "
, and he commented: "If you cut your stomach and bury your intestines, then your lucidity will be broken; if you change your head, then your mother can be beautiful. Those who finally hit your teeth and are afraid and unwilling to do it. Is this also different from the fables of Shishi's family? "
Third, the function of organ transplantation after surgery. The couple in the novel described in
did not leave any sequelae. Zhu Erdan won the show and lived for 30 years. After his death, he could educate his five-year-old son for twenty years and cultivate him as a Jinshi. Zhu Xiaolian, who had undergone head change surgery, enjoyed a high life.
novel tells that the couple who were undergoing transplant gave birth to a son and finally became Sima, giving birth to five grandchildren, one of whom became the general constitution, aiming to imply that the success of the surgery continued to their offspring.
"Romance of the Gods"
Change your head in your dream, there are indeed such rumors in reality. The Qing Dynasty Wang Qing "Theory of the present world" Volume 4 "Reward and Honor" wrote Yixing Zhou Qijun's virtues and talents are famous all over the world, but when he was young, he was not handsome and had a dry face. He laughed at the villagers as a "yellow crown" and was still trapped in a boy at the age of 32.
Before taking the exam, he stayed with his father. He dreamed of a man in a red-clothed pheasant and changed his head with a knife. The beard on the head was like a halberd. He was shocked and held his father's foot and shouted, and his hands were rubbed as before. But soon, "the cheekbones gradually grew higher, the two chins gradually became stronger and stronger, and the beards grew longer and longer."
years ago, I dreamed of a white-bearded old man saying to replace his internal organs: "Cleaning out the internal organs and re-sucking them again. After taking them, use a square bamboo hat to cover the abdomen, and then take the four corners of the nail vertebrae." Zhou didn't feel pain. After that, he "advanced literature every day", and he was successful in both examinations and examinations, and became a lecturer.
Novel historian commented: "If this matter is true, then the "Lu Punishment" in "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" may not be a fable."
Qian Zhongshu Mr. Qian Zhongshu believes that "Jiaxing Rope Skills" produces " Original Records ". It points out that this is the origin of "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio: Stealing Peaches".
He noticed that Feng Ping mentioned Qian Xiyan's "The Garden" also recounted this matter, "not yet done". Because "The Garden of Heaven" says that the wooden sticks ascend to heaven, while "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" says that throwing the rope into the void, "it is to catch two things and put them in one place." The story of German:
" is also called the warlock throwing ropes at high altitude (Warf erein Seil in die HÖhe), the rope leads the foal, the warlock climbs the horse's hoof, the wife pulls the husband's feet, the maid holds the wife's clothes, and the fish passes into the cloud and dies.
Irish story (0’Donnell’s Kern) says that a rope skill throws silk threads so that it catches on a cloud, so that it catches on a cloud, so that a rabbit, a dog, and a child can reach the sky, and then a girl goes to see the rabbit good at it. After a long time, the rope master is suspicious, so he collects the thread, and the woman is having sex with the child and the rabbit has become a dog. (Sure Enough, the boy is between the girl’s legs and the dog is picking the hare’s bones), and the boy is angrily beheaded, and the viewer scolds him for endurance, and then puts his head and neck backwards, and the child lives; it is particularly humorous.
"The Seventh Five" Chapter Jin Bifeng resurrected the people killed by Zen Master Feiying. There is also a 'one who has wrongly settled his head, so he has to face it on his back.'"
In fact, these all have expectations for the success of such difficult surgical operations, and the concerns about the consequences of such surgery in Chinese and Western narrative literature have similarities.
There were many records of illusion stories similar to "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio: Stealing Peaches", the core of which is the reconciliation of the severing head and other limbs, such as the illusion performance written by Wang Tonggui.
said to be Jiajing Wu Zi (1528), a couple from Echeng performed the "illusion" of taking fairy peaches from heaven. The husband threw the rope up, connected with the Tianmen, and threw the rope up, threw the fresh peaches down, and the audience was so sweet that they ate.
Later, I heard the noise from the sky: "Suddenly throwing his husband's head, feet, and limbs down, blood dripping."
The woman cried and said that it caused the rage from heaven. The husband was eaten by the dog of heaven, so he sought money to treat the coffin. So the woman combined her limbs into a human form" and said in a reed mat, "You can get up!"
The husband suddenly rose up and still carried the rope away. This is Sun Shunlin's Wanli Dingyou version, and refers to the five volumes of "Secret Collection" by Taiwan Weiwen Book Publishing Co., Ltd., and then see the article "Heluo People's Illusion" Volume 45 of Wang Tonggui's "Er Tan Lei Zeng".
In this regard, during the Wanli period (1573-1620), Song Maocheng also described that the Guangzhong Fan Bo Xiang Shuangxi held a birthday party during a winter season. The janitor reported that a sorcerer brought a boy to offer peaches, saying that the child was stolen by the Tianmen, and the child was chased by the Tianmen, and the child was "blooded under his shins and the clouds were barked by the Tianmen." There is no description of the repetition of the first and lasting.
, and the same age, , Qian Xiyan's Volume 3 of "The Garden" Volume 3, "The Peach Stealing Children" also describes the birthday party of Xiang Shuangxi, Hangzhou during the Hongzheng period, to celebrate the birthday of Guangdong's governor:
Suddenly, a fantasy man visited the door and took a child of several years old, saying "come to offer peaches". When winter is cold, I ask for a large celadon plate and hold out two immortal peaches to live long, which is bright and bright.
Xun Gong said, "Where is the peach?" He said, "This is the Queen Mother of the West. I ordered my child to go to the Yaochi to take it."
Hun Gong said, "I have the most guests today. There are dozens of seats. Can I get ten more for me? Can I taste it each?"
Hun Gong replied, "There are evil dogs under the Beidou gate of Shangqing, which are hideous and fearful. They often want to kill this child, which is not easy to get." Gongqiang repeatedly asked for a heavy reward and agreed. If a child is ordered to hold a small stick about two feet long, he will pick it up one by one, and he will be able to pick it up with his hands. The child's connection is straight up, reaching the top, and it will shake slowly, and the viewer will be terrified.
33The illusionist blows a breath, and a cloud grows on the top of the wood. The child rides it up, and then gradually enters the clouds and disappears suddenly.
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh The fantasy man shouted: "Get the fairy peach quickly! I will live for you." Then he saw that the peaches fell to the ground, and ten were on the ground, with branches and leaves, and the color was delicious.
kun3 got the separation and attended the Liaozong, and all the people were surprised. The fantasy man looked up at the clouds for a long time, but the child couldn't get down. Suddenly, he heard the dog barking in the clouds, and the sound of the storm was boiling. The fantasy man paused his feet and said to himself, "My son is full of the belly of the dog!"
Before he finished speaking, he saw that the child's hands and feet were scattered from the sky, his limbs were broken, and his body was covered with blood. Finally, he fell to the child's head on the ground. The man was deeply saddened.
After mourning, he forced his body to ease his head, and there was no trace at first. He asked for a heavy reward again, but the officials were shocked and pitied, so they paid generously to pay for it, and each paid more than a hundred gold coins.
3The illusion man got gold, so he took the corpse, quickly put it into the cloth bag, and took it away on his back. Tomorrow, someone will see this in the market that the child is still here, and he knows what he is doing.
can be seen that the rumors of this illusion and acrobatics in the Ming Dynasty are no longer very novel among the people. Such rumors are difficult to understand as real records, but rather rumors that are exaggerated and search for strange and erotic styles.
"年中"
The previous quote "Ear Talk" also contains the actor's "play". It is said that the King of Qin held a banquet, and the Ling Tong pretended to be Diao Chan, and the deliberate mistaken beheading the boy (Diao Chan), "the body and head are different, and the ground is bleeding."
When the officials were shocked, they stopped drinking and left the audience. The King of Qin left the actors to entertain him and smiled and asked the boy to answer, "I left my head and my head at that time, and I was confused. Xu Jia wiped it with his hands without any traces, and I started to Suer."
Press, here is another article of "Qinfuge Ling Opera" in Volume 45 of "Ear Tan Lei Zeng". And Xu Ke "Qing Bai Lei Chao·Drama" includes "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio·Stealing Peaches", and the following lists "The Illusion of Killing People":
" The stranger of illusion can kill people into several pieces and resurrect them. One man carried a young child, stood in the center, holding a knife in his hand, and asked the child to stretch his arms and cut them. After he cut his feet, legs and head, bleeding as if he was bleeding. Place them one by one in the altar and seal their mouths. After a moment of breaking the altar, the child has been resurrected, his hands and feet are still complete, and he comes out calmly. "
Therefore, Pu Songling "Stealing Peaches" says "what you go to the county exam when you were a child" is probably an excuse for writing a story. The retelling of old stories like "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is that it has excellent writing style, exceeding all the texts that were first present.
This left a deeper impression on later readers. In addition, it is a deep and comprehensive interpretation of "Stealing Peaches", and it must be read and read in conjunction with the immediate "Growing Pears".
The latter's "speed-planting" and "Stealing Peaches" are both illusions performed in public, and they are also The truth narrative reveals that the previous illusion performance is performed, and both of them have undeniable origins of Buddhist scriptures and literature. (Liu Weiying's "New Study on the Story of Stealing Peaches" ("Pu Songling Research" No. 1, 2003)
needs to be supplemented by the active head change of "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio: Lu Jue", which is probably also available in the 18th volume of "Yu Shiming Yan" "Yang Ba Lao Yue Guo Qifeng".
says the Qingshuizha Shunji Temple, its god Feng Mingjun, this is Qiantang people, at the age of sixteen, dreaming of Jade Emperor sent the god to cut the abdomen and replace the internal organs, and still felt abdominal pain:
" from After being out of school at a young age, he had never known books. Since then, he suddenly became enlightened. He knew everything and wrote it. He could also predict the future misfortunes and good fortune. …”
, and earlier, it was found in the Tang Dynasty’s “Yunxi Youyi” Hu Sheng was originally a mirror-washing nail. Because he often prayed and sacrificed to the enemy, he suddenly dreamed that he cut his belly with a knife, "put a book on his heart, and felt it, and the chanting sentences were all beautiful words";
Then it was recorded in the Song Dynasty’s “Longcheng Lu” by Yin Zhizhang Shao: “I dreamed that a man in red clothes held a giant chisel to break his belly, and if the grass was sucked in his heart, it was very painful and shocking. Since then, his intelligence has been respected by the generations.”
From this point of view, Pu Songling just combined the couple’s wisdom and beauty with the combination of wisdom and beauty with his wife. It's just one place.
"Yunxi Youyi"
3. The folk legend background of the story of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
The famous Chinese and foreign communication historian Mr. Zhang Xingying was also interested in Pu Songling's story of stealing peach and cutting his head, pointing out: "Although the illusion mentioned above is produced in the Middle Earth, the first recorded in various texts in the world is Badu. ...Pu Songling's book was written in 1679 in the Siwei (18th year of Kangxi). Although Pu Songling was a Chinese, it was the third time in the world to record this matter. "
The statement of senior experts can actually be understood as a literary description, which can be discussed and supplemented.
In addition to citing many examples, Feng Menglong also recognized this "drama" in " Ancient and Modern Tan Jiao ", calling it "(Eastern) Fang Shuo's Peach Stealing Method", which gave him the color of immortality.
is about a child holding a small ladder, raising his peaches and rushing deep into the clouds. After picking peaches, he was also in the voice of the craftsman crying and saying "My son was killed by the Tiangou", "the head and foot fell in scattered", of course the audience should be generous, but the next day the child performed picking peaches in the street market again. The identity of the "child" in the narrative of
has a relationship with the "artist", and is the same as the main body of "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio: Stealing Peaches".
Considering that "Ancient and Modern Tanji" is just a book that is self-proclaimed and "authentic" and is just a book compiled by a variety of copies, the text is definitely generated earlier. How can Pu Songling's account be considered "the third time in the world"?
If the vision is extended further, the Yuan and Ming people even earlier recorded strange rumors about different places, Wang Dayuan "The Island Barbarians' Records·Bin Tonglong" says that in the area around Wang Shecheng (a coastal city in eastern Vietnam) Wang Shecheng :
"The corpse-headed barbarian woman harms people more than Champa, so the people sacrifice many temple affairs and blood. The barbarians are also born with their parents, which is different from women. They have no pupils in their eyes. They fly their heads and eat the tip of the feces when they meet at night. The heads fly away, if people take it, if they are dependent on the heads, they will eat the tip of the feces. If the paper or cloth covers its neck, the head will die without being held.
After ordinary people live in the place of stool, they must use water to clean them. Otherwise, they will eat their feces and sleep with others. If there is any violation, the intestines and stomachs will be eaten, and the spirit will be taken away and they will die. "
In this regard, the Ming Dynasty did not show any weakness, and also paid attention to the Zhenla Kingdom, which is adjacent to Chameng in South Asia:
" It is rugged and fierce, and is brave in fighting. ml4. …There is a woman who has a corpse-headed man, but his eyes are different. The woman sleeps with her family. She flies to eat people and filth in the middle of the night and flies away from eating filthy things. She flies back and rejoins, and her body lives as before. If you know and seal the neck, or move the body elsewhere, you will die. …”
” Also, the Yuan poet Chen Fu was sent to Annan , and there is a poem in the chronicles saying: ‘The nose drinks like a leash, and the head flys like a wheel.’ It is said that there are natives who can drink with their noses, and they can fly at night to eat fish, and return to their bodies after returning.
However, in "Win Chuang", it also contains Laos Chinese people drink water and eat fish on their noses. Now Champa is a special woman. Champa, Annan, and Laos are connected, so there is a species.
If " Seven Revisions Drafts " recently recorded that there is a man named Wang Haiyun in China, he can also drink and fly on his nose. This is a strange thing. Therefore, he has different ambitions. "
These conclusive records form an intertextual system.
. This record of strange stories in the foreign domain was not discovered by talents in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, but can be verified in history.
"Baozhi " Book and Movie
3 was seen in the Western Jin Dynasty Zhang Hua "Baozhi" Volume 3:
"There are headworms in the south, and their heads can fly. People often worship them, and they are called "worms falling", so they are therefore called "worms falling". It is taken because of it. It is because it is flying and taking it (late). It takes the ear as its wings, and it is about to return to the morning and retract its body. In Wu, it often gets this person."
and segmentation also has a different collection, which is considered to be a regional custom in the south:
In the Lingnan River Cave, there are often flying heads, so there is the name "Flying Head Fangzi".
head is about to fly a day ago, with marks on the neck and red necks, so my wife guards it. The man looked like a sick person at night, and suddenly had wings on his head and left. He searched for crabs and worms and other foods on the mud of the shore. He was about to fly back to the morning, and his abdomen was solid.
Brahma Bodhisattva Sheng also said: "If there is a flying head in the country, the person has no pupils in the eyes, and there is one person who holds it when he is in the settlement."
Yu's "Monster": "The people who fall in the south can fly. The temple where the customs are called "Insect Falling", so it is called "Lost Mind". "Zhu Huan of the Jin Dynasty had a maid who flew at night.
"The Legend of the Condor Heroes" says: "Han Wu , because the envoy of the country of Han Dynasty said that there were people in the south who could fly to the South China Sea first, with the left hand East China Sea , and the right hand tide. At dusk, the head was on the shoulders. When both hands encountered the wind, they floated outside the sea."
In this horrifying legend of "corpse-headed barbarian woman" who came into contact with witchcraft and cannibalism, it was a key point that her head flew to do something that others didn't want others to know at night; and when this dead head flew away, she also risked not being able to get it back on her neck.
It should be said that this is in line with the technique of returning to the head in the acrobatic performance. In addition, " Taiping Guangji " Volume 74 "Self-Immortals" also wrote about Taoist Zhang Dingmeng teaching his changes: "... He can also use his sword to cut his hands and feet, pick the five internal organs, and hang them in four walls. After a long time, he will recover himself and be free of pain."
Shidetang's "Journey to the West" also described the battle between Tiger Power Great Immortal and Wukong . One of the bets was to repeat the dead head. Sun Xingzhe's head was cut off and rolled thirty or forty steps away. He cried in his stomach: "Come on the head!" He was chanted by Lu Li Daxian and taught the land god to hold it secretly. The walker had to "whistle" a head grew in his cavity.
After the tiger's powerful immortal's head was cut off, it was turned into a yellow dog , which was turned into a hair of the walker and was led to the Yushui River. The Taoist priest called out three times in a row and the headless yellow-haired tiger's original shape was spurted out in blood.
The Qing people wrote the evil tale of the Yunnan-Guizhou Demonic Talisman. A villain in Guizhou Province was angrily killed by the Fujun. His body and head were different. Three days later, he "had a body and head intertwined, and his neck was faintly red silk, doing evil as before." Later, he abused his mother. The mother reported that the rebellious son had a "soul-hiding altar", so he asked the government to destroy the altar first, take the wind wheel fan, fan the soul and then punish the evil man.
Mao Xianglin's "Mo Yulu" at the end of the Qing Dynasty also performed a performance of the Western acrobatics:
"......Then there were two more people who appeared on the stage to talk, and suddenly they fought each other. A got angry and drew his sword to cut off his head, but his head fell without blood. A took the first place and put it in a basin to show the audience all over the place, which shocked him to life.
sequel to press the neck of B, and then he was still in harmony and was safe. This is a play in Jiangzuo, and the so-called "Easy Eye Method" is close to it."
This is actually using Chinese illusion experience to understand European acrobatics.
"Mo Yulu"
4. Passive Ming and Qing Dynasty "beheading is not dead" narrative
"Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio: Liaoyang Army" describes someone in Yishui. The third army of the Ming Dynasty was filled with Liaoyang. The city was trapped by the scattered soldiers: "Although the head was broken, it was still not very dead. At night, one person came with a book and pointed out the ghosts. When he arrived, he said that he was not suitable to die, so he asked his head to continue and sent him to him. So he took the head and put it on his neck." After returning to his hometown, Yi Ling suspected that he had fled and tried his neck without any trace. He argued that he had settled again when the news of the city was trapped, and the news of Liaoyang came as he said, and he explained it. As long as the date indicated in Life and Death Book has not reached, the dead head can be renewed by the underworld official.
"Wild Dog" describes the villager Li Hualong lying in the bush of dead people in the chaos of the army. Suddenly, he saw a corpse with a broken head and broken arm. He stood up like a forest:
"There is a corpse inside, and the broken head is still connected to his shoulders. He said, "What can the wild dog come here?" The corpse responded unevenly and said, "What can you do!" All of them fell down in a sudden..."
Pu Songling used the corpse with a broken head to worry and speak, and accused the officers and soldiers of suppressing 's brutality in the seven Uprisings. As for whether you can speak after death, Pu Songling's view is revealed from the record of the beheading of the Zhangqiu thief in the late Ming Dynasty.
said that a soldier had a very good sword. One day, a thief who was escorted to the city, knew the soldier and asked, "I heard that your sword is the fastest, and I will behead you no matter how to cut it. Please kill me!"
The soldiers promised, and then "the sword was swayed and suddenly fell. A few steps away, and they praised him, "What a quick knife!"
obviously thought that he could make a sound after the head fell. Zhu Meishu's sequel volume of "Burning Worry Collection" shows that this is a kind of "ventral speech" and "the quick ear of the extremely shaped knife".
He used the rumor in "History of Ming Dynasty: Biography of Yang Wei Dou" to prove that the main person was unyielding when he was punished, and his head fell, but his voice came out from the head, which proved that the "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" was not false. Further quotes the more mysterious way to survive after the head break, there may be certain prerequisites:
Han Jia Yong was the prefect of Yuzhang . He fought with the enemy and lost his first year. He still carried a bow and armor and returned to the camp with his horse. He asked the generals, "Is it good to have a head? Is it good to have no head?"
The generals said, "It's good to have a head." Yong said ventricularly: "It's good to have no head.""
Anyway, it is like a drunk person who falls into a car and does not die. His spirit is complete. I once heard that Tang Huaqing was the governor of Jiannan, and ordered Duan Zizhang to pacify him. Later, he went out to fight with a single cavalry, fell into a siege, lost his head, and was still surrounded by a fertile ward. A washing girl saw him and said, "How can I wash my hair without a head? "
After hearing this, he was a servant. This is the test of Shensan. Wang Mu of Taiyuan was also a former general of Lumin at the beginning of Dechu. He was defeated in Nanyang. The thief cavalry chased after him and chopped Mu's neck with his sword. His muscles and bones were broken, but his throat was still connected. He died unconsciously at first, and he realized it after a while. His head was on the navel and felt the food leak. He then supported him with his hands and returned to his neck. After a moment, he fell back, and was as dull as before.
html After three years, Fang Su, after he was straightened, he tied two trips to his hair to sit up, and he was riding a horse. He didn't leave Mu at first.
Mu Fang stomped his feet into the stirrup, and his left tied his hair to his hair, his head fell into his arms, and he recovered at night. He tied his hair to his head again. He thought that the horse was lying on his head, and he could get up. The horse suddenly fell, and Mu got up, and the horse also got up. He carried Mu to the southeast. Mu held his cheeks with both hands and walked forty miles. There were dozens of soldiers under Mu's command. He saw him in groups and sent him to the village house to find him to the army.
Mu recovered from illness in the city for more than 200 days. He had flesh around his neck like a finger, and his head was slightly tilted. This was the head fell several times, and it was able to be continued. It was particularly strange. At the beginning of Jiaqing, Miao bandits incited chaos in Chu and Shu, and the officers and soldiers attacked him and fought in Xiangluping. The bandits were defeated, and some bandits were killed by the officers and soldiers. The head had fallen, and they were still holding a big axe to fight the enemy. A wisp of white air in their neck rushed up, about two meters in diameter, and they were servants after the time.
This may be a magic trick? It is not common to be the same.
"The Collection of Worry" says that there is a real foundation. Xie Zhaoqing I have summarized this physiological phenomenon early:
"If a person has a broken head but does not die, his spiritual consciousness has not dispersed, and it is not Guan Yong. According to the biography, after Hua Jingding died after he died, he still got off his horse and washed his hands. He heard the words of the girl washing the silk without a head, and then died.
Jia Yong went to the camp and asked the generals: "Is there a good head better, but Is there no head better?" ’Xian cried and said, ‘It’s good to have no head. ’He died. Because his heroic spirit is not chaotic.
If Pan Weng in Chun'an was beheaded by Fang La, Shang Nian weaving grass and shoes as if flying, and pouring soup and porridge from the beginning; Cui Guangzong was killed by Zhang Shougui, and his body was immortal, and his food and desire were no different from that of a human being. He gave birth to a man and died in five years, he would be close to a demon. "
Jia Yong, seen in "Taiping Guangji" quote:
" During the Han Dynasty, Jia Yong of Cangwu was the prefect of Yuzhang. He had magical skills and went out of the boundary to fight the thieves. He was killed by the thieves. He lost his head and got on his horse and returned to the camp, and all came to see Yong.
Yong's chest said: "The battle is not good, and it is hurt by the thief." Do you guys think it’s a good idea? Is it better to have no head? ’The official cried and said, ‘There is a good start. ’Yong said: ‘If not. It's also good without a head. ’After speaking, he died. "
"Taiping Guangji" Volume 321, page 2548.
Wang Shaoying's version was compiled into "Soushen Ji", and many commentators continued to use this mistake. According to "Taiping Yulan", Mr. Li Jianguo believed that it would be later, and it should be from "Records of Yi Biography".
"Taiping Guangji"
But "Taiping Guangji" did not notice it, but it was not actually a loss. Immortality, but in the novel, I still lose my heart, and I use magic to temporarily immortalize.
This is more directly from the story of Jia Yong. It can be said that it is a text reconstruction of Jia Yong's narrative, but the "head" is replaced with "heart".
"The Romance of the Gods" Chapter 26 of "Daji Design Harmful to Bigan" describes Daji deliberately fell and vomited blood. Hu Ximei took the opportunity to say that this was an "old disease" attack. Zhang Yuan, a doctor in Jizhou, used medicine the most wonderful thing:
"With a piece of exquisite heart, decocted soup and eaten, the disease will be cured. "King Zhou ordered Ximei to calculate, and calculated that Ya Bi Gan is the heart of the seven orifices. King Zhou quickly announced Bi Gan.
Bi Gan arranged the funeral afterwards. Wei Zi remembered Jiang Ziya's past, saying that it could solve the crisis, Bi Gan was boiled and drank it.
3Hai Lutai, indeed, King Zhou forced his heart to win. Bi Gan took the sword and worshiped the former king: "Then he untied his body; he stabbed the sword into his navel, and cut the abdomen open, and his blood did not flow; Bi Gan put his hand into his abdomen and pinched his heart out, looked down, covered his robe and said nothing, his face seemed to be light gold, and went off the stage...."
The next chapter wrote that Bi Gan walked out of five or seven miles, and heard a woman selling unswerving vegetables, asking what if she was unscrupulous? The woman said, "If a person has no intention, he will die." Bi Gan shouted and fell off the horse and died of blood.
novel says that if a woman replied, "A man still lives without intention", she can never die. In fact, this is a taboo of "knowing the truth".
The so-called "really want to know" is a negative fact that the party is unwilling to accept or expects to happen.
Here, it is a blunt reminder that the person involved is already incomplete and unable to survive. It is precisely a taboo that Bigan, a loyal minister who is in charge of magic, is unwilling to accept, destroys the will of survival of the person involved. It also belongs to a "tat for death" in a broad sense:
"Generally, death is far away from home, death is abnormally dead, pregnant women die in childbirth, and death is incomplete, body and head are different when they die, and being killed, drowned, burned, and overwhelmed, etc. are all considered evil deaths. It is very taboo."
Among them, the "tat for name" should also be one of the taboos of "knowing the truth".
I really want to know that in addition to breaking the real name, there is also "peeping on the truth". For example, the famous beast wife "Baishui Su Nu" story, etc., Liu Shouhua, Chen Jianxian and others have studied it from the perspective of "peeping" taboos.
Mr. Liu Shouhua linked this taboo to a specific story type and pointed out all alien marriage stories: "There are ancient taboos that cannot peek at the original form of the heroine." Professor Chen Jianxian noticed that in each related text, the taboo: "It is at the center of the turning point and climax of the story." Professor
0,000 Jianzhong pointed out that the theme of human and animal marriage will be "unbanned" -Punishment" is the core plot, such as Yi buffaloes not allowed to be ridden or used, otherwise it is quite dangerous: "
... This legendary taboo theme omits the ban link, because this taboo has long been known and adhered to by all people. If you repeat it again, it is a rambler.
" and "name the true feelings" intentionally or unintentionally, and even some taboos. The "peeping" in this type of story is equivalent to using this secret method to "discover the truth". At this point, the beheaded and the heart-digging person could survive by relying on some spells, but unexpectedly, the truth was "intention" by Ru, and the effect of the spell was terminated. This is the case for Jia Yong, Hua Qing, and even Bi Gan in the novel.
Li Xu of the Ming Dynasty once tried to find out the real life basis of the activities of the parties involved in the narrative of "no head yet live" and tried to find out from the documents:
"Guangyi Ji": Cui Guangzong of the Qinghe River was the magistrate of Ji County in Kaiyuan. He violated the law. Zhang Shougui owed his head, and his body was not dead. He returned home. He was hungry. He painted the word "hungry". His family ate in the neck hole, and his family wrote the word "stop".
family members have committed a mistake and the book orders to "decide". Then he was three or four years old, and the world was unsuccessful and he gave birth to a man. One day, the book says: "Die will die the next day." As he said.
33 During the Song Jiayou period, Zhu Wuhuo, Jiannan, said: "Pingzhou Ketan": Long Shu Zhang Xuanyi said that a relative traveled to Xishu, passed through Xianghan, and went to a hotel, but saw no one without a leader.
The owner said: "Because of scrofula, the head is off, and whenever you have the need, draw it with your fingers and pour it with soup and porridge every day, it still exists."
That means, this kind of lucky person who still lives with his head must know how to write, and his relatives around him must also recognize words in order to understand his needs and ideas at any time.
In ancient society where illiterate accounts for the vast majority, such conditions were relatively harsh, and such rumors also brought traces of human processing.
shows that Pu Songling has a special interest in the story of "Discontinuing the Tip" for the time being and the Tip" for the Tip" for the time being, which is very consistent with the personal preferences and overall creative style of the creative body of the creation of the Stories from a Chinese Studio. Pu Songling has the greatest success of the intertextual tradition.
simply and in isolation determines where a certain chapter comes from, which is probably arbitrary. It is like insisting that a certain stream of water in the downstream of the Yangtze River is from the upstream or midstream.
Not far from Pu Songling's hometown, Mo Yan, born in Gaomi County, also has a unique understanding of the above theme.
"Sandalwood Punishment" wrote that the executioner Zhao Jia was known for his "easy work". After cutting off Liu Guangdi's head, he immediately felt much more comforted when he saw the deceased's expression peaceful. However, the people in the capital were talking about it:
"People say that after Liu Guangdi's head was cut off, his eyes were crying, and his mouth was shouting at the emperor.
Tan Sitong's head took off his neck, and he also recited a seven-character quatrain loudly... These half-true and half-false folk discourses brought great reputation to Zhao Jia, making the ancient and humble industry of executioners enter people's vision for the first time and received attention from people...."
This is the same as Ku Ding, who described stealing silver, was cut in half, and the second half of the time, The body can still fly and echo: "Press the ground with your arms, and stand up half of the body, jumping around on the platform.
The blood and intestines soaked our feet and wrapped them in. The man's face was as yellow as gold foil. The big mouth was like a small sampan rolling on the waves, roaring, I couldn't understand what it was yelling, and the blood foam was spewing out. The strangest thing about
is that braid, which was like a scorpion's tail, raised up. After studding behind the head for a while, then it drooped down exhausted...."
The ancient folk memory was vividly reproduced by contemporary writers. A study of a motif is also a miniature academic history.
Article Author unit: Dalian University
This article was authorized by the author to publish. The original was published in "Northern Theory" No. 1, 2014, and the supplementary book is more than doubled. It is included in Wang Li's "Traditional Stories and Exotic Legends - Comparative Culture Research on Literary Motifs", 2015, published by People's Literature Publishing House. Please indicate the source for forwarding .
