Cost accounting in industries such as industrial manufacturing and commerce have relatively mature methods and are easy to operate, but with the rise of some innovative and complex businesses, traditional cost accounting methods are being challenged. They are not intuitive or ina

Category：finance

2025-09-14

cost accounting in industrial manufacturing, commerce and other industries has relatively mature methods and is easy to operate, but with the rise of some innovative and complex businesses, the traditional cost accounting method is being challenged. It is not intuitive or inapplicable when using variety method, batch method , step-by-step method, parallel carryover method, gradual carryover method, etc. For cost accounting and fee collection of these special industries or businesses, it is necessary to combine the business characteristics of the company and take reliability, relevance and comparability in the quality characteristics of accounting information as the basic principles, so as to provide financial information that is convenient for investors to understand, so that the financial statements of the proposed listed companies are authentic and reliable.

(I) Cost accounting for "package" business

At present, more and more companies provide customers with "package" products or services for the entire process of design, supply, installation, operation and maintenance, such as system integration, software customization, overall solutions in the communication network industry; sewage treatment, waste heat generation, , landscaping, etc. in the engineering contracting industry; medical service outsourcing, data analysis and testing in the modern service industry. This type of enterprise cost incurred has significantly different characteristics of general enterprises:

1 is the diversity of product or service costs. There are not only the physical costs of goods such as equipment, but also the labor costs such as installation and after-sales service, as well as the "intellectual" costs in terms of design that are difficult to confirm.

Second, there are many places for cost occurrence. Some costs occur in enterprises, such as self-made goods used for contract projects; some occur in foreign units, such as equipment that needs to be processed through outsourced enterprises; some occur in customers' locations, such as installation and construction sites, and almost all the inventory and costs are completed at the customer's site. This feature brings great difficulties to financial personnel, certified public accountant in inventory of inventory quantity and confirmation of end-of-term value.

Third, the cost is incurred for a long time. Some "package" contract projects have large amounts and high complexity, and the time span is often more than one fiscal year, and some are even several years long. This makes the accuracy of cost collection, especially the expected total cost and the amount of carry-over cost in accordance with the completion ratio, also have a significant impact.

Fourth, the cost analysis is poorly comparable. The cost composition of traditional manufacturing products is relatively certain and has strong comparability with the same industry. For example, gross profit margin, unit product cost and other similar industries, it can be judged whether the costs of the companies to be listed are reasonable and the level of cost management. However, the "package" projects are not non-standard "products", and it is difficult to find comparable objects. Even for the same business project, there may be differences in the specific content of the contract project, so the gross profit margin and cost rate of this type of project are quite different, and they should be analyzed one by one according to the cost occurrence. For audits of certified public accountants, analytical procedures may not be applicable. In the actual audit process, layered inspection methods are often adopted to conduct detailed inspections on major contract projects one by one. For non-major contract projects, the audit sampling method is used to inspect them. The cost accounting method and focus suitable for the enterprise should be determined based on the content of the contract service, settlement methods, rights and obligations, etc.

First, use "contract item" as the cost and expense accounting object. When determining the cost accounting object, similar to the "variety method" in the manufacturing industry, the "contract project" is used as the cost accounting object, and the cost accounting sub-object can be subdivided for refined cost management. Therefore, a contract is the basis for revenue recognition and cost accounting. Once a listed company enters the listing procedure, the financial specifications should take cost accounting as the starting point. First, it is necessary to standardize the signing of the contract, including specific terms such as the content of the contract, settlement method, etc. Accounting cannot conflict with the terms of the contract. For example, should a "package" project be signed, or different contracts are signed separately for design, supply, installation, etc., and if a contract is signed separately. Regardless of whether a contract is signed separately or not, the contract should be merged during accounting processing and collected and carried forward as a cost accounting object.

Second, Cost carry-over should be proportional to revenue recognition. In most cases, the "package" business uses the completion percentage method to confirm revenue by . The regulatory authorities mainly focus on whether the completion percentage is reasonable, whether there is evidence to support it, and whether the cost carry-over is comparable to revenue recognition. When most enterprises use the actual incurred costs to determine the completion progress in a proportion of the estimated total costs, the cost incurred is a process, and the proportion is a natural result.

Third, accurately estimate the total cost. The estimated total cost is an important parameter for determining the completion progress. If the project cost cannot be accurately estimated, it will affect the revenue recognition progress and amount and cost carry-over amount, thereby affecting the current profit . Therefore, enterprises must establish and improve cost budget systems, reasonably estimate the total cost, and make regular adjustments based on the amount of incurred in (such as adjusting once in one accounting period in three months), similar to adjusting the planned cost to the actual cost. For the contract quotations that an enterprise wins during bidding, due to market competition, such as low quotations for winning bids, it may not reflect the actual execution cost. It is necessary to adjust the cost budget based on the historical experience of similar projects as the estimated total cost to determine the completion progress. In addition, the estimated cost should not include very small potential expenses, such as project fines, etc.

Fourth, collect costs appropriately according to the contract items. The actual cost incurred is easier to verify, but the main problems in contract cost collection in practice include:

1. cost collection is incomplete. If some enterprises actually send goods or have provided services, but because the relevant original documents have not been transferred to the financial department in time, or have not issued or obtained invoices, the financial personnel have not conducted accounting treatment and underestimated costs.

2. Cost adjustment between contract projects. If the contract for the current period is carried forward to the cost, in order to increase the profit level, some of the costs will be transferred manually to the ongoing contract, which is essentially to confirm the income in advance and inflated the current operating performance. 3. Early or delayed confirmation of costs. In this case, the enterprise does not determine the completion progress according to the regulations, but instead determines a fixed gross profit margin for

, confirms income based on the total contract amount, and at the same time squeezes forward costs. At this time, the enterprise may not actually incur the corresponding costs, or the incurred costs are greater than the carried forward costs, forming inventory.

Fifth, disclosure of cost accounting methods. For the cost accounting of "package" businesses, in order to facilitate investors' understanding, the financial report should disclose the cost accounting method in a targeted manner according to the actual situation of the company.

For example, Beijing Yihualu Information Technology Co., Ltd. (SZ300212) is mainly engaged in intelligent traffic management system engineering business, and is confirmed according to the percentage of completion method according to the construction contract standards. The specific methods for confirming completion progress and collecting costs disclosed in the prospectus are as follows:

Intelligent transportation project contract revenue is recognized according to the percentage of completion method, and the method for confirming completion progress is the proportion of the completed contract workload to the estimated total contract workload, that is, the workload method.

Company starts to estimate the total contract revenue when signing a sales contract or obtaining a bid notice. business department (each business department) submits the list of system engineering attached to the sales contract or bid documents (including amount) to the financial department. Based on this, the total contract revenue is estimated. When the project changes, the estimated total contract revenue will be adjusted based on the change of the contract amount. Before the implementation of the

project, the company held the first project construction meeting based on the bidding documents and design survey report, and collectively reviewed and determined the construction plan and estimated contract cost at the meeting. The estimated total contract cost includes equipment procurement costs, labor costs, , travel expenses, on-site expenses and sporadic procurement. Among them: the equipment procurement cost budget form is submitted by the business department (each business department), reviewed by the procurement department and approved by the company's supervisor and approved by the financial department; labor costs and implementation costs are submitted by the project manager, and reviewed by the business department (each business department) and submitted to the financial department after approval.

Company confirms contract revenue and contract costs for intelligent transportation projects in accordance with the construction contract standards and the percentage of completion method. The method to confirm the completion progress is the proportion of the effective workload of the completed contract to the estimated total effective workload of the contract. Contract revenue recognized in the current period = (total contract revenue × completion progress) - cumulative recognized revenue in the previous fiscal year; contract cost recognized in the current period = (especialized total contract cost × completion progress) - cumulative recognized costs in the previous fiscal year. The difference between the current project revenue and the current project cost is the current "gross profit" of the project.

In order to ensure that the confirmation ratio of node workloads in each stage can truly reflect and control the actual project progress, the company introduced two concepts of benchmark workload and effective workload:

The benchmark workload is the standard value for the implementation of the standard workload of project survey, design, civil engineering, equipment procurement, hardware installation, hardware debugging, software deployment, software debugging, and system testing based on years of industry experience and reference to the construction process regulations of the construction and installation sub-projects of DBJ/T01-26-2003. For example: When the pole foundation of 1.2m*1.2m*1.5m meets the technical standards, the benchmark workload completed is 0.5 days/piece; when the debugging of the fill light of the electronic police camera meets the industry standards, the benchmark workload completed is 0.2-0.5 days/piece according to the number of lanes.

effective workload is the overall value of the sub-item workload completed by the issuer based on the actual workload of the project and the benchmark workload, and obtained by comparing the issuer's actual workload with the project and the base workload. For example: The project needs to complete 100 html bases of 1.2m*1.2m*1.5m . By comparing with the above-mentioned benchmark workload, the effective workload is 100*0.5 days/one=50 days; the project needs to complete the electronic police camera fill light debugging in 100 directions, including 50 directions in 4 lanes in both directions and 50 directions in 6 lanes in both directions. By comparing with the above-mentioned benchmark workload, the effective workload is 50 directions*0.2 days/one + 50 directions*0.5 days/one = 35 days. After

introduces the benchmark workload and effective workload, the overall effective workload of the project can be calculated by summing up the effective workload of all sub-items of the project. At the end of each reporting period, the issuer confirms the completion progress based on the construction contract standards and the comparison of the actual effective workload completed by the project and the overall effective workload of the project, and confirms the contract revenue and contract costs for the intelligent transportation project according to the percentage completion method.

confirms the project completion progress through the above method, avoiding the error of simply calculating the project completion ratio from the construction period, and objectively reflecting the actual workload of the project, it is more conducive to overall control of the project links. The basis for determining the completion progress of the contract is the basis documents for completing each node of the project. The nodes of the company's engineering project are divided into survey, design, procurement, implementation and completion acceptance, etc., among which:

(1) Survey stage: The basis document for completing this node is project research report ;

(2) Design stage: The basis document for completing this node is the project implementation plan;

(3) Procurement stage: The department in charge of equipment procurement conducts procurement contract negotiation, signing, shipping and other work in accordance with the approved "Equipment Procurement Budget Form", and the basis document for completing this node is the equipment on-site verification form;

(4) Implementation stage: The project manager organizes on-site personnel to install, debug and trial operation of equipment according to the project implementation plan. The competent department organizes internal acceptance of the project implementation. The basis document for completing this node is the project internal acceptance report;

(5) Completion acceptance stage : Complete the workload specified in the contract, pass the acceptance organized by the owner, and complete this node is the project completion acceptance report.

The issuer strictly implements the project process in accordance with the ISO9000 system. The basis for confirming each stage of the project and the specific situation of the confirming party are as follows:

in the table above is the approximate scope of the completion progress of each stage of the project. In fact, the completion progress of the project is strictly calculated and determined according to the proportion of the effective workload to the total effective workload.

Company Operating income accounting The main content of is: providing intelligent traffic management system engineering construction, including income obtained from overall design, software development and implementation, equipment installation and debugging, etc.; the main content of operating cost accounting is: equipment procurement costs, salary, travel expenses of project implementation personnel, auxiliary materials, installation and debugging costs, etc.

(II) Information technology product cost accounting

Information technology products, such as fiber MODEM, video transmission equipment, optical terminal machine, serial port equipment, fiber transceiver , voice data multiplexing equipment, co-transfer products, network management products, etc., are mainly the integration of equipment and systems. The line integrated board composed of various electronic and electrical components is the main carrier of the enterprise's products, embedded in the software products developed by the enterprise, and constitute the final product. The characteristics of information technology products are mainly reflected in: First, there are many electronic and electrical components, and there are as many as hundreds or even thousands of electronic and electrical components in general line integrated boards, mainly including resistor , capacitor , inductor , diode, transistor , field effect tube, voltage regulator , buttons, connectors, LED, LCD, crystal oscillator, transformer, integrated chip, etc.; Second, the product varieties and specifications are numerous, and enterprises generally research and develop products according to customer needs, resulting in up to thousands of models of the enterprise product.

From the perspective of production organization characteristics, since most of the customers targeted by the enterprise are operators, the products are mainly produced according to the customer's order requirements, and the production volume is large. From the perspective of the production process, the R&D department conducts product hardware design, software design and adaptive development through system analysis and system design based on user needs. After development, prototype integration, debugging and testing are carried out. After the user confirms the prototype, the company produces products according to customer needs. Among them, hardware equipment such as power supply, shell, integrated circuit motherboard, etc. mainly adopts outsourcing processing, and the company is mainly responsible for later assembly and system integration. The production process is completed in a single step. There is no calculation of semi-finished product costs in management. You only need to reasonably retain the end-of-term product costs.

For information technology product cost accounting and accounting processing, you can refer to the "variety method" in cost accounting. Due to the wide variety of product specifications, classification methods can be used in accounting to simplify accounting. At present, such enterprises often only care about the "two ends" of cost accounting: that is, whether the inlet and out of the physical logistics of inventory is a purchase and sales behavior of the enterprise. This method does not calculate costs according to product categories, not to mention different varieties and specifications. Cost accounting is only the total cost of all the company's products. This practice will cause distortion of the current sales cost and the end-of-term inventory value, which will in turn affect current profits.

can adopt the following improvement methods for the defects in information technology product cost accounting: Since before the production of product , the R&D department of such enterprises will provide the BOM table for specific products (Bill of Material Bill of Material ). The product BOM table is a technical document that provides product structure, a basic document for identifying materials, and provides the basis for preparing a plan for management, and is also a basis for ingredients and picking materials. Therefore, financial accounting should make full use of BOM table , and use it as the basis for cost accounting, and use the fixed cost method to classify product costs, that is, the direct material cost of completed products is carried forward according to the product BOM cost at the beginning of the month, and the product BOM table is updated at the beginning of each month according to the latest component procurement price; labor costs and manufacturing costs can be allocated to complete product cost ; at the end of the period, there are generally very few products, and only direct material costs can be retained. Material cost differences are regularly distributed between finished products in the end of the period and products that have been sold in the current period.

is similar to the characteristics of information technology products with many varieties and specifications. Some industries (business) engaged in integrated product sales also face the same problems, such as providing customers with overall solutions, production line construction, logistics systems, etc. The final product is composed of a large number of parts, and the cost accounting is relatively complex. When accounting for the costing of "integrated products", the main issues that should be paid attention to are:

First of all, costing should consider the method of revenue recognition. There are two ways to confirm revenue for integrated products: as a commodity sales behavior, the revenue is confirmed in one go when the risk reward of is transferred to ; or the income is confirmed by the percentage of completion method according to the completion progress. Different revenue recognition methods have different methods of cost collection and accounting. The above-mentioned information technology product cost accounting method is mainly for information product manufacturing and processing enterprises. It is suitable for product sales revenue , and costs are collected according to product categories. For enterprises that use the completion percentage to confirm revenue, although there are many varieties and specifications, the company has fewer hardware products, most of which are assembled after purchase. The production process of the entity is not complicated, and cost accounting can be further simplified, using contract projects to collect costs and manufacturing costs, similar to the "variety method" of production costs, and carry forward costs according to the completion progress. After all the projects are completed, the costs will also be carried forward. Under this accounting method, the accuracy of the estimated total cost has an important impact on current revenue, cost recognition and carry-over.

Second, we must consider whether it is a general product or a non-standard product. If information technology products are general products, since they are large-scale and long-term stable production, for many uncertain sales customers, the cost accounting can be quota methods, and the actual unit production cost can be verified whether the accounting is accurate. Of course, the quota standards should be adjusted regularly according to changes in procurement costs and labor costs. Customers specially customized non-standard products. Since they are flexible production on order-based basis, for determined customer sales, costs and expenses can be collected and calculated in batches, but attention should be paid to whether there is a situation where profits are adjusted by adjusting the costs of different batches.

Third, the applicability of cost accounting methods must be considered. The cost accounting of this type of product depends on the company's advanced cost accounting system, such as the use of informational accounting systems such as ERP. On the one hand, in the face of such a massive product variety, it is almost impossible to rely on manual accounting, so many companies cannot perform standardized accounting, and collect all costs into a cost account, and cannot distinguish the production costs of different specifications and models or a certain type of detailed products. In this case, it is not that the company does not do it, but that it cannot do it. Therefore, using information tools for accounting has become an inevitable choice. On the other hand, financial personnel are not technical experts, and it is difficult to understand the specifications and models of information technology products in depth. Only by using solidified financial accounting information and cost accounting according to standardized processes and inventory management can the accuracy of cost accounting be improved and the level of financial management can be improved.

(III) Cost accounting for cultural enterprises

According to the "Classification of Culture and Related Industries" released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2004, the cultural industry can be divided into 9 major categories: news services, publishing and distribution, copyright services, radio and television film services, cultural art services, online cultural services, cultural leisure and entertainment services, cultural supplies production, cultural supplies sales, and other cultural services. In the practice of listing of enterprises, the cultural industry is usually divided into 10 types of business formats, including radio and television, newspapers and journals, publishing, online media, cable TV, film industry, digital animation industry, theme performing arts industry, advertising companies, cultural product manufacturing and sales.

In March 2010, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and nine other ministries issued the "HTM1 Guiding Opinions on Financial Supporting the Revitalization and Development and Prosperity of Cultural Industry" (Yinfa [2010] No. 94) pointed out that "support cultural enterprises in mature stages and relatively stable operations to list on the main board market ; strengthen the screening and reserve of small and medium-sized cultural enterprise projects suitable for GEM market , and support the listing of enterprises that meet the conditions."

In October 2011, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening Cultural System Reform and Promoting the Great Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture ", proposing to accelerate the development of cultural industries, promote cultural industries to become a pillar industry of the national economy, support and strengthen state-owned or state-owned holding cultural enterprises, encourage and guide various non-public cultural enterprises to develop healthyly, guide social capital to invest in cultural industries in various forms, participate in the transformation of state-owned commercial cultural units into enterprises, participate in the implementation of major cultural industry projects and the construction of cultural industry parks, and provide support in investment approval, credit loans, land use, tax incentives, listing financing, bond issuance, foreign trade and special funds application.

Since cultural enterprises, especially state-owned cultural enterprises, are mostly reorganized by enterprises and institutions, there are certain problems in independence, related transactions , etc. Specifically, the common problems that cultural enterprises intend to be listed are:

1. The joint-stock company has been established for less than three years, and it is difficult to ensure that cultural enterprises are exempted from their issuance and listing conditions by the State Council. Therefore, the restructuring must be slowed down and then listed after three years. This is conducive to examining the effectiveness and feasibility of policies related to the restructuring of cultural enterprises and reducing policy risks;

2. Independence has defects. Many cultural enterprises are difficult to list as a whole. For example, in publishing groups, some publishing houses cannot be included in listed companies; newspapers and TV stations are reorganized, and there are still obstacles to the inclusion of core assets and businesses in listed companies; the unlisted part is burdened with heavy burden, and some are still suffering from large losses, and the ability to survive independently is poor;

3. The regional characteristics of the enterprise operation are obvious, and administrative division restricts the development space of the enterprise. Therefore, listed cultural enterprises should be supported to conduct cross-regional and cross-group expansion, conduct market-oriented acquisitions and mergers, and enhance competitiveness;

4, asset scale and profitability are not outstanding. Many cultural enterprises used to be public institutions , but it took not long to reorganize into a company, with little asset size, and their operating capabilities, market expansion capabilities and profitability need to be improved.

From the perspective of cost accounting, among the 10 cultural formats, the production and distribution of movies, TV series, and cartoons are relatively special. The "Regulations on Accounting and Management of Film Enterprises" ([2004] No. 19) issued by the Ministry of Finance in 2004, the regulations on the relevant revenue recognition and cost accounting of film and television drama companies are still applicable today. The defined film production companies refer to enterprises that are engaged in the production of various films such as feature films (including art films, stage films, drama films), documentaries (including scenery and tourism films), science and education films (including magazine films), art films (including cartoons, puppet films, paper-cut films, etc.), translated films, special films, and other TV series films, advertising films.

Regarding the carrying forward costs of film and television drama enterprises, the "Accounting Management Measures for Film Enterprises Accounting and Management" stipulates that the cost of films carried forward by enterprises should follow the principle of proportionality and prudence. Films that enterprises use the method of splitting the bill and issuing income, or transfer the distribution rights and screening rights to some movie theaters (distribution companies) or TV stations through multiple or partial (specific theaters or certain areas, certain periods), and can continue to distribute and sell to other units, and should not exceed 24 months from the date of meeting the income recognition conditions (art films and TV series mainly provided to TV stations can be carried forward to sales costs by transaction (period) by period (progress) by period from the date of meeting the income recognition conditions). The planned income ratio should be as close to reality as possible. Unless the planned income ratio should be adjusted at any time in special circumstances, it will generally not change within the year. If the company expects that the video will no longer have the distribution rights or sales market, it should carry forward all the costs of the end-of-term carry forward. When the company still owns the copyright of the video, it can symbolically not retain a balance of 1 yuan in " inventory product ".

(I) Cost accounting for "package" business

Fourth, collect costs appropriately according to the contract items. The actual cost incurred is easier to verify, but the main problems in contract cost collection in practice include:

(1) Survey stage: The basis document for completing this node is project research report ;

(2) Design stage: The basis document for completing this node is the project implementation plan;

(5) Completion acceptance stage : Complete the workload specified in the contract, pass the acceptance organized by the owner, and complete this node is the project completion acceptance report.

(II) Information technology product cost accounting

(III) Cost accounting for cultural enterprises

, there are two main problems for film and television companies that "there should be no more than 24 months from the date of meeting the income recognition conditions or (the art films and TV series films that the main

should be provided to the TV station to play within a period of no more than 5 years) and adopt the planned income ratio method to carry all their actual costs to the sales cost (period) by transaction (period)": First, there is a large uncertainty in planned income and there is a possibility of artificial manipulation; second, the rationality of the cost carry-forward period, and whether it will lead to the proportion of income and cost.

For example, the revenue recognition and cost accounting of animation companies are as follows:

(1) Outsourcing film processing and production services: The company obtains cash by providing production services.

(2) Original film processing: The company itself creates its own independent creativity, plans, processes and produces animation works, and enjoys exclusive benefits. The characteristics are long production cycle and large initial investment. Among them, pre-sale originals is a model for obtaining copyright sales in the processing of original films.

(3) Obtain copyright business through cartoon production services: In providing production services to domestic and foreign customers, animation companies obtain monetary assets by providing labor services, and then obtain regional copyrights of their core value. Regional copyrights are a form of labor income.

2. Methods for confirming revenue of animation companies

(1) The main mode of corporate sales

① Pre-sale original. In the process of independently creatively planning and producing original products, the company actively promotes original works in order to reduce the distribution and sales risks of 's original work in the future, so as to win customers' optimism about the prospects of the original work. By signing a contract, the customer pre-purchased part of the copyright of the film, realized the pre-sale of part of the copyright of the original work, and obtained production service income. Features of the original pre-sale of

: The purchaser's purpose is to obtain the copyright of the cartoon within the period and scope of the contract by to buy out ; the purchaser does not enjoy or bear the economic benefits or economic losses of the cartoon outside the period and scope of the specified period and scope of the preceding paragraph; the payment paid by the purchaser has no direct relationship with the production cost of the cartoon, and the animation company does not need to provide the purchaser with settlement certificates or reports on the processing cost of the cartoon.

② Copyright playback and authorization. After completing the production of original films and obtaining a playback license, the company forms copyright and obtains playback and authorized income. Animation companies obtain income by selling copyrights of cartoons to media such as CCTV and Wuhan Radio and Television Group.

(2) Specific methods for revenue recognition

① Outsourcing film processing and production services. According to the contract, the income is confirmed when delivering the film collection, and the income amount is determined according to the specific film collection price or the delivery and completion ratio of the entire work.

② Obtain copyright business through cartoon production service business. According to the contract, after the animation works are delivered and the acceptance is passed, the production service income is confirmed according to the total price of the contract. At the same time, the inventory cost of is determined according to the measured value of the copyright stipulated in the contract. The copyright that has no agreed value for the contract is not included in the inventory and is only registered in the company's copyright reference registration book.

③ Pre-sale part of the copyright production service. The business process of pre-sale of some copyrighted production services is basically the same as the business process of outsourcing film processing and production services, except that some of the processing cartoons are received in advance. The form of contract is cooperation, which is essentially providing the company with production service income obtained by providing labor services. Before the work is fully completed and the issuance license is obtained, the company will deliver the purchaser a certain number of episodes on time according to the contractual process, and confirm the income based on the completion ratio of the delivered work agreed in the contract.

④ Original animation broadcasting rights income and other copyright operation business income. After the contract is signed, the revenue of broadcasting rights and other copyright operation business is generally not subject to the obligation to provide follow-up support services, and the revenue is mostly recognized in one-time.

3, Animation Enterprise Inventory and Cost Accounting Methods

According to the provisions of the "Accounting Measures for Film Enterprises", the cost transfer of inventory goods of animation companies is divided into the following situations:

(1) Carry forward of outsourcing film processing and production service costs. While confirming the main business income of the production service cartoon, the cost of inventory goods is carried forward to main business cost .Main business cost = confirmed collection number × unit collection cost.

(2) Cartoon copyright inventory costs are carried forward in the following two situations:

① Transfer part of the copyright of the cartoon. If the copyright has a service life of less than 5 years (including 5 years), the sales cost will be carried forward by the fixed proportion method. While determining the main business income, the copyright inventory cost that should be carried forward is divided by the initial cost of the copyright by 5.

②The transfer of all copyrights or the transfer of copyrights is more than 5 years. The transfer of all copyrights of cartoons will be carried forward at one time when the current period of the confirmation of the income from the

rights; for the transfer of copyrights for more than 5 years, the company will be deemed to be sold out at one time. While determining the main business income, it will carry forward all its actual costs at one time. At the same time, the copyright is registered and managed or symbolically retained with a nominal value of 1 yuan.

should be noted that at the end of each reporting period, it is necessary to test whether there is any price decline in the animation in the products and inventory goods:

(1) In the product formed by providing outsourcing film processing and production services, the company should compare the product cost of the animation with the sales contract price at the end of each period. If the cost of animation production is greater than the sales contract price, the inventory depreciation provision of is reserved for ; in the product formed by the original cartoon, the original cartoon has obtained the registration of the management agency and is making continuous investment. There is no abnormal suspension, and there is no need to prepare for impairment.

(2) The impairment test is carried out on the finished animation products in the inventory at the end of each year. If the finished animation products do not realize revenue within 5 years and the animation company expects to have no relevant development and business plans in the next few years, it should make full impairment provisions for the animation work at the end of year 5.

In addition, how should enterprises account for their expenditure on investment in animation, film and television works? The China Securities Regulatory Commission's "Answers to the Supervision of Accounting Standards for Listed Companies Implementing Enterprises (Issue 1, 2011)" pointed out that the accounting treatment of a company's expenditure on investing in animation and film and television works should be determined based on the purpose of production and profit model of film and television works: For example, the main purpose of the company's investment in animation and film and television works is to promote the image of related animation toys and promote its sales, which is essentially an advertising and marketing method. The production expenditure of animation and film and television works should be compared with advertising expenses; if the purpose of production of film and television works is to obtain economic benefits inflows through copyright sales, and in essence it has the ability to make independent profits as film and television products, the company may refer to the relevant provisions of the "Accounting Measures for Film Enterprises" (Accounting [2004] No. 19) to capitalize the investment expenditure of film and television works.

(IV) hedging business accounting

As global economic integration increases, fluctuations in bulk raw material prices have brought great challenges to corporate operations. In order to cope with fluctuations in raw material prices, many companies use hedging tools to avoid the risks of price fluctuations. The most core issue of using hedging accounting is, first, to determine whether the conditions for applying hedging accounting are met, so as to determine whether accounting should be carried out in accordance with hedging standards; second, to determine the type of hedging, to determine whether floating profit and loss are included in equity, or current profit and loss .

can only be used to process the hedging accounting method according to the provisions of "Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 24 - Hedging" and meet the following conditions at the same time:

1. At the beginning of the hedging, the company has formally designated the hedging relationship (i.e. the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item) and has prepared formal written documents on the hedging relationship, risk management goals and hedging strategies. This document at least states the hedging tools, hedging items, the nature of hedging risks, and the evaluation method of hedging effectiveness. Hedging must be related to the specific identifiable and specified risks and ultimately affect the profit or loss of the company.

2. The hedging expects to be highly valid and complies with the risk management strategy originally determined for the hedging relationship.

3. For cash flow hedging of expected transactions, expected transactions are likely to occur, and the company must face the risk of cash flow changes that will ultimately affect profit and loss.

4. Hedging effectiveness can be reliably measured, that is, the company's expected sales cash flow in inventory and the fair value of futures contracts can be reliably measured.

5. Hedging is highly valid during the accounting period specified by the hedging relationship. If the hedging meets the following conditions at the same time, it shall be considered highly valid: during the hedging start and after the hedging period, the hedging is expected to highly effectively offset the changes in fair value or cash flow caused by the hedging risk during the specified period; the actual offset result of the hedging is within the range of 80% to 125%.

For hedging categories, the standards stipulate that hedging is divided into fair value hedging, cash flow hedging and overseas operating net investment hedging. Among them:

1, fair value hedging refers to the hedging of the recognized fair value change risk of the recognized part of the recognized asset or liability, a certain commitment that has not been confirmed, or the identifiable part of the identifiable commitment. This type of value change originates from a certain type of specific risks and will affect the profit and loss of the company.

2. Cash flow hedging refers to hedging the risk of cash flow change. This type of cash flow changes originate from a certain type of risk related to recognized assets or liabilities, expected transactions that are likely to occur, and will affect the profit and loss of the company. Fair value hedging is mainly used to hedge the risk of identifiable fair value changes in existing assets, liabilities and existing assets and liabilities. At the same time, the hedging determined to commit is also applicable to fair value hedging; while cash flow hedging is mainly used to hedge the expected transaction. Fair value hedging is mainly to avoid existing assets, liabilities or determine the price risks promised; cash flow hedging is mainly to avoid liquidity risks by hedging the expected transactions.

3. Net investment hedging for overseas operations refers to the hedging for foreign exchange risks of net investment in overseas operations. Net investment in overseas operations refers to the equity share of the enterprise in the net assets of overseas operations. Long-term foreign currency monetary receivables (including loans) that enterprises have neither plans nor are they likely to settle for the foreseeable future accounting period shall be regarded as part of net overseas investment in operation. Accounts receivables with a short term due to the sale of goods or the provision of services do not constitute net investment in overseas operations.

A listed company is engaged in nonferrous metal processing, and the raw materials are mainly electrolytic copper. The company's measures to deal with fluctuations in raw material prices and the use of hedging accounting are as follows:

1. Measures to deal with fluctuations in raw material prices The company's main raw materials electrolytic copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum, etc. are futures trading commodities. The prices in the international and domestic markets will change every trading day. In recent years, non-ferrous metal prices have fluctuated widely and continued to be high, which has put a severe test on the production and operation of non-ferrous metal processing enterprises.

The company's raw material costs have accounted for about 80%-90% of the product sales price, and the risk of fluctuation in raw material prices is one of the main risks faced by the company. In view of the industry characteristics of the copper processing industry with high proportion of raw materials, large price fluctuations and low gross profit margins, how to take effective measures to avoid the risk of price fluctuations of major raw materials is crucial to ensuring the company's sustainable development and stable profits.

(1) The net inventory management system is the core

① The establishment and its role of the net inventory management system. In April 2006, the company officially issued the "Raw Material Procurement and Net Inventory Risk Control Management System" (hereinafter referred to as the "Net Inventory Management System"). In October 2008, the company improved and revised the net inventory management system and adjusted the internal operation process. It established a procurement management center to be responsible for the company's raw material procurement and net inventory management operations, and at the same time comprehensively improved the previous net inventory control process and means. The net inventory management system has become the main internal control management system for companies to avoid raw material price risks.

In the actual operation process, since the company is difficult to predict the future trend of copper prices, the company strictly organizes production based on orders, shortens the turnover period of production and operation links, improves the efficiency of asset use, strictly implements the net inventory management system, ensures that the net inventory with exposure risks is controlled within the scope of the company's ability to withstand, and reduces unnecessary loss of material price spreads during the production and operation process.After years of operation, the company has withstood the test of multiple wide fluctuations in copper prices. While some copper processing companies are affected by wide fluctuations in copper prices, the company has been able to maintain steady improvement in operating performance during the reporting period.

②Principles and applications of net inventory management system. The principle of the net inventory management system is: first, the amount of copper metal determined by the copper price in the procurement and sales links is balanced. When there is a difference after the balance, it is organically combined with futures hedging, and the amount that bears the risk of copper price rise and fall within the company's affordable range (the company calls this quantity "net inventory"). It can be expressed in a simple formula:

Net inventory in this period = net inventory at the end of the previous period + (the purchase quantity priced in this period + the number of new futures long preservation in this period) - (the number of orders priced in this period + the number of new futures short preservation in this period)

The quantity obtained in the above formula is less than 0 and is negative net inventory, and the quantity greater than 0 is positive net inventory. When the positive and negative net inventory exceeds the safety range stipulated by the company system, the company will long operations on negative net inventory in the futures market and short operations on positive net inventory.

Wherein, the quantity calculation in the formula is based on the determination of copper price. Whether it is procurement or sales, as long as the price has been determined, it will increase or decrease in net inventory; in the formula, the previous period may be the morning of the same day, or yesterday or a few days ago, because once the raw material price has been determined, the net inventory must be adjusted, and the time definition of this period is the same. For example, the company temporarily purchased 200 tons of electrolytic copper, with the copper price determined and the money and goods cleared, and the 200 tons were instantly increased net inventory. For example, a customer purchases 100 tons of copper pipes and settles the copper price at the average price on the day of the Shanghai Futures Exchange when the contract is signed, and reduces 100 tons from net inventory on the day of the contract. For example, a foreign customer purchased 100 tons of copper pipes and settled the copper price at the spot average price in the first 10 trading days of the LME on the delivery date agreed in the contract. After the contract takes effect, starting from the first trading day of 10 trading days before the shipment date, 10 tons are subtracted from the net inventory each trading day.

In specific operations, the company tries to keep net inventory within the risk tolerance by adjusting the time point of raw material procurement pricing and sales order pricing. When the control range of net inventory cannot be reached after the balance between procurement and sales adjustment, the company will use hedging tools to buy or sell in the futures market, so that the net inventory will always be kept within a safe range.

(2) Strictly control it from all links and effectively avoid risks

In the actual operation process, the company has summarized a set of effective measures to deal with fluctuations in raw material prices. The company focuses on preventing operating risks caused by fluctuations in raw material prices from several aspects such as procurement, sales, inventory management, etc. The specific measures are as follows:

① Risk control in the procurement process. Risk control in the procurement process is mainly to prevent the situation where the supplier fails to perform the contract when copper prices rise. Because the scale of electrolytic copper purchases is generally hundreds of tons at one time, the supplier's one-time breach of contract may lead to negative inventory exceeding the net inventory control range.

In procurement, for half a year or one year long contract (called long orders in the industry), the company will choose domestic and internationally renowned large smelters or large trading companies as suppliers. With its established reputation, temporary procurement companies set a price first and pay after delivery.

②Sales risk control. Risk control in the sales link is the most complex and difficult to control, and is particularly prominent in industries with high proportion of raw materials, large price fluctuations and low gross profit margins. The risks in the sales process are mainly reflected in two aspects: First, when the copper price falls, the customer breaks the contract and fails to perform the contract, resulting in loss of copper price and scrapping of the produced products. Second, the customer has difficulty in operating the matter, unable to pay the payment for the goods or fails to pay the payment for the goods on the grounds of quality, packaging, etc., resulting in bad debts.

In response to the above risks, the company does a good job in risk control from the following six aspects:

A, select customers.Domestic customers: For customers' choices, the company has a careful customer survey system, and can only conduct business on them after passing the survey; for credit sales business, there is a credit method established in reference to the financial system, which specifies in detail how the credit team can credit sales business according to the customer's credit rating and conduct business. Foreign customers: From the numerous customer groups, after preliminary investigation, select large-scale and well-known customers, establish preliminary business contacts with them, and then entrust or conduct credit investigations through China Export Credit Insurance Corporation and related banks. Only customers with reliable credit can carry out substantial business cooperation.

B, implement responsibilities. Each customer has a salesperson in charge. The company signed a "Sales Responsibility Agreement" with the salesperson, clarifying the rights enjoyed by the salesperson, and making strict requirements on the salesperson's responsibilities in maintaining the customer system, requiring customers to perform contracts, and recovering payments.

C, sign a contract. Signing a written contract with customers is the basic condition for all customers to conduct business, and it is also one of the guarantees to prevent customer breach of contracts and prevent company business risks.

D, export insurance. Export credit insurance is provided in China's export credit insurance companies for some foreign customers who are not very sure of it and some countries and regions with relatively high credit risks.

E, provide high-quality products. Giving products that are satisfactory to customers is an important part of contract performance. The company implements the ISO90001-2000 quality certification system, and has established a complete quality control system from the procurement of raw materials to the production process control to the sales and after-sales service of products.

F, providing customers with high-quality services. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects: actively paying attention to customer needs; carefully arranging production to ensure that customers' demands during delivery are met; actively providing after-sales service; attaching great importance to customer complaints; visiting customers.

③Inventory risk control. Since the price of electrolytic copper accounts for a large proportion of the company's product prices, changes in electrolytic copper prices have a great impact on the company's profits. Specifically, it is reflected in: under the continuous upward trend of copper prices, the company first obtains product orders determined by copper prices. If the purchase of electrolytic copper in a timely manner and determines its price, it will lead to high-priced copper production and low-priced orders, thereby increasing the cost of raw materials to reduce the company's product profits. On the contrary, the company first obtains electrolytic copper determined by price, and then obtains orders, and orders for producing high-priced copper from low-priced raw materials can increase the company's product profits. Under the continuous downward trend of copper prices, if the amount of raw materials determined by the copper price is greater than the amount of product orders determined by the copper price, it will lead to depreciation losses in the company's inventory. At the same time, during the decline of copper prices, the company's product orders are at risk of losses due to downstream customers' breach of contracts.

Company adopts a net inventory management system to instantly manage inventory with exposure, so that the raw materials determined by price match the sales orders determined by price as much as possible, and uses hedging tools to control the exposure within an acceptable range.

2. The validity determination and corresponding accounting treatment of hedging

. The company regards futures hedging as a supplementary tool for the company's net inventory risk control. Futures hedging only aims to avoid the risk of price fluctuations of major raw materials such as copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum in production and operation, and does not conduct speculative and arbitrage transactions. In the actual production and operation process, the company first balances the amount of copper metal purchased at the price determined with the amount of copper metal ordered at the price determined, and then hedges the difference amount.

(1) The company meets the conditions for using hedging business accounting

First, at the beginning of the hedging, the company has formally designated the hedging relationship (i.e. the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item) and has prepared formal written documents on the hedging relationship, risk management goals and hedging strategies.

Company has formulated the "Raw Material Procurement and Net Inventory Risk Control Management System", which stipulates that the company uses futures contracts as hedging tools to avoid the risk of cash flow changes caused by price fluctuations of some major raw materials such as copper, and designates the hedging tool as a cash flow hedging tool, which is a hedging risk of cash flow changes, and is expected to offset all or part of the changes in cash flows by the hedged items.When the company uses futures contracts for hedging, its hedging strategy is to sell (buy) a certain number of futures contracts corresponding to the spot market, in order to compensate for the actual price risks caused by changes in the spot market price by buying (selling) futures contracts at a certain time in the future.

The purpose of futures trading conducted by the company during the reporting period is to avoid the risk of cash flow changes caused by fluctuations in raw material prices. The company has formulated an internal control system for hedging and implemented it effectively, and designated the hedging relationship through the hedging plan.

Second, the hedging expectation is highly effective and conforms to the risk management strategy originally determined for the hedging relationship.

Third, for cash flow hedging of expected transactions, expected transactions are likely to occur, and the company must face the risk of cash flow changes that will ultimately affect profit and loss. The purpose of the company's hedging is to avoid the risk of cash flow changes caused by the price determined by both parties when the expected sales of the inventory are realized and the price fluctuations arising from the price fluctuations when purchasing raw materials required for production. The price changes will affect the company's profit and loss.

Fourth, hedging effectiveness can be reliably measured, that is, the company's expected sales cash flow and the fair value of the futures contract can be reliably measured.

Fifth, hedging is highly valid during the accounting period specified by the hedging relationship. The actual offset results of the issuer's hedging cash flow from 2008 to the first quarter of 2011 are within the range of 80%-125% stipulated in the accounting standards. Therefore, the company's hedging during the reporting period is highly effective.

Company uses ratio analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of hedging on a monthly basis. During the reporting period, the evaluation results of the company's hedging validity are as follows:

(1) Hedging category identification

Company's product pricing model is "raw materials + processing fee", and there is a "secondary pricing" in product sales, that is, the company signed a long-term sales contract with long-term cooperative customers, and the two parties agreed on the batch, time, quantity and processing fee for supply at the time of signing the contract, and the time point for determining the raw material price is when the expected sales are realized or the future time agreed upon by both parties. The company purchases raw materials according to a long-term contract signed by the two parties. Since its main raw materials, electrolyte copper, zinc, nickel, etc. are fluctuating greatly by market prices, the product sales price still bears the risk of fluctuation of the raw materials market prices. Therefore, the company hedged the expected transactions of its inventory through futures contracts to ensure that it earns stable processing fee profits.

When the hedging begins, the company formally designates the hedging relationship, requiring the company to use futures contracts as hedging instruments and the expected transactions of inventory as hedging items, in order to avoid the fluctuation risks of expected future cash flow caused by product expected sales, and designates the hedging instrument as a cash flow hedging instrument, which is a hedging risk of cash flow changes, and is expected to offset all or part of the changes in cash flows of the hedged items. Therefore, the company's hedging complies with the relevant provisions of cash flow hedging in the "Enterprise Accounting Standard No. 24 - Hedging" and its guidelines, and is a cash flow hedging.

(2) Accounting processing for hedging

The hedging of the company's raw material procurement contract and product sales orders is a cash flow hedging of the expected transaction that is likely to occur. In accordance with the relevant provisions of "Enterprise Accounting Standard No. 22 - Confirmation and Measurement of Financial Instruments", "Enterprise Accounting Standard No. 24 - Hedging", and "Enterprise Accounting Standard No. 37 - Presentation of Financial Instruments", combined with the actual hedging purposes and results of the company, the futures preservation and closing profits and losses are included in the raw material procurement cost, and the floating profits and losses are included in the capital reserve.

3. Hedging situation and explanation during the reporting period

(1) During the reporting period, the company's futures opening and holding positions are as follows:

(1) The actual effect of hedging

As a large copper processing enterprise, the company has a large number of purchases and sales orders during the production and operation process. If the company does not conduct instant net inventory management, it will be difficult for the company to control the risk of price fluctuations of raw materials it faces.When the copper price of each purchased raw materials or sales order is determined and the company begins to bear the risk of price fluctuations, the company will promptly adjust its net inventory and determine whether it is necessary to conduct hedging operations in the futures market.

During the reporting period, the company hedged the parts of the purchase and sales orders of raw materials that have been determined by copper prices that do not match, effectively reducing the risk of the company's raw material price fluctuation to within an affordable range. The difference in the company's purchases, orders and monthly data after futures hedging are as follows:

Note:

① The company strictly implements the net inventory management system. In the above table, the difference between the purchase and order number is the difference between the purchase and sales order number of raw materials that has been determined by the newly added copper price in the current period.

② In the above table, the company's net operations in the futures market in the current period = [Futures opening (buy) - Futures closing (buy)] - [Futures opening (sell) - Futures closing (sell)].

③In the above table, the difference adjusted for futures hedging is the sum of the difference between the purchase and order number and the net operation of the futures market, reflecting the result after the company balances the difference between the raw material procurement and sales orders determined by the copper price by hedging operations in the futures market.

④ According to the company's concept of "net inventory", the difference adjusted for futures hedging in the above table is equivalent to the net inventory increase in each month, that is, it is equal to the net inventory at the end of the month minus the net inventory at the beginning of the month.

⑤ The company's procurement management center was established in October 2008. All raw materials are purchased by the procurement management center through domestic and foreign markets, and then distributed to each subsidiary and business department according to needs. At the same time, the control of raw material risks and related futures operations are also carried out by the procurement management center. Since the introduction of the net inventory management system in April 2006 and the establishment of the procurement management center, the company has purchased raw materials and managed net inventory by its own business departments. The company does not have a unified net inventory data. Therefore, the above table has disclosed monthly data since October 2008.

According to the data in the above table, the price fluctuation risks borne by the company in the futures operation and without the futures operation can be calculated separately. Assuming that when the copper price rises (or falls) by RMB 1,000 per ton, the company's risk of risk is as follows:

Note:

① In the above table, the risk of copper price change before and after hedging is the position that the company bears the price fluctuation risk multiplied by RMB 1,000/ton. Because the rise or fall of copper price is the risk faced by the company, the above table qualifies the absolute value of the risk change amount.

② Except for a few months, the company effectively reduced the risk after conducting futures operations. After hedging, the company's amplitude affected by the price fluctuation risk is significantly lower than before hedging.

(3) Reasons for the company to conduct short operations in the futures market

During the reporting period, the company had a large amount of futures sold and a large amount of positions sold at the end of the month. The main reasons are as follows:

① Upstream foreign procurement has the characteristics of large batches and centralized pricing

Due to the long cycle, large batches, centralized arrival and centralized pricing of the company's imported raw materials procurement, especially when there are many foreign orders to purchase, it will lead to a significant increase in the company's net inventory at a certain point. When there are not enough sales orders corresponding to it, the company needs to sell and hedge in the futures market.

② Downstream orders change to a small number of multiple batches

In recent years, in the case of wide fluctuations in copper prices and continuous highs, downstream customers have changed their orders to a small number of multiple batches in order to reduce the risk of copper price fluctuation they bear. This also leads to frequent occurrence of the amount of raw materials that have been priced and purchased more than the amount of priced orders, which has caused the company to continue to sell short-selling and preserving value through futures during the reporting period.

On November 12, 2009, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued the "International Financial Reporting Standards No. 9 - Financial Instruments (Draft for Comments)" (IFRS9), intending to replace "International Accounting Standards No. 39 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measuring" (IAS39). The original plan for IFRS9 was officially implemented in January 2013 and is now postponed to January 2015.The main changes related to corporate hedging in the draft IFRS9 comments:

First, the hedging effectiveness test of 80%-125%. IAS39 stipulates that the effectiveness test of 80% to 125% makes it impossible for many very simple hedging tools to implement hedging accounting, and few of the slightly complex hedging structures in practice can meet the requirements of hedging effectiveness. After the improvement of IFRS9, more flexible testing methods have been selected, leaving more room for space so that more types of derivatives or derivative combinations can meet the requirements of hedging accounting highly effective hedging.

2. It is possible to hedge a combination of spot and derivative tools. IAS39 stipulates that hedging of risk exposures generated by derivatives is not allowed. The improved IFRS9 makes some reasonable adjustments to the original hedging more feasible.

Third, in commodity price hedging, a certain risk element that affects the price can be hedged, and it does not necessarily require that the correlation between commodity price and hedging tools must fall within a range. Problems with IAS39: When hedging a commodity market tool that is different from the commodity varieties of the hedged item, it is necessary to monitor the change in the price difference between the two. The existence of this price difference makes the 80%~125% validity test often yield invalid results. The improved IFRS9 stipulates that managers can take the risk of the risk factor that mainly causes changes in the price of commodity varieties of hedged items as the hedged items separately, which increases the effectiveness of commodity hedging business.

Fourth, the time value changes of the option will no longer be directly entered into the profit and loss statement. It can be released at the end of the period or evenly released over time according to the manager's needs. Problem in IAS39: When options are used as hedging instruments, the change in time value immediately enters the profit statement, causing fluctuations in the company's profits. The improved IFRS9 regulations allow changes in the time value of options to accumulate until the end of the period according to the manager's ideas, or release them according to a certain amortization plan, which is more in line with people's understanding of the options themselves, that is, option fees are similar to insurance premiums for purchasing insurance.

(V) Accounting processing of listing issuance fees

"Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 20 - Enterprise Merger" stipulates the accounting processing of enterprise mergers related to enterprise mergers under the same control and non-same control: For enterprise mergers under the same control, the direct related expenses incurred by the merging party for the enterprise merger are included in the current profit and loss. For enterprise mergers that are not under the same control, intermediary expenses such as audit, legal services, evaluation consultation and other related management expenses incurred by the purchaser for the enterprise merger shall be included in the current profit and loss when incurred; the transaction expenses of equity securities or debt securities issued by the purchaser as the merger consideration shall be included in the initial recognition amount of equity securities or debt securities. For the initial public offering of shares to be listed or the issuance of new shares by listed companies, the standards do not clearly stipulate how to define the scope of issuance fees, which fees can be deducted from the stock issuance premium, and which fees should be directly included in the current expenses. As a company to be listed,

usually considers two aspects:

, one is to try to expand the scope of issuance expenses to reduce the issuance premium and improve the current profit level;

, the other is to write off some "gray" expenses during the listing process in order to cancel the issuance expenses. Therefore, the securities regulatory authorities have implemented strict supervision of issuance fees and have made relevant regulations.

As early as 2002, the China Securities Regulatory Commission's "Memorandum of Stock Issuance Review Standards" clarified the scope of issuance expenses: "Issuance expenses are various expenses related to this issuance, including declaration accountant fees, lawyer fees, evaluation fees, underwriting fees, audit fees, and online issuance expenses. Financial consultations for this issuance should be borne by the lead underwriter, and "financial advisory fees" should not be included in the issuance expenses; at the same time, "other expenses" items should not be included in the issuance expenses." For a long time, this regulation has been an important basis for accounting and verification of new stock funds.In June 2010, the China Securities Regulatory Commission's "Answers to the Supervision of Regulation of Listed Companies' Accounting Standards for Enterprises" [2010 No. 1, 4th, total No. ] further clarified the scope of the accounting of various transaction fees and other expenses incurred by the (proposed) listed companies in the process of issuing equity securities: The new external expenses directly related to the issuance of equity securities such as underwriting fees, sponsorship fees, online issuance fees, prospectus printing fees, declaration accounting fees, lawyer fees, appraisal fees, etc. incurred by listed companies for issuing equity securities shall be deducted from the issuance income of the issuance of equity securities. If there is a premium on the issuance of equity securities, it shall be deducted from the premium income. If there is no premium on the issuance of equity securities or the premium amount is not sufficient to deduct, the surplus reserves and undistributed profits shall be reduced; the advertising fees, roadshows and financial public relations fees, listing party fees and other expenses issued during the issuance of equity securities shall be included in the current profit and loss when incurred.

In practice, whether the various expenses incurred by the proposed listed company are included in the current profit and loss, or the basic principle of deduction in the issuance premium is that only the incremental expenses that will not be incurred if the fundraising of equity securities are directly related to the funds raised by the issuance of equity securities will not be incurred if the fundraising is not carried out in this time can meet the conditions for deduction directly from the issuance premium.

issuance fees that can be deducted from the premium of the public offering stock, generally meet the following conditions:

1. When these expenses occur, the listing procedure has been substantially initiated;

2. Judging from the current situation, the listing is likely to be successful and the corresponding funds can be raised;

3. These expenses are new external expenses directly related to the newly issued shares to be listed, and do not include fees related to the shares before the public offering of the listed company.

can directly deduct the issuance expenses deducted from the capital reserve formed by the stock issuance premium mainly include:

listing has progressed to a certain stage, for example, the issuance application materials have been submitted to the CSRC, and the feedback is positive from the communication results of relevant parties, and the possibility of successfully passing the review is high. The intermediary agency fees incurred at this time include sponsorship fees, accounting fees, lawyer fees, appraisal fees, etc.; the fees directly related to the newly issued shares incurred during the issuance stage after the issuance application is approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, including the prospectus printing fee, underwriting fee, online issuance fee, verification fee for the initial issuance fundraising, and the initial registration fee for the newly issued shares in the securities registration and settlement agency.

does not belong to the statutory expenses that must be incurred in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant provisions of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as expenses that are not directly related to the funds raised by newly issued shares, such as advertising fees, roadshows and financial public relations fees, listing party fees, etc., which should be directly included in the current profit and loss when incurred and cannot be deducted from the issuance premium. The various expenditures incurred when applying for listing from the stock exchange after the issuance is completed have no direct connection with the newly raised funds of this initial offering, and should also be included in the current profit and loss and cannot be deducted from the issuance premium. From the start of the listing work of a listed company to the successful issuance of shares by the company, it generally takes 2-3 years or even longer. For the financial specifications, legal consulting and other expenses incurred by the company that intends to be listed before the establishment of a joint-stock company, as well as the expenses incurred in the process of establishing a joint-stock company for the purpose of listing, or the overall change of a limited liability company to a joint-stock company, as well as the professional service fees of intermediary institutions such as lawyer fees, appraisal fees, audit fees, and verification fees. This part of the expenses are not directly related to the final declaration materials and the newly issued shares, and can be identified separately in the terms of the professional service contract (or business agreement). For example, the amount of audit fees and appraisal fees on the change date is separately agreed in the business agreement. Due to the great uncertainty of the final result, the intermediary expenses incurred should be directly included in the current profit and loss when incurred.

In practice, it may be possible to encounter that the business agreement does not clearly distinguish between the period, that is, the expenses of each stage cannot be identified separately. At this time, it should be allocated according to the relative proportion of the number of existing shares before issuance and the number of new shares added this time. The part of the existing shares allocated to the previous issuance should be included in the profit and loss. If the part of the new shares is allocated to the new shares, it can be offset in the issuance premium. If the listing application has occurred before the CSRC has approved the listing application, the issuance fee that can be deducted from the capital reserve formed by the stock issuance premium at the time of issuance according to the above provisions can be temporarily posted depending on the progress of the listing process. Some companies have posted accounts in "other receivables", while others have calculated through "advance payments". This kind of expense is more like a deferred fee in nature, so it tends to be accounted for in "advance payment". If a comprehensive analysis of factors such as the macro situation of the market, the issuer's own performance status, regulatory policies of the regulatory authorities, etc., it is believed that the listing is likely to be impossible in the foreseeable future, or the company has given up or postponed its listing plan, or the initial public offering application has not been approved by the Issuance and Listing Committee or has been made by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the issuance fee that is posted shall be immediately transferred to the current profit and loss processing.
Main business cost = confirmed collection number × unit collection cost.

(2) Cartoon copyright inventory costs are carried forward in the following two situations:

should be noted that at the end of each reporting period, it is necessary to test whether there is any price decline in the animation in the products and inventory goods:

(IV) hedging business accounting

can only be used to process the hedging accounting method according to the provisions of "Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 24 - Hedging" and meet the following conditions at the same time:

2. The hedging expects to be highly valid and complies with the risk management strategy originally determined for the hedging relationship.

3. For cash flow hedging of expected transactions, expected transactions are likely to occur, and the company must face the risk of cash flow changes that will ultimately affect profit and loss.

4. Hedging effectiveness can be reliably measured, that is, the company's expected sales cash flow in inventory and the fair value of futures contracts can be reliably measured.

For hedging categories, the standards stipulate that hedging is divided into fair value hedging, cash flow hedging and overseas operating net investment hedging. Among them:

(1) The net inventory management system is the core

(2) Strictly control it from all links and effectively avoid risks

In response to the above risks, the company does a good job in risk control from the following six aspects:

2. The validity determination and corresponding accounting treatment of hedging

(1) The company meets the conditions for using hedging business accounting

Second, the hedging expectation is highly effective and conforms to the risk management strategy originally determined for the hedging relationship.

Fourth, hedging effectiveness can be reliably measured, that is, the company's expected sales cash flow and the fair value of the futures contract can be reliably measured.

Company uses ratio analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of hedging on a monthly basis. During the reporting period, the evaluation results of the company's hedging validity are as follows:

(1) Hedging category identification

(2) Accounting processing for hedging

3. Hedging situation and explanation during the reporting period

(1) During the reporting period, the company's futures opening and holding positions are as follows:

(1) The actual effect of hedging

Note:

② In the above table, the company's net operations in the futures market in the current period = [Futures opening (buy) - Futures closing (buy)] - [Futures opening (sell) - Futures closing (sell)].

Note:

(3) Reasons for the company to conduct short operations in the futures market

During the reporting period, the company had a large amount of futures sold and a large amount of positions sold at the end of the month. The main reasons are as follows:

① Upstream foreign procurement has the characteristics of large batches and centralized pricing

② Downstream orders change to a small number of multiple batches

(V) Accounting processing of listing issuance fees

usually considers two aspects:

, one is to try to expand the scope of issuance expenses to reduce the issuance premium and improve the current profit level;

issuance fees that can be deducted from the premium of the public offering stock, generally meet the following conditions:

1. When these expenses occur, the listing procedure has been substantially initiated;

2. Judging from the current situation, the listing is likely to be successful and the corresponding funds can be raised;

3. These expenses are new external expenses directly related to the newly issued shares to be listed, and do not include fees related to the shares before the public offering of the listed company.

can directly deduct the issuance expenses deducted from the capital reserve formed by the stock issuance premium mainly include:

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