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Resource Sharing
Laptop configuration knowledge (a collection of laptop configuration knowledge must be a novices)
Now, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, computers, as a former luxury product, have penetrated into thousands of households. However, when we use computers, some improper operations may cause computer failures, so we need to know some computer knowledge in advance so that our computer can play a greater role. So next I will briefly introduce some related knowledge about computers to you.
Be careful when starting up
When we use a computer, the first step is to turn on the computer. The computer is generally divided into three types. The first type is cold start. It is the most commonly used startup program. You only need to press the reset key to start. If our computer encounters a crash, we can press the reset button of the computer host, which is usually located below the host power supply. If we encounter a power outage or the system crashes, we usually need to hot boot.
Screen protection
Next is the knowledge about computer screens. Generally speaking, an ordinary computer screen can be used for about 5 to 6 years. In order to extend the service life as much as possible, we try to turn it off when we don’t use the computer. And if you turn on the screen saver, it is a harmful and useless approach. If we reinstall the system, we need to partition the computer hard disk . Generally speaking, it is best to have a partition between 3 and 5 zones, which is conducive to storing relevant files and will not appear too messy. When we look for relevant information on the computer, we need to place some similar files in a folder. And whether we copy or paste, we must create a new folder and remember the name of the folder. When installing a certain software, it must be installed in the original folder.
Antivirus cleaning
When we want to uninstall the software, we can also delete it in time, which avoids wasting disk space and does not cause unnecessary program conflicts. During the operation of the computer, it may cause poisoning, so it is very necessary to set up an antivirus software for our computer. Generally speaking, we choose common antivirus software on the market. For example, 360 or Kingsoft Antivirus and so on. Of course, we must also check in time whether these software maliciously changes the computer settings to prevent it from affecting our work or study.
The above introduction to computer-related knowledge. In fact, as a representative work of the information revolution industry, with the development of production technology, the performance of computers has been developed more and more. However, we need to note that we should still be careful when using computers to avoid damage to our computers. Take care of our computers as carefully as we care for our bodies.
Computer knowledge is essential for novices (II)
Computer cpu basic knowledge
1.CPU bits and word length bits
In digital circuits and computer technology, binary is used, and the code is only "0" and "1", and whether it is "0" or "1" is a "bit" in CPU.
word length : In computer technology, the number of bits of binary numbers that the CPU can process at one time within a unit time (at the same time) is called word length. Therefore, a CPU that can process 8-bit data is usually called an 8-bit CPU. Similarly, a 32-bit CPU can process binary data with a word length of 32-bit within a unit time. The difference between bytes and word lengths: Since commonly used English characters can be represented in 8-bit binary, 8-bits are usually called a byte. The length of the word length is not fixed, and the length of the word length is different for different CPUs. An 8-bit CPU can only process one byte at a time, while a 32-bit CPU can process 4 bytes at a time. Similarly, a CPU with a word length of 64-bit can process 8 bytes at a time.
2.CPU extended instruction set
The CPU relies on instructions to calculate and control the system. Each CPU stipulates a series of instruction systems that cooperate with its hardware circuits during design. The strength of instructions is also an important indicator of the CPU. instruction set is one of the most effective tools to improve the efficiency of the microprocessor. From the current mainstream architecture, the instruction set can be divided into complex instruction set and streamlined instruction set. From the perspective of specific application, such as Intel's MMX (Multi Media Extended), SSE, SSE2 (Streaming-Single instruction multiple data-Extensions 2), SEE3 and AMD's 3DNow! are all extended instruction sets of CPUs, which enhance the CPU's multimedia, graphics and Internet processing capabilities respectively. We usually call the CPU's extended instruction set "CPU's instruction set". The SSE3 instruction set is also the smallest instruction set at present. Previously, MMX contained 57 commands, SSE contained 50 commands, SSE2 contained 144 commands, and SSE3 contained 13 commands. Currently, SSE3 is also the most advanced instruction set. Intel Prescott processors already support SSE3 instruction set. AMD will add support for SSE3 instruction set to the future dual-core processors. All-Mida processors will also support this instruction set.
3. Main frequency
The main frequency is also called clock frequency , the unit is MHz, which is used to represent the computing speed of the CPU. The main frequency of the CPU = external frequency × frequency multiplication coefficient. Many people think that the main frequency determines the running speed of the CPU. This is not only one-sided, but also for the server, this understanding also deviates. So far, no definite formula can realize the numerical relationship between the main frequency and the actual computing speed. Even the two major processor manufacturers Intel and AMD have a great controversy in this regard. From the development trend of Intel's products, we can see that Intel pays great attention to strengthening the development of its own main frequency. Like other processor manufacturers, some people have used a fast 1G Quanmeida to compare it, and its operating efficiency is equivalent to a 2G Intel processor.
So, the main frequency of the CPU has no direct relationship with the actual computing power of the CPU. The main frequency represents the speed of the oscillation of the digital pulse signal in the CPU. In Intel's processor products, we can also see an example like this: the 1 GHz Itanium chip can perform almost as fast as the 2.66 GHz Xeon/Opteron, or the 1.5 GHz Itanium 2 is about as fast as the 4 GHz Xeon/Opteron. The computing speed of the CPU also depends on the performance indicators of the CPU's pipeline.
Of course, the main frequency is related to the actual computing speed. It can only be said that the main frequency is only one aspect of the CPU performance, and does not represent the overall performance of the CPU.
4. External frequency
Outdoor frequency is the reference frequency of the CPU, and the unit is also MHz. The external frequency of the CPU determines the running speed of the entire motherboard. To put it bluntly, in desktop computers, what we call overclocking is all external frequency of the super CPU (of course, the CPU frequency doubling is generally locked). I believe this is easy to understand.But for server CPU , overclocking is absolutely not allowed. As mentioned earlier, the CPU determines the running speed of the motherboard. Both run synchronously. If the server CPU is overclocked and the external frequency is changed, asynchronous operation will occur (many motherboards support asynchronous operation) This will cause instability of the entire server system.
The current foreign frequency in most computer systems is also the speed of synchronous operation between memory and motherboard. In this way, it can be understood that the external frequency of the CPU is directly connected to memory, realizing the synchronous operation state between the two.
Computer knowledge collection must be a rookie (III)
A complete list of basic knowledge of computers, are you sure you know?
1. Software system
Software system includes: operating system, application software, etc. The management software of the computer industry in application software, a necessary tool for the development of the IT computer industry, and the erp software for the computer industry.
2. Hardware system
The hardware system includes: chassis (power, hard disk, disk, memory, motherboard, CPU- central processor , CPU fan , optical drive, sound card, network card , graphics card), display, UPS (uninterruptible power supply system), keyboard, mouse, etc. (can also be equipped with headphones, microphones, speakers, printers, cameras, etc.).
A general motherboard of home computers has onboard sound cards and network cards, and some motherboards are equipped with integrated graphics cards.
1. CPU
The full English name of the CPU is "Central Processor Unit", which is translated into Chinese as "Central Processor Unit", which is made of gold-plated materials one by one. Its role in PCs can be said to be equivalent to the role of the brain in the human body. All computer programs are run by it.
Note: Never touch the metal strips on the CPU, otherwise it will cause poor contact and will not be able to turn on the machine.
The motherboard is also called Mother Board (mother board). It is actually a circuit board, densely packed with various circuits. It can be said to be the nervous system of the PC. The CPU, memory, graphics card, sound card, etc. are directly installed on the motherboard, and components such as hard disk, floppy drive and other components also need to be connected to the motherboard through wiring.
2. Host
The host generally refers to the computer components placed in the chassis as "host". It is the most important part of the computer, and the main components such as the motherboard, CPU and hard disk are all in the host.
3. Memory
Compared with external memory such as disks, memory refers to internal memory that the CPU can directly read, mainly in the form of a chip. Memory is also called " main memory ", referred to as "main memory".
The memory chips you usually see are strip-shaped, also called "memory sticks", which need to be inserted into the memory slot on the motherboard to work. There is also a kind of memory called "cache", which is called "Cache", which is generally built into the CPU or on the motherboard.
Generally speaking, how many megabytes of memory there is mainly the capacity of the memory stick. You can see the memory capacity display in the screen when the computer starts to start, you can also use commands in the DOS system to view the memory capacity, and you can also see the memory capacity in the Windows system to view the system resources.
4. Display card
The display card is an important component connecting the monitor and the PC motherboard. It is plugged into the expansion slot on the motherboard. It is mainly responsible for converting the display signal sent by the host to the monitor into general electrical signals, so that the monitor can understand what the PC is doing.
There is also memory on the display card, called "display memory". Its amount will directly affect the display effect of the display, such as clarity and richness of color, etc.
5. Monitor
The monitor is one of the output devices of computers. The early display appearance was similar to that of TVs, which were all imaging tube , that is, CRT monitors.Most of the monitors today are LCD or LED.
6. Disk and Disk drive
Disk is one of the external storage of a PC, divided into two types: hard disk and floppy disk. The common feature of the two is that they use magnetic media to store data, so it is called "disk". To make the PC use a disk, the disk must be placed in a special device, that is, in a disk drive.
The hard disk is Hard Disk in English, which is literally translated into Chinese as "hard disk". Since the hard disk is built into hard drive , it is generally confusing the hard disk and the hard drive.
The appearance size of the hard disk is generally 3.5 inches. The capacity of a hard disk is generally calculated in M (megabytes) and G (1024 megabytes). The commonly seen hard disk capacity ranges from tens of megabytes (ten millions of M) to tens of megabytes (ten millions of M) to several gigabytes (ten millions of G).
The C drive and D drive that are usually mentioned are not exactly the same as real hard drives. A real hard disk term is called "physical hard disk". A physical hard disk can be partitioned in the DOS operating system and divided into several "fake hard disks" such as C drive, D drive, E drive, etc., and the term is called "logical hard disk".
7. Computer power supply and chassis
Of course the computer needs to have a power supply, but the computer's power supply cannot directly use a normal voltage of 220 volts. There is a transformer inside the computer's power supply, which converts an ordinary 220V mains power into the voltage required for various computer components, such as the operating voltage of the CPU, which is usually only a few volts.
For safety reasons, various computer components (except for the display) are generally placed reasonably inside the chassis. There are many buttons on the case housing, such as the power start button, the RESET button (for computer restart), etc.
There are also some indicator lights on the chassis, such as power indicator should be on when the computer is working, and the hard disk indicator light will flash when operating the hard disk, etc. Floppy drives and optical drives can be used directly on the front end of the chassis.
8. Expansion card and expansion slot
When you need to use a computer to watch VCD and listen to music, you need to configure a sound card. A sound card is not a necessary component of a PC, it is a functional expansion card of a PC.
The so-called expansion card means that this kind of card can expand the functions of the PC, such as a sound card that can make the PC sound, a fax card that can make the PC have fax functions, a network card that can allow you to connect to the network, etc.
The expansion card is inserted directly into the expansion slot designed for the expansion card on the motherboard. The display card is actually an expansion card, because from the basic principles of a computer, "display" is actually an additional function, just to make the computer's working process under direct visual monitoring by people.
Although the monitor is now one of the basic devices of computers, due to habits, the display card is still regarded as an expansion card. Of course, sound cards, fax cards, and network cards are all standard expansion cards.
9. Keyboard and mouse
The keyboard and mouse are input devices of the PC. When typing the keyboard, the tapped key sends a signal to the motherboard of the PC and continues to transmit it to the CPU. The CPU confirms what reaction the pressed key will cause based on the relevant programs in the operating system.
For example, when doing word processing, if the Chinese character input system is not started, typing the English letters on the keyboard will directly enter English, and typing the "a" key will display "a".
When the Chinese character input system is started, after typing the English letters on the keyboard, the English will not be entered directly. Instead, first determine whether the typed English complies with the rules in the Chinese character input method. If a certain or certain Chinese characters can be expressed, Chinese characters will be entered. Otherwise, Chinese characters cannot be entered.
Also in the DOS system, pressing "Ctrl", "Alt" and "Del" at the same time will restart the computer. However, in the Windows 95/98 system, the computer will not be restarted, but a "Close Program" dialog box will pop up.Current keyboards generally have 101 or 106 keys, and some keyboards also have 3 Windows 95 function keys.
10. DVD/CD ROM
Is a digital universal CD. DVD drive refers to a device that reads a DVD disc. The DVD disc has a capacity of 4.7GB, which is seven times that of the CD-ROM disc. It can store 133 minutes of movies and contains seven Dolby digital surround tracks.
DVD disks can be divided into: DVD-ROM, DVD-R (can be written at one time), DVD-RAM (can be written multiple times) and DVD-RW (read and rewrite). Current DVD drives mostly use EIDE interfaces to connect to IDEas, SATA or SICI interfaces like CD-ROM drives.
Extended information:
The difference between laptop and desktop computer :
1. First of all, the appearance of both. The desktop computer is large in size, the wires are messy, and the host and monitor are separate. The notebook is small and has extra cable inside, and the display screen and body are integrated.
2. In terms of cost-effectiveness, desktop computers of the same price are obviously stronger than laptops, or laptops with the same performance are more expensive.
3. Desktop computers with the same model are significantly better than laptops. For example, the CPUs are all i5 (the difference is that there is an M after the model of the laptop), the desktop computer has four-core and four-threads, and the laptop has two-core and four-threads.
Also a GT650 graphics card (the laptop is GT650M), the performance of desktop computers is twice that of laptops. In addition, desktop mechanical hard drives are generally 7200 rpm, and laptops are 5400 rpm.
4. In addition, since all the accessories of desktop computers are inserted on the motherboard, it is easier to repair and replace, the repair cost is also smaller, and it is also very convenient to upgrade the hardware. Because many hardware is integrated on the motherboard, the repair cost is high, and it is difficult to upgrade (especially graphics cards).
The cooling problem is another big difference between desktop and laptop. Desktop computers have good heat dissipation, and dust removal and thermal grease are very simple, while notebook hardware temperature is obviously higher, so cleaning and smear coating silicon grease is very troublesome.
Facts depend on computer configuration:
1. CPU, this mainly depends on frequency and secondary cache. The higher the frequency, the larger the secondary cache, the faster the speed. In the future, the CPU will have L3 cache, L4 cache, etc., which will affect the response speed.
2. Memory, the memory access speed depends on the interface, the number of particles and the storage size (including memory interfaces, such as: SDRAM133, DDR233, DDR2-533, DDR3-800). Generally speaking, the larger the memory, the stronger the data processing ability, and the faster the speed.
3. The main motherboard is still processing chips. For example, the laptop i965 has stronger processing capabilities than i945 chips, the i945 has stronger processing capabilities than i910 chips, and so on.
4. Hard disk, hard disk is considered less in daily use, but there are some effects. First of all, the speed of the hard disk (divided into: high-speed hard disk and low-speed hard disk, high-speed hard disk is generally used in large servers.
For example: 10000 rpm, 15000 rpm; low-speed hard disk is used in general computers, including laptops), desktop computers are generally used in 7200 rpm, and laptop computers are generally used in 5400 rpm, which is mainly considered for power consumption and heat dissipation.
5. Graphics card: This is directly related to the response speed of running super large program software, such as running CAD2007, 3DStudio, 3DMAX and other graphics software. In addition to the hardware level distinction, graphics card also has the " shared video memory " technology. Unlike the general video memory chip, it is the "shared video memory" technology.
Video memory needs to be read from memory to handle the needs of the corresponding program. Some people call it: dynamic video memory. This technology is more used in laptops.
6. Power supply, as long as the power is sufficient and the stability is good
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