"print", " said the text" said: "the ruling holds the letter."
Duan Yucai Note: "everyone who has an official guard is said to be in power."
, All "officials", no matter how big or small, have "seals", the so-called " official seal" is also.
The common people once had no relationship with "Yin".
"Faith", that is, "credit" and "vouchers"-the "official seal" held by officials of all sizes is the evidence of their power and responsibilities.
The "print" of the small seal, with the "hand" on the top and the "卪(jié)" below. "卪" is a "voucher" of jade, which was called "Credits" in ancient times. This word is the original character of "Jie", which was later differentiated into "莭" and then simplified to "Jie". " " means "vouchers", similar to later passes or ID cards.
Grab "Yuso" with "hands", knowingly. This "hand" is undoubtedly the "hand" of large and small officials holding power.
"Zhou Li.卪" Zheng's "Notes" said: "The 卪 person, the seal of today.
Xu Kairi: "From the claw, the claw (grab) to hold the letter.
In Oracle bone inscriptions, there is already the word "print", and what has been discovered so far is just upside-down with the word "印".
In the small seal, this character is arranged after "print", read "yì", "Said Wen" is interpreted as "press", which is the action of pressing down forcefully when "stamping".
Eastern Han Xu Shen, most likely never saw the oracle bone inscriptions. But the small seal "seal" he collected. Both the word and this "reverse print" are undoubtedly evolved from Oracle bone inscriptions.
Actually, many words in Oracle bone inscriptions generally have instances where left and right are interchanged.
Duan Yucai has never seen it. Oracle,But what he said makes a lot of sense. From the perspective of ancient phonology, he said that these two characters are likely to be one character, but one "emergency reading" and one "quiet"-indeed, "yì" is "yìn" after reading.
Duan also said that this "fian", which reads "yì", is the original word of "yin", and it is also used as the modal particles "噫" and "yi". He also cited "The Analects of Confucius" and " Mandarin". Take the many usages in " ritual book" as an example.
Unfortunately, apart from the known name of Fang Guo, the "print" character in Oracle bone inscriptions has not been deciphered yet. It is not clear how many meanings it has in the Yin Shang .
"Seal" means "the letter held by the ruling power."
Eastern Han Dynasty Weihong's "Han Jiuyi" said: "The golden seal of the kings of the princes, the camel button, and the seal, that is, the seal of a certain king is engraved. Gold seal, turtle button, Wen Yue chapter of a certain Hou. Golden seal of the Prime Minister, Taiwei and San Gong around the left and right generals, turtle button, Wen Yue chapter. Two thousand stone silver seal, tortoise button, Wen Yue chapter. 千石 、六From one hundred stones, four hundred stones to more than two hundred stones, there are all bronze seals, nose buttons, and Wen Yue seals. In the first year of Jianwu, the emperors and kings had gold seals and purple ribbons, and the silver seals and blue ribbons were more than two thousand stones. Copper-printed ink ribbons and yellow ribbons below 400 shi."
This refers to the hierarchy and regulation of the "trust" of officials of the princes and generals of the Han dynasty and the annual salary of 200 shi. The material is different, the " " engraved "spirit" is different, and the ribbon color is also different.
It also reveals a lot of important information-such as "xi", such as "chapter".
"Said Wen" said: "Xin, the seal of the king."
The character "Xi" received by Xu Shen, underneath is "earth", so he classified this word as "earth" . But he also said: " 籀文 from jade.Duan Yucai believes that the "xi" of "Congtu" should be regarded as "ancient Chinese". In fact, the original word should be "Congyu", and "Congtu" is just a variant of "add pen, reduce pen".
" The name " says: "The seal, the migration is also. The seal can be transferred, but not sent.
This means that the name "Xi" is originally a special "seal" after the letter and goods are "wrapped", indicating that it can be released but cannot be opened without authorization.
Therefore, "Xi", also known as "Xi" Festival (卪)".
"Yunhui" said: "The seal, the letter, the ancients respect and humble together. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been called the supreme. "
It turned out that "xi" can be used regardless of high or low, but after the Qin and Han dynasties, only "Supreme" can be used.
" jade articles ": "Xi, the seal of the emperor princes." "The "seal" of the emperor and the princes can be called "the seal".
Later, only the emperor's "seal" is called the "seal".
Cai Yong "Doctrine": "The emperor's six seals." "
"Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Yufu Zhi": "The seal is jade tiger new, the text says: the emperor's seal, the emperor's seal, the emperor's letter, the emperor's seal, the emperor's seal, the emperor's letter six. There is a big Lantian jade seal outside, the text says: By the order of heaven, the emperor Shouchang. "
"Chapter" refers to the text on the "official seal" of high-level officials.
As mentioned above, "Lee Hou Golden Seal, Turtle Button, Wen Said Hou's Chapter".
can be in" "Official seals" engraved with "Chapter of XX" also include "Prime Minister, Taiwei, and Generals around the Three Gongs", and "senior officials" with an annual salary of two thousand stones. Officials further down can only be engraved with "Seal of XX". "Or "Xu Xing".
is called "chapter", probably one has the meaning of "big material", and the other is the prestige of "rules". These high-ranking officials are the pillars of the country,The text published by "seal" is not a general notice or the like.
So there is the word "seal".
"Zhou Li. Diguan. Sishi" notes: "Season Festival, seal."
The emperor's "seal", Tang Wu Zetian changed its name to "treasure".
In the early Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong engraved "The Seal of the Yuan Dynasty" with white jade as the head. The text said: "The Emperor's fate, and the virtuous prosper." Zhongzong ascended to the throne and re-named "Xi". In the sixth year of Kaiyuan, it was changed to "bao". Since then, Tang's "Chuan National Treasure" was renamed "Chengtian Dabao".
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the "official seal" of the lower-level bureaucrats was called "ji".
"Song History. Yufu Zhi" says: "Supervisors, prefects and county chiefs said the seal, and the staff members said. There are no reporters, and the order is given to the book of Mu Zhu, and the writing is generous."
This means, The "official seal" of bureaucrats below the state and county level cannot be called "print" but "ji". The lower bureaucrats didn't even have "remembers", and the local government to which they belonged would uniformly issue wooden Zhuji, which were very large and about a square inch in size.
"Notes" are indeed used for "stamping" notices posted in downtowns and city gates.
as late as the Han Dynasty, except for the "official seal", there have been private seals.
"Private Seal", there is a "Name Seal". Yuan Tao Zongyi said: "Where the name seal should not be written arbitrarily, or the name should match, or the words "seal" and "seal" should be added, or the word "seal" can be used together.... For two names, you can write in palindrome, with the last name The word'yin' is on the right, and the second name is on the left. For those with a single name, it is the seal of the surname, but cannot be written in palindrome."
He also said: "Han's three-character seal, not a double surname and no'print'. The characters are not the name seal....The Chinese character Zhang'an Youjun has a seal called'Zhang Youjun'. The right one, the left two."
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, "seals" became more commonplace and more artistic. change.
The ancients were quite particular. Nowadays, to govern seals, we must also respect the ancient law.
Song Huizong The Royal Collection "Xuanhe Yinpu"; Wang Yu has "Xiaotangji Ancient Records"; Wang Houzhi has "Fu Zhai Yinpu"; Zhao Mengfu writes "History of Seals" in two volumes, etc.
The evolution from "official seal" to "private seal" also reflects the changes in society.
(the picture is selected from the Internet)
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