1. The evolution of the Sinicization of Buddhism
Buddhism belongs to a foreign culture. Its spread in China is not through simple translation of Buddhist teachings and classic theories, but through the creative integration of Buddhist culture and Chinese culture. The reason why Buddhism can take root in China and show its strong vitality lies in its integration into China's primitive religion consciousness and traditional ethical concepts, as well as absorbing the historical culture of different regions with national characteristics, and forming a religion with Chinese characteristics. Belief, Indian Buddhism from 2552 years ago has been transformed into Chinese Buddhism through sinicized benevolence. The evolution process of the Sinicization of Buddhism can be traced back to the different ways that Buddhism was introduced into China. Buddhism was first introduced to China through three routes from India: the northwest was introduced into China’s central hinterland via the Western Regions via the Silk Road, and merged with the Han to form the Han. Buddhism ( Northern Buddhism ); the west was introduced to Tubo in China through the inland and Nepal respectively, forming Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), and then spreading to the vast areas of China’s Qinghai and Mongolia; the southwest passed through Myanmar Introduced into the Dai area in Yunnan, China, which bordered it, and formed the Southern Buddhism. After a long period of spread and development, Buddhism has been passed down into three major families: Mahayana (Chinese), Tibetan (Tibetan), and Hinayana ( Pali). The three major systems of Buddhism, no matter which region it spreads to, its architecture The layout, characteristics, and even the artistic style of decoration are also unique due to the differences in the regional and cultural background of the spread of Buddhism.
Islam After the forces entered South Asia, Buddhism was declining. It disappeared in India in the 13th century, but it continued to develop in other Asian countries and regions. China, which can retain Buddhism and develop Buddhism, has become the true home of Buddhism. , China is the only country with complete Buddhism in the three major languages; the "Eight Mahayana Schools" appeared: Tiantai School, Sanlun School, Weishi Faxiang School, Lvzong, Pure Land School, Huayan School, Tantra, Zen,Among them, the Zen Buddhism multiplied "Linji, Caodong, Weiyang, Yunmen, and Dharma Eye."
2. The layout of the Buddhist temples of the Han Dynasty
The Buddhist temples were originally places where monks and monks worshipped the Buddha, but gradually developed into a complex of buildings with multiple functions. "It means "Monk Garden". The layout of the "Seven Garan Halls" is almost identical to the layout of the traditional quadrangle courtyards in my country, and has gradually become the inherent standard for Buddhist temple architecture in my country.
The "seven halls" of each sect of Buddhism are different, and most of the later generations follow the system of "seven halls" of Zen Buddhism, that is, the temple sits north facing south. On the central axis along the north-south direction, there are Shanmen Hall, Maitreya Temple, Heavenly King Hall, Daxiong Hall, Main Buddhist Hall of the Temple, Dharma Hall, and Buddhist Scripture Building (Pavilion). The auxiliary halls and auxiliary facilities are distributed on the east and west sides of the central axis symmetrically. The secondary buildings constructed are usually composed of Bell Tower (East), Drum Tower (West), Galan Hall (East), Patriarch Hall (West), and guest halls, Zen rooms, Zhai halls, sleeping halls, bath halls, huts, and Xijing (Toilet), release pool, etc., in this way, the temple has become a group of large-scale and well-arranged buildings.
3. Ganluyan Temple Temple layout
Ganluyan Temple belongs to the popular Pure Land Buddhism among the eight sects of Buddhist monasteries in Han Dynasty. The Pure Land Buddhism regards Amitabha Buddha as the Western Pure Land Buddhism. The ideal realm of practice, so Ganluyan Temple is the main offering Buddha of the temple after the Daxiong Hall, the "Western Three-Holy Temple" of Amitabha in the Pure Land of the West, because Ganlu Temple is a hanging temple, and Buddhism originated in the Han Dynasty. The traditional layout of the monastery, the "Seven Halls of Garan", is restricted by space, and a lot of it is omitted. From the simple gate below the cave, there are only "Milere Hall", "Daxiong Hall (Main Hall)", and "Three Sages of the West". Temple (mirage pavilion), "Sendzi Guanyin Pavilion", "Dizang Hall (Nan'an Pavilion)", "Thousand-Hand Guanyin Pavilion", etc., such as the Heavenly King Hall and Dharma Hall, etc. There is no way to set up the bell tower and drum tower around the cave. There is a built-in Zhonggu Mountain that has been eliminated, so the tour guide explains the main layout of the Ganluyan Temple is not very complicated.
After entering the gate is the Maitreya Hall, so after stepping up more than 120 steps, it is the Maitreya Hall, dedicated to Maitreya Buddha and Vedic Buddha . The Heavenly King Hall behind the Maitreya Hall was also omitted, except that a Heavenly King was placed on the left side of the Mirage Pavilion, and the Dharma of the Patriarch Hall was also installed on the right side. Go up the steps and turn right and you will see the Daxiong Hall. There are more statues in the hall. The main statue is in the middle of the hall. The main Buddha is Sakyamuni. The side halls are Manjusri, Samantabhadra, and the promenades on both sides are equipped with and eighteen arhats. The ancient Indian Buddhist believers respected Shakyamuni as the "Daxiong", which means bravery, fearless and boundless power, so the temple dedicated to Sakyamuni was called the "Daxiong Hall".
The Mirage Pavilion is also called the "Western Three Holy Temples". It serves the three western holy sages. The center is Amitabha, the left is Guanshiyin Bodhisattva, and the right is . Transcend the world to the western world of bliss. Because the Heavenly King Hall and Zushi Hall are ignored in the temple, the statues of the Heavenly King and Bodhidharma are added to the side halls on both sides, which is a supplement to the Heavenly King Hall and the Patriarch Hall. The golden melon hammer, underfoot is a vicious evil spirit, which symbolizes subduing the evil spirits and protecting the tranquility of the temple.
Nan'an Pavilion is also known as the "Dizang Hall", which enshrines the Ksitigarbha. We know that the ancestral court of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is in Jiuhuashan Anhui. It is said that during the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese national power Powerful has attracted many monks from Japan, South Korea and other countries to come to China to seek Dharma.At that time, the king of Silla in North Korea Jin Qiaojue (696-794) had a peculiar appearance, with a particularly high parietal bone, strong enough to resist dozens of enemies, but his heart was charity, and his enlightenment was abnormal. Jin Qiaojue's monk's name is Ksitigarbha Bhikkhu, and he came to China with the white dog Shanting Navigating. After the Ksitigarbha has traveled around for several years, he came to Anhui in the last year of Emperor Xuanzong Kaiyuan (713-742). Jiuhua Mountain in the province, the Tibetan monks in this deep mountain basin set up a house for hard cultivation, living a life of thirsty drinking water, hungry for white soil, and often bitten and stung by poisonous insects.
I was found in the Tibetan monk monk, who was cultivating hard in the deep mountains, when he was discovered by the local gentry Zhuge during a trip to the mountains. Knowing that it was the royal family of Silla who came to China to seek Dharma from afar, the elder Zhuge initiated a proposal to build a dojo for him. At that time, the owner of Jiuhua Mountain was surnamed Min, and his family was very wealthy. Min must be invited to announce the Shishan Land to build the temple. Min Gong also admired the Ksitigarbha monk very much and asked him how much land he wanted. .
It is said that Ksitigarbha displayed supernatural powers, and the robes covered all the Jiuhua, so Duke Min gave all Jiuhua Mountain for support. Min Gong was the protector of the Tibetans, and his son also became a monk with the Tibetan monks. The statue of the Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva we see now has an old man and a young monk on the left and right sides, namely, the father and son of Min Gong.
The great wish of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is: "The hell is not empty. If you swear to become a Buddha, all living beings will be exhausted, and then you will prove the Bodhi." So he is still a Bodhisattva.
There is an independent shrine on the side of the rock on the left side of the Daxiong Hall. It enshrines the " Puhua Tianzun" deity. His face is brown and black. The full name is "Nine Heavens Yingyuan Puhua Tianzun", a god of folk beliefs. The highest deity of the Lei Bu, Jiu Tian Ying Yuan, the Puhua Tianzun, dominates all things such as life and death, rewards and punishments for good and evil, travels to clouds and rains, and kills demons and demons. Taining people put this Taoist deity in Enshrined in Buddhist temples reflects the fusion of Buddhism and Taoism.
At the top of the hanging pavilion, there is a story of " eight-phase enlightenment ": it refers to the eight stages of Buddha Sakyamuni’s life: 1. The rate of Sakyamuni was cultivated as a Bodhisattva before his birth.Live in dou rate within the hospital, where 4000 years. Shakyamuni observed that the five causes (time, place, country, family, parents) were mature, and he decided to be born in the human world. He must use and Mrs. Maya as the mother to save all living beings; 2. The six-tooth white elephant , the elephant with a white lotus in its mouth, descended from the northern Tianzhujia Piluoweiguo, and entered the womb from the left rib of Mohe Maya, the wife of Jingfan. Sakyamuni is the saying of the heavens in the womb. This is the "Law of Faith", which prescribes the "incarnation" phase; 3. Born on April 8th, Sakyamuni was born from the right rib of Mrs. Maya and was born in Under the worry-free tree in Lumbini Garden, he became Prince Siddhartha. It is said that the prince can walk down the earth, walking 7 steps a week, growing lotus flowers step by step, and looking around, claiming to himself: Heaven and earth, I am the only one. "At this time, there were two dragons, one spitting warm water and the other spitting cold water, and gave him a bath. This day is the Buddha bathing day, or bathing Buddha day; 4. The monk prince saw the impermanence of old, sick, and dead in the world. The suffering caused the thought of cultivating Taoism. On a moonlit night, the prince resolutely abandoned the throne, wealth and wife, quietly left the palace, and determined to seek the truth of relief from the pain of life in the remote mountains and forests. The mystery of the shadow was gone. Dawn. , The prince arrived in Rama village to shave his hair, put on a robes, and sent the waiter Cha Ni back to the city to report to Jingfan Wang that he had been a monk. The prince was 29 years old (or 19); 5. Lin Zhongxiu practiced asceticism for six years, his body was thin, and he still did not see the Tao. He gave up asceticism and received the offering of the shepherd’s chyle and recovered his health. The prince came to a nearby big Bodhi tree and laid vajra with auspicious grass. Dong Xiang sits upright and swears: "If I don't prove today, the Supreme Bodhi, I would rather break this body, and I won't be able to sit here! "He sat quietly under the tree for 49 days, overcoming various "demonic barriers" inside and outside. 6. After six years of cultivation, he finally became a Buddha under the Bodhi tree. On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, he saw the stars at night and suddenly realized everything. There is no reason for the origin of things. "What you do is not to be felt (the body of life and death)", which achieves "the supreme authentic enlightenment." The world respectfully calls him "Buddha" (meaning enlightened one),The holy name "Sakyamuni" was 35 years old. When Shakyamuni became enlightened, he said: "Wonderful, wonderful! All sentient beings on the earth have the wisdom and virtues of the Tathagata, which can be delusional and attached, but cannot be attained." It is said that all sentient beings have Buddha nature; 7. After enlightenment, he first went to Sarnath to save the five monks, and then more than 1,000 people were saved. Shakya led 1,250 disciples to travel around to preach the Dharma. Sakyamuni promotes the wheel of righteousness, crushes heresy, and promotes Buddhism, which is called the "wheel". In 45 years, Sakyamuni went deep into the people, saying that it saves all living beings; 8. Nirvana or enlightenment. That is, when Shakyamuni was eighty years old (the Chinese said that the false year was actually seventy-nine years old), he knew that his life was about to end, and he left the Wangshecheng, and went to the two trees near Kushinagar. Facing north, put your right hand on your face, place your left hand on your body, lie on your side with your feet together, face west, and enter the realm of great nirvana (great liberation). Before entering the extinction, he instructed his disciple Ananda: "Those who have been accomplished are all extinct. Don't let go. I must practice my Dharma diligently. After I am extinct, I will take the precepts as my teacher." Moreover, the Hinayana said that there is no "living fetal aspect" but "destroying the devil". "(That is, the temptation to frustrate the demons before enlightenment) is called "The Eight Phases of Hinayana".
Fourth, the "odd", "hanging" and "smart" of Ganluyan Temple
What is worthy of being "odd" is that the design and site selection at the beginning of the temple was really true It is ingenious and tailored to local conditions. The cave is a "large monolithic arch cave" in the Danxia landform. The upper part is 30 meters wide and deep, and the lower part is only 10 meters. The cave is inverted in the shape of an inverted gourd. A huge pillar can support the entire temple. The protruding part of the peak of the cave resembles a giant umbrella or a group of large natural eaves. When it rains, the rain falls down the cliff, forming a wonderful rain curtain in front of the temple, which protects the ancient temple from rain. The natural environment can keep Ganluyan Temple intact for a long time, reaching more than 870 years. In 1961, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council. At that time, there were only four sites in Fujian Province.
From site selection to construction, there is a "hanging" character everywhere,Ganluyan Temple has more than 40 pavilions and palaces. From the outside, the entire temple is supported by a pillar. In fact, the more important thing is to rely on the rock next to the cave cliff. The real center of gravity is supported in the rock. Some wooden pillars are just Play a role of auxiliary force, which makes Ganluyan Temple a suspended temple that seems to be virtual but real, seemingly dangerous and safe, and seeing beauty in danger.
is also embodied in the word "smart": Although Ganluyan Temple is suspended in the air, it is based on local conditions, taking advantage of its strengths and avoiding its weaknesses, making full use of the natural arrangement of the cliffs and building various parts of the temple, and they are connected to each other and echo each other. After careful consideration, large or small, it shows that the main and subordinates of the temples are scattered and the strong sense of rhythm. Although suspended, the plane layout of the temple can be displayed through the three-dimensional space level of the cliff, which can basically guarantee the general temple Its shape and scale are indeed "skilled" craftsmen! Built on the hillside, small and exquisite, complete KitKat.
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