《經濟學人》雙語:研究發現初為人父的人,大腦皮層會萎縮

《經濟學人》雙語:研究發現初為人父的人,大腦皮層會萎縮

原文標題:
Parental behaviour
Dad brain
Becoming a father shrinks your cerebrum
親本行為
父親的大腦
做父親會讓你的大腦萎縮


That may help form parental attachments
這或有助於培養親子間的情感連接

[Paragraph 1]
IT IS HARDLY surprising that pregnancy and childbirth, nine months of enormous changes to a woman』s body, also change her brain.
懷孕和分娩這九個月使女性身體產生了巨大的變化,也改變了女性的大腦,這並不令人感到訝異。

And they do, by causing certain parts of it to shrink.
這種變化是由於一部分大腦的萎縮而產生的。

Fathers, it might be thought, would be unaffected.
人們或許會認為,父親不會有什麼影響。


But no. There is evidence that their brains shrink, too.
但事實並非如此。證據表明,父親的大腦也有萎縮。

A paper just published in Cerebral Cortex by Magdalena Martínez-García of the Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute in Madrid, and her colleagues, divulges the details.
馬德里格雷戈里奧·馬拉尼翁健康研究所的馬格達萊娜·馬丁內斯·加西亞及其同事剛剛在《大腦皮層》雜誌上發表了一篇論文,其中透露了詳細信息。


[Paragraph 2]
Dr Martínez-García』s study followed a group of 40 expectant fathers, 20 from Spain and 20 from America, and also, as a control, 17 Spanish men who did not have a baby on the way.
馬丁內斯·加西亞博士的研究跟蹤調查了40位準爸爸,其中20位來自西班牙,20位來自美國,另外還有17位尚無新生兒的西班牙男性作為對照。

To measure changes to their brains the volunteers underwent two magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) scans roughly a year apart.
為了測量他們大腦的變化,志願爸爸們大約每隔一年進行兩次磁共振成像(MRI)掃描。

In the case of the new fathers, one of these scans was before, and the other after, the birth of the
child.
對於准爸爸組,一次核磁掃描是在孩子出生之前,另一次則是在孩子誕生之後。


[Paragraph 3]
The researchers used the scans to compare the volume and thickness of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain responsible, inter many alia, for things like sensory perception, language and cognition, with that of the sub-cortex, a disparate collection of structures such as the hippocampus (involved in long-term memory formation) and the amygdala (which regulates fear).
研究人員利用掃描圖像比較了大腦皮層的體積和厚度,大腦皮層是負責感知覺、語言和認知等其他功能的部分,而次皮層是由不同結構組成的集合,如海馬體(參與長期記憶的形成)和杏仁核(調節恐懼)。

They confirmed that there is a small but consistent decrease in the volume of the cortices of new fathers after the birth of their child.
他們證實,在孩子出生後,新爸爸的大腦皮層體積出現了微小但持續的減少。


[Paragraph 4]
This shrinkage is not, however, evenly distributed.
然而,這種大腦萎縮不是均勻分佈的。

The biggest reductions are in the area at the back of the cortex where information from the retina is processed and interpreted, and in the 「default-mode」 network, a piece of neural circuitry distributed between three different cortical areas, which is associated with daydreaming, mind-wandering and thinking about the self and others.
萎縮最多的是大腦皮層後部的區域,那是處理和讀取來自視網膜的信息的部位;在「默認模式」網絡中,一段神經迴路分佈在了三個不同的大腦皮層區域之間,這個部位與做白日夢、走神和思考自我和他人有關。


[Paragraph 5]
This pattern partly mimics changes found in the brains of first-time mothers.
這種變化模式在一定程度上模仿了初為人母的女性大腦的變化。

For example, a study published in Nature Neuroscience in 2017 by some of the same researchers found that areas of the default-mode networks of their brains also shrink.
例如,這些研究人員2017年在《自然神經科學》上發表的一項研究發現,女性大腦的默認模式網絡區域也縮小了。


The differences in first-time fathers』 brains are less pronounced than those in mothers, and also more variable—and are, presumably, caused in a different way.
初為人父者的大腦變化沒有母親那麼顯著,並且更加多變——估計是由不同的方式引起的。

But different physiological means can still arrive at the same evolutionary end.
但不同的生理途徑仍然可達到相同的進化目的。


[Paragraph 6]
The mamas and the papas
媽媽和爸爸

That end is presumably being a better parent.
這個目的大概就是為了成為一個更好的父母吧。

The authors of this earlier paper also gave the new mothers a questionnaire asking how they felt about spending time with their offspring, whether they thought they understood their babies』 signals, and whether they felt any resentment towards them.
之前這篇論文的研究人員還向新手媽媽們發放了一份問卷,詢問她們對與孩子在一起的時間有何感受,她們是否認為自己理解了嬰兒所發出的信號,以及她們是否對嬰兒有怨恨情緒。


They found that postpartum changes in brain volume predicted both how attached a mother felt to her child and the absence or otherwise of hostility to it.
他們發現,產後腦容量的變化既可以預測母親對孩子的依戀程度,也可以預測母親對孩子是否有敵意。


[Paragraph 7]
Examination of the Spanish fathers in Dr Martínez-García』s latest study, by measuring their brain activity while they looked at pictures of both their own baby and other infants, found a similar effect.
馬丁內斯·加西亞博士對西班牙的父親進行了最新研究,通過測量他們在看自己的嬰兒和其他嬰兒照片時的大腦活動,發現了類似的效應。

It showed that those with the largest reductions in brain volume had the strongest MRI responses to images of their own child compared with images of others.
研究表明,與看其他孩子照片時的核磁反應相比,大腦體積減少最多的父親在看自己孩子照片時的核磁反應更為強烈。


[Paragraph 8]
Determining exactly how these pro-parental neural changes come about in men is way beyond the current skill of neuroscience.
要確切知道父母的神經變化在男性身上發生的機制,這遠遠超出了目前神經科學的水平。

But it is intriguing to observe that, at least in the case of Homo sapiens, a rare example of a mammal in which fathers as well as mothers nurture offspring, similar postpartum parental attitudes seem to be getting wired into both sexes.
但一個有趣的發現是,至少在智人這一罕見的哺乳動物例子中,雙親共同養育後代。在它們的兩性中,這種類似的雙親在產後的態度是與生俱來的。

(恭喜讀完,本篇英語詞彙量約581左右)
原文出自:2022年10月1日《The Economist》Science & technology版塊。

精讀筆記來源於:自由英語之路

本文翻譯整理: Fei Min

本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個人英語學習交流使用。



【補充資料】(來自於網絡)
在神經科學中,默認模式網絡,也叫做默認網絡或者默認狀態網絡,是已知具有彼此高度相關的活動並且與大腦中的其他網絡不同的活動大腦區域的大規模腦網絡。當一個人不關注外部世界,大腦處於清醒的休息狀態時,例如在做白日夢和思維游移的時候,默認的模式網絡是最常見的。但是,當人們在思考別人,思考自己,回憶過去,規劃未來時,它也是活躍的。當一個人沒有參與任務時,網絡會「默認」激活。雖然DMN最初被注意到在某些目標導向任務中被停用,有時被稱為任務負面網絡,但它可以在其他目標導向型任務(例如社交工作記憶或自傳任務)中起作用。已經顯示DMN與注意網絡等大腦中的其他網絡呈負相關。


2017年《自然神經科學》雜誌上發表了一項研究,懷孕確實能改變孕婦的大腦。研究人員掃描分析了備孕、懷孕、分娩後女性的大腦,結果發現,分娩過後,女性大腦的某些區域灰質明顯減少了,而且分娩兩年後,這種現象依然存在。研究人員推測可能是母親懷孕時產生的雌性激素和孕激素,導致懷孕以一個特別的方式塑造了母親的大腦,讓女性對嬰兒更敏感,這就是為什麼生完孩子後母性大發。


【重點句子】(3個)
This shrinkage is not, however, evenly distributed.
然而,這種大腦萎縮不是均勻分佈的。

But different physiological means can still arrive at the same evolutionary end.
但不同的生理途徑仍然可達到相同的進化目的。

That end is presumably being a better parent.
這個目的大概就是為了成為一個更好的父母吧。

自由英語之路