2022年10月22日04:00:20 熱門 1830

本期編輯/上海雅舍辛乙堂

Yashe Studio

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大唐從盛世到衰落，然後發展到宋代。而宋朝繼承了大部分唐朝文化，包括制度、工藝技術、瓷器、習俗、建築等等，宋朝在唐朝文化的基礎上加入了許多創新跟元素，又變得更加炫麗許多。

The Tang Dynasty went from prosperity to decline, and then developed to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty added many innovations and elements on the basis of the culture of the Tang Dynasty, and became more dazzling.

宋代建築跟唐朝建築有着一定區別，其改變了唐代建築的雄偉渾厚特徵，使得整體看上去更加秀麗纖柔，而在修飾方面，宋朝建築更捨得花費心機。

There is a certain difference between the architecture of the Song Dynasty and that of the Tang Dynasty. It has changed the majestic and thick characteristics of the architecture of the Tang Dynasty, making the whole look more beautiful and delicate.

宋朝建築屋頂的琉璃瓦折射出耀眼的光芒

宋朝國都位於開封，主要城池結構為按照行跟列設計成為一條條大小規則齊整的街道，然後臨街建築屋子。

The capital of the Song Dynasty was located in Kaifeng. The main city structure was designed into streets with regular sizes according to rows and columns, and then houses were built along the streets.

在商業方面，宋朝的國都更像一座商業大城，許多建築都把發展商業元素考慮了進去。並且更注重建築的裝修，色彩不再跟唐朝一樣單一，允許百姓採用多樣色彩，讓城市街道間均能呈現出一幅五彩繽紛的景象。

In terms of Commerce, the capital of the Song Dynasty was more like a large commercial city, and many buildings took the development of commercial elements into consideration. In addition, more attention is paid to the decoration of buildings. The colors are no longer the same as those of the Tang Dynasty.

房子的屋頂一般斜度都比較大，且嘗試採用減少柱子來頂梁，令房屋空間擴展了許多空間。

The roof of the house is generally inclined, and it is tried to reduce the column to top the beam, which expands the space of the house.

一些高級或大型的建築會採用青瓦以及上等琉璃瓦鋪蓋房頂，琉璃瓦具有反光功能，在陽光照射下變得更加璀璨耀眼。

Some high-grade or large-scale buildings will use green tiles and top-grade glazed tiles to cover the roof. The glazed tiles have a reflective function and become more dazzling under the sunshine.

在很多情況下，宋代人更喜歡鋪墊不同種類瓦飾，隨着這個風潮盛行，也有效促進了琉璃瓦跟房屋裝修品工藝技術的提升。

In many cases, people in the Song Dynasty preferred to lay different kinds of tiles. With the popularity of this trend, it also effectively promoted the improvement of the technology of glazed tiles and house decoration.

宋朝建築不僅具有多彩多樣的裝飾，還在房子頂部加入了天花修飾，其樣式豐富多樣，包括有菱形覆斗井、圓狀井、八角形井等。

The buildings of the Song Dynasty not only had colorful decoration, but also added ceiling decoration on the top of the house. Its styles were rich and varied, including diamond covered bucket wells, round wells and octagonal wells.

這些改變，不僅保存一部分唐朝雄偉洒脫之風，還加入了一些宋朝自創的新技藝，如採用斜袱結構，提升斗拱技藝，減少了承重的用途，而柱子與斗拱的高度比例越發減縮，使得富含靚麗纖美之感。

These changes not only preserved some of the majestic and free style of the Tang Dynasty, but also added some new techniques created by the Song Dynasty, such as the use of inclined bundle structure to improve the skills of the bucket arch.

宋朝寺廟建築極富層次感，結構講究

以三清殿為參考例子。其分主殿、側殿，主殿中間上方懸掛一張約1.2米左右的豎立式牌匾，依次用正楷字體寫着"三清殿"，豎匾下還設計有一張橫額，一般提四個大字。

Take Sanqing hall as a reference example. It is divided into the main hall and the side hall. A vertical plaque of about 1.2 meters is hung above the middle of the main hall. The "Sanqing hall" is written in regular script in turn. A banner is also designed under the vertical plaque, generally with four large characters.

宋代寺廟，以大殿堂為主，通常分為9間，為重檐歇山式設計而成。

The temples of the Song Dynasty are mainly large halls, usually divided into 9 rooms, which are designed in the style of double eaves and mountains.

所有面積約1000平方米，深25米，寬44米。有時候會在房頂中央鑲掛一些兵器，以數量多少來代表等級。整座寺廟大部分材料都是木材構造，柱子、門窗、屋檐、橫樑等都會雕刻龍鳳麒麟祥雲等圖案跟紋理。

It covers an area of about 1000 square meters, with a depth of 25 meters and a width of 44 meters. Sometimes, some weapons are hung in the center of the roof to represent the level. Most of the materials of the whole temple are made of wood.

另外，宋朝建築，多會採用《營造法式》里的方法，主要是在建造大殿的時候，注重把房架橫着鋪排且垂直，而每一間房子的屋架都是以橫樑、縱柱等組合構建而成，柱子頂部會鋪墊斗拱，且很講究斗拱的美觀。

In addition, the architecture of the Song Dynasty mostly adopts the method in the "building French style". The main reason is that when building the main hall, the roof truss is laid horizontally and vertically. The roof truss of each house is composed of beams and vertical columns.

隨着宋朝磚石技術的提升，這時候他們的建築技藝略高於唐朝。而一般的磚石建築分為橋樑與佛塔系列。

With the improvement of brick and stone technology in the Song Dynasty, their architectural skills were slightly higher than those in the Tang Dynasty. The general masonry buildings are divided into bridges and pagodas.

可參考的現存宋朝建設有：河南省開封的繁塔跟杭州的"靈隱寺"以及河北省的"永通橋"。

The existing Song Dynasty constructions that can be referred to include the Fanta in Kaifeng, Henan Province, the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, and the Yongtong bridge in Hebei Province.

這些都是採用磚石鑄造而成，且從宋朝一直保留到今天，成為了名勝古迹，每天都有各地遊客到訪，以親睹宋朝建築的風情。

These are all made of bricks and stones, and have been preserved since the Song Dynasty. They have become places of interest. Tourists from all over the world visit them every day to see the style of the buildings of the Song Dynasty.

通過了解後，我們發現宋代建築偏向柔和風格，其突出典雅挺拔之特色，並且是在唐朝的基礎上加以改良，形成自己的獨特風格。

After understanding, we find that the architecture of Song Dynasty is inclined to soft style, which highlights the characteristics of elegance and straightness, and is improved on the basis of Tang Dynasty to form its own unique style.

而之後的元朝、明朝、清朝等都深受宋朝建築的影響，甚至北方的匈奴、契丹、西域等小國的建築也參雜了不少宋朝元素。

After that, the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were deeply influenced by the architecture of the Song Dynasty, and even the buildings of small countries such as Xiongnu, Qidan and western regions in the north were mixed with many elements of the Song Dynasty.

宋朝建築有亮眼之處是較為鮮明華麗。它跟其餘的朝代建築有着明顯區別，老遠一望就能分辨出哪棟是宋朝的建築，而那一棟的唐朝、明朝、清朝的。

The architecture of the Song Dynasty is bright and gorgeous. It is obviously different from other Dynasty buildings. You can tell which one is from the Song Dynasty and which one is from the Tang, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

據文獻記載，華夏民族發展到宋代後，其古代建築體系迎來大改革時期，雖然從規模上比不過唐朝，但宋朝更注重美觀，大部分樓閣、宮殿、塔樓、房屋都修裝的異常炫麗繽紛。

According to historical records, after the development of the Chinese nation to the Song Dynasty, its ancient architectural system ushered in a period of great reform. Although it was not comparable to the Tang Dynasty in terms of scale.

殿堂樓亭的種類也逐漸變多，且向複雜設計發展。如宋代寺廟，最突顯的就是中軸線，上面會蓋有山門、殿堂、房閣等。整體寺廟呈縱深構建，殿廟一重一重的排列開來，極富層次感。

The types of halls, pavilions and pavilions have gradually become more and more, and they have developed into complex designs. For example, in the Song Dynasty, the most prominent temple is the central axis, which will be covered with mountain gates, halls, rooms and pavilions.

而在造大殿之前，一般會在下面先鋪修一尊1.3米左右高度的石台基。而主殿呈正方形，較為寬深，分七個分間。

Before building the main hall, a stone platform with a height of about 1.3 meters is usually paved below. The main hall is square, wide and deep, divided into seven compartments.

殿堂中央各造一門對前的歇山式抱廈。故此宋朝的寺廟，從遠處就能感受它的層層疊嶂形狀，顯得非常大氣恢弘。

In the center of the hall, there are two mountain style balconies in front of each other. Therefore, the temples of the Song Dynasty can be felt from a distance in the shape of layers of peaks, which is very grand.

還有宋朝的建築特色為有機結合，其從結構到外觀以及屋內設計，都不同於歷代。土木工程得到很大的提升，工藝技術越發成熟，在裝飾上也別具一格，每一磚每一瓦都追求其美觀，每根柱子跟門窗都賦予各種雕刻跟彩繪。

In addition, the architectural features of the Song Dynasty are organic combination, which is different from previous dynasties in terms of structure, appearance and interior design.

甚至一根格子門框就可分為7-9種的斷面方式。在牆壁或樑柱的彩繪，追求到每一塊花瓣都極其細膩，富有層次，分4層左右，且逐層進行顏色熏染，最後才完工。

Even a lattice door frame can be divided into 7-9 cross-sectional modes. In the color painting of walls or beams and columns, each petal is extremely delicate and rich in layers. It is divided into about 4 layers, and the color is fumigated layer by layer before the completion.

如果是一朵雕花，更講究工匠的功力，其非常捨得耗費時間跟精力，有的雕花會花上三五個月，甚至一年。

If it is a carved flower, it pays more attention to the craftsman's skill. It is very willing to waste time and energy. Some carved flowers will take three to five months, or even a year.

宋代園林簡約、典雅、疏朗、自然，美不勝收。

宋朝的建築體系要比唐朝完善，包括設計、造型、工藝技術都上到一個高端階段。甚至逐漸形成系統規律化，很多建築都有一定的流程，當中還可以採用多樣組合搭配。

The architectural system of the Song Dynasty is more perfect than that of the Tang Dynasty, including design, modeling and technology. Even gradually form a systematic regularity. Many buildings have certain processes, and various combinations can be used.

而室內的採光跟通風都被改良，還使用了移柱方法跟減柱方法，使得空間漸大。而房屋頂的斗拱木塊使用數量增加了不少，外觀趨於複雜不規律方式，這跟唐朝的齊整風格有很大的區別。

The indoor lighting and ventilation have been improved, and the method of moving columns and reducing columns have been used to make the space larger. However, the number of wood blocks used in the bucket arch on the roof of the house has increased a lot... which is very different from the neat style of the Tang Dynasty.

在建築系越發系統化之後，宋朝就流行起了園林建設。

After the architecture department became more systematic, garden construction became popular in the Song Dynasty.

古代園林起宋朝。其是人與自然融合的工藝性建築，當時宋朝工人已經懂得在園林內擺設花草樹木，堆積岩石，根據風水規律，構架假山，水塘，小型湖跟河渠等。

The ancient garden dates back to the Song Dynasty. It is a technological building integrating human and nature. At that time, workers in the Song Dynasty already knew how to arrange flowers, plants and trees in the garden, accumulate rocks, and construct rockeries, ponds, small lakes and canals according to the rules of geomantic omen.

其特點分別有：簡約、典雅、疏郎、自然等風格。簡約：通常提出節儉跟簡單修建，但要追求整體彰顯，準確的突出主題，用料雖簡單可立意鮮明，含義頗深，基本會借用天然材料與大自然形成一體，還加入一些創新手法，變得更富有寫意。

Its characteristics are: simple, elegant, Shulang, natural and other styles. Simplicity: Generally speaking, frugality and simple construction are proposed, but the overall highlight and accurate theme should be pursued.

其中，水體、山體、花草樹木必不可少，但設計不複雜，無太多的分區。

Among them, water, mountains, flowers, plants and trees are essential, but the design is not complicated and there are not many partitions.

自然：宋朝的園林顯尤其自然，建築內部主要靠植物為點綴部分，目的是讓人看起來感受到園林跟外面的自然景色渾然一體。

Nature: the gardens in the Song Dynasty are particularly natural. The interior of the buildings is mainly decorated with plants, so that people can feel that the garden is integrated with the natural scenery outside.

在選建地址方面，宋朝的園林會參考依山傍水的規律，根據原來自然地貌風景，進行改造，而林園內的建築一般會注重收納方法，以便襯托園外的景色，使兩者看起來更加自然得體。

In terms of the site selection, the gardens of the Song Dynasty will be reconstructed according to the original natural landscape by referring to the laws of the mountains and rivers, while the buildings in the forest park will generally pay attention to the storage methods.

典雅：這種風格受宋朝士大夫跟官員影響，他們大部分都是通過參加科舉考取功名，但深入官場後卻不如自己當初想象那般美好，更談不上風雅清流，於是這些人就把典雅情懷寄託到到其他地方。

Elegance: this style was influenced by the scholar bureaucrats and officials of the Song Dynasty. Most of them gained fame by taking part in the imperial examination. However, after entering the official arena, they were not as beautiful as they had imagined, let alone elegant and elegant.

比如詩詞、藝術品、畫作、雕刻，當中也包括的園林等建築。故此園林風格受這種託付思想影響，從而在設計上也變得十分典雅。

Such as poems, works of art, paintings, sculptures, including gardens and other buildings. Therefore, the garden style is influenced by this entrusted thought, and thus becomes very elegant in design.

疏郎：通常宋代園林的擺設景物等都比較小型，且為數不多，一眼看去給人簡約疏通清朗的感覺。

Shulang: usually, the decorations and scenery of the gardens in the Song Dynasty are relatively small and few. At first glance, it gives people a feeling of simplicity and clearness.

園林里的主體山形會有微小連綿起伏之意，客山則朝拱，山勢較平緩，映照的水體占較大面積，使得感覺出一片寬朗舒緩的氛圍。

The main shape of the mountain in the garden will have the meaning of slight continuous ups and downs, while the guest mountain is arched. The mountain is relatively gentle, and the reflected water occupies a large area, making it feel a broad and relaxing atmosphere.

還有，園林間的建築物少而疏，單個體多過群體，確實給人體驗到一種十分開朗的感覺。

In addition, the buildings in the garden are few and sparse, and the individual is more than the group, which really gives people a very cheerful feeling.

除此還有環溪，專靠近水域修建各種台閣、涼亭、台榭，彰顯出溪水流動的生氣，又突出動靜共存的含義。

In addition, there is the Huanxi river. Various pavilions, pavilions and pavilions are built near the water area to highlight the vitality of the stream flow and the meaning of the coexistence of static and dynamic.

縱觀宋朝園林，除了上述方法外，還會採用事先準備很多配件成品，逐漸安裝擺設進去，如"假山"之類的大型固件，會有專門負責製造的"假山工匠"，把假山雕琢修造好後，就動用大批人力搬入園林，安裝在指定地點。

Looking at the gardens of the Song Dynasty, in addition to the above-mentioned methods, a lot of accessories and finished products will be prepared in advance and gradually installed.