【新刊速遞】《劍橋國際事務評論》(CRIA) Vol.37,No.6,2024 | 國政學人

題目：bringing back the concept of colonial pacification in the study of preventing violent extremism (pve) practices: the case of tunisia

作者：guendalina simoncini，比薩高等師範學校博士後。

摘要：本文以現代突尼斯為案例，深入研究了打擊與阻止暴力極端主義（cve-pve）的歷史基礎。儘管pve興起於2010年代，代表着反恐戰略從嚴格的反恐怖主義轉向更偏向整體的預防戰略，但它讓人想起殖民主義者的概念與實踐。本文試圖將 pve 置於情境中討論，強調殖民、後殖民和新殖民主義控制和預防實踐的延續和變化。本研究以系譜與話語方法論為指導，研究了當代政策文件、政治話語、殖民時期檔案和過渡時期的司法記錄。這項探索的核心是法國殖民時期的鎮壓概念，它是指在反抗殖民統治的地區恢復秩序和阻止失序的行動。本文揭示了當今預防措施的殖民起源，例如行政控制、移交、說服與和平建設。本文認為，鎮壓概念對理解現代pve實踐至關重要。

this article delves into the historical foundations of countering and preventing violent extremism (cve-pve) using contemporary tunisia as a case study. while pve emerged in the 2010s, representing a shift from stringent counterterrorism to a more holistic preventative strategy, it recalls colonial notions and practices. this work seeks to contextualise pve, emphasising continuities and changes across colonial, post-colonial, and neocolonial control and prevention practices. using a genealogical and discursive methodology, the research examines contemporary policy documents, political discourse, colonial archives and transitional justice records. central to this exploration is the french colonial notion of pacification, which refers to the action to restore order and prevent disorder in regions resisting colonial dominance. the study sheds light on the colonial origins of present-day preventative measures such as administrative control, referral, persuasion and peacebuilding. the article posits that the concept of pacification is pivotal to understanding modern pve practices.

題目：the ‘situatedness’ of security in postcolonial spaces: examining the historical and spatial trajectories of localised practices in tunisia

作者：fabrizio leonardo cuccu，都柏林城市大學法政學院政治學助教授。

摘要：預防和打擊暴力極端計劃（p/cve）在西方和後殖民國家，表現出幾點差異與相似。差異源於安全計劃坐落的特定時間與空間坐標。本文植根於不斷增長的、聚焦於時間維度的學術研究之上，強調對全球和地方歷史軌跡的調查，是如何揭示後殖民國家的安全政策制定過程及其在塑造地方安全措施中的角色。本研究藉助對突尼斯當地從事p/cve的本土和國際非政府組織的訪談，探究了國際和地方行為體在實施和挑戰全球和地方安全敘事中的作用和扮演的角色。本文旨在展示全球與地方安全敘事與實踐中的聯結，及殖民歷史軌跡在安全演變中的作用。

preventing and countering violent extremism programmes (p/cve) in western and postcolonial countries present several differences as well as similarities. the differences are a consequence of specific coordinates of time and space in which security programmes are situated. this article builds on a growing scholarship focusing on the dimension of time, highlighting how the investigation of global and local historical trajectories brings to light postcolonial processes of security policymaking and their role in shaping local security measures. through interviews carried out in tunisia with local and international ngos working on p/cve, this research examines the agency of international and local actors, and their role in implementing or challenging global and local security narratives. the objective of this research is to show the connection between global and local security narratives and practices, and the role of colonial historical trajectories in the evolution of security.

題目：coloniality, modern subjectivities in kenya and exclusion of african women in preventing violent extremism

作者：samwel odhiambo oando，非洲國際大學哲學博士。

摘要：對情境細微差別的不必要關注一直是肯尼亞許多預防暴力極端主義（pve）計劃的主要障礙。本文強調了捐助者資助干預是如何對學習地方行為體知識，構成微妙的抵制，進而經常忽視當地的文化價值觀和經驗。不承認情境知識構成了性別問題，增加了非洲婦女被系統性地排除在知識生產體系之外的可能性。本文質疑了根深蒂固於當代干預中的現代主體性如何在pve中流露出殖民遺產。本研究運用了去殖民化理論和與當地實踐者的訪談，指出許多捐助者資助的pve途徑有可能進一步將非洲土著婦女的聲音，推向知識生產的邊緣。本文結論如下，地方情境中的pve干預有機會通過婦女和平與安全議程中決定性的去殖民化戰略，加強本土視角。

cosmetic attention to contextual nuances has been a major obstacle in many programmes for preventing violent extremism (pve) in kenya. the study highlights how donor-funded interventions often disregard cultural values and local experience by posing a subtle resistance to learn from the knowledge of local actors. the non-recognition of contextual knowledge postures a gender problem, increasing chances for systemic exclusion of african women from the knowledge production system. the paper interrogates how modern subjectivities, entrenched in contemporary interventions, exude colonial legacies in pve. using decolonial theory and interviews with local practitioners, the study submits that many donor-funded pve approaches risk pushing further the voice of indigenous african women to the periphery of knowledge production. the paper concludes that pve interventions in the local context have an opportunity for reinforcing indigenous perspectives through a decisive decolonial strategy in the women peace and security agenda.

題目：targeting muslims beyond europe: preventing violent extremism and radicalisation in kosovo

作者：ervjola selenica，博洛尼亞大學恐怖主義和反恐怖主義博士後研究員。

摘要：本文分析了科索沃預防和打擊暴力極端主義 （p/cve） 的國家和國際干預措施與其激進化，以及它們的根本邏輯。本文旨在理解穆斯林占多數的國家是如何成為 p/cve 和反激進化政策的目標。此外，本文還試圖探究這些政策是否基於對伊斯蘭極端主義所支撐的暴力極端主義和激進化的理解。如果是的話，它們是如何解決科索沃的伊斯蘭問題，並與之相互影響。本文發現，科索沃的 p/cve 和反激進化政策主要由外部驅動和資助，建立在與歐盟成員國實施的類似政策相同的預防、預期邏輯之上，以伊斯蘭極端主義驅動的意識形態過程為依據，包括一種將硬性和軟性預防措施相結合的全社會方法，就像在其他歐盟和非歐盟情境中發現的那樣。

the paper analyses national and international interventions on preventing and countering violent extremism (p/cve) and radicalisation in kosovo and their underpinning rationales. the analysis seeks to understand how a country with a muslim majority is targeted by p/cve and counter-radicalisation policies. furthermore, it seeks to understand whether these policies are informed by an understanding of violent extremism and radicalisation as underpinned by islamic extremism and, if so, how they tackle and interact with the question of islam in kosovo. the article has found that p/cve and counter-radicalisation policies in kosovo are mainly externally driven and funded, rest upon the same preventative, anticipatory logic that has characterised similar policies implemented in eu member states, are informed by an understanding of violent extremism and radicalisation as ideological processes fuelled by radical islam, and encompasses an all-societal approach combining hard and soft measures of prevention as those found in other eu and non-eu contexts.

題目：governing through the prevention of extremism. the security council’s p/cve as a dispositif of liberal government

作者：alice martini，馬德里大學國際關係講師。

摘要：本文從自由政府的福柯式權力機制（dispositif）視角切入，分析了聯合國安理會的預防和反暴力極端主義（p/cve）。預防性暴力極端主義/反暴力極端主義預防行動以早期發現為中心，要求市民社會在社會層面預防極端主義。從這個意義上說，正如本文所釋，p/cve 顯示出自由政府的特徵，因為它依賴於市民社會的自由和自我監管機制。此外，如本文所示，p/cve 也是一種自由的主體化機制，因為它勾勒了“（不可欲的）極端分子”和“（可欲的）溫和派”。這些主體出現在由相同的權力機制（再）組合的各種全球權力結構的交叉點上。因此，將 p/cve 作為福柯式的自由政府權力機制進行分析，有助於把握權力是如何以微妙的方式，在權力網絡中社會流轉。不僅如此，本文還揭示了自由政府如何通過它的（被統治的）自由生產的區別對待，來（再）生產等級、種族化和性別化的社會結構，從而發揮作用。

this article analyses the un security council’s prevention and countering of violent extremism (p/cve) as a foucauldian dispositif of liberal government. centred on early-detection, p/cve tasks civil society with the prevention of extremism at a social level. in this sense, as the article illustrates, p/cve displays features of liberal governmentality as it relies on civil society’s liberty and self-regulation mechanisms. furthermore, as the article shows, p/cve also works as a liberal mechanism of subjectification as it sketches the ‘(undesirable) extremists’ and the ‘(desirable) moderates’. these subjectivities emerge at the intersection of various global power structures (re)assembled by the same dispositif. therefore, analysing p/cve as a foucauldian dispositif of liberal government allows us to grasp how power circulates in society in heterarchical, subtle ways. moreover, it also uncovers how liberal government works through the (re)production of hierarchical, racialised, and gendered social structures in its differentiations of the (governed) freedom produced.

題目：constructing the ‘good muslim girl’: hegemonic and pariah femininities in the british preventing violent extremism (pve) agenda

作者：leonie b. jackson，諾森比亞大學國際關係高級講師。

摘要：自 2014 年伊斯蘭國 （is） 崛起以來，英國的防止暴力極端主義 （pve） 政策——預防政策,越來越關注聖戰意識形態對穆斯林女孩的吸引力。本文研究了 2015 年 2 月移居到 is 轄地的貝斯納格林女孩(bethnal green girls)的案例。本文運用霸權女性氣質與賤民女性氣質的概念，展示了性別在英國pve實踐中，是如何與宗教、種族和階級交叉作用，從而把“好穆斯林女孩”既建構為年輕穆斯林女性應當效仿的模範，也作為衡量激進化符號的基準。本文認為，通過 pve 來表達這個新自由主義話題，不管是在理論，還是在實踐中，都存在嚴重的問題：性別化激進化“符號”；提供並未考慮到交叉結構性壓迫的新自由主義解決方案；以過度方式規訓穆斯林女性的賤民穆斯林女性氣質。

since the rise of islamic state (is) in 2014, british preventing violent extremism (pve) policy, prevent, has increasingly focused on the appeal of jihadist ideology to muslim girls. this article considers the case of the bethnal green girls, who migrated to is territory in february 2015. using the concepts of hegemonic and pariah femininities, it shows how gender intersects with religion, race, and class in british pve to construct the ’good muslim girl’ as both an aspirational figure that young muslim women should seek to emulate and the norm against which signs of radicalisation can be measured. the article concludes that the articulation of this neoliberal subject via pve is deeply problematic in theory and practice: gendering the ‘signs’ of radicalisation, offering neoliberal solutions that fail to account for intersectional structural oppressions and disciplining pariah muslim femininities in excessive ways.

題目：‘mamie djihad’: constructing and disciplining the abject other in everyday narratives

作者：ariane bogain，諾森比亞大學社會科學系助教授。

摘要：克里斯蒂娜·里維埃（christine rivière）被稱為 "聖戰奶奶（mamie djihad）"，她自 "伊斯蘭國"（is）回國後，因從事與恐怖主義有關的活動，被判十年監禁，本文以她的審判為案例，探討法國日常敘事中對 is 歸國者的概念化。本研究運用批判性話語分析方法，探究了網絡新聞用戶是如何描述她的、網絡新聞用戶在何種程度上贊同或質疑將歸國問題安全化的官方話語，網絡新聞用戶的立場揭示了他們對打擊暴力極端主義的概念。本文認為，一種極端形式的敵人刑罰學是他們對待伊斯蘭國歸國者的方式的基礎。首先，本文借用克里斯蒂娃的排斥（adject）概念，展示性別、宗教、階級和國籍是如何交叉作用，從而將里維埃排除在國家之外。其次，本文將展示她的激進拒絕是如何正當化，運用基於不受約束的國家權力、懲罰式的報複審判、伊斯蘭恐懼症的極端解決方案，來中立化她，這將產生深遠影響。本研究有助於理解精英和媒體話語體系之外、與伊斯蘭國相關國民遣返相關的話語環境。

this article uses the trial of christine rivière, dubbed ‘mamie djihad’, sentenced to 10 years in prison for terrorism-related activities on her return from the islamic state (is) caliphate, as a case study to explore the conceptualisation of is returnees in everyday narratives in france. it employs critical discourse analysis to investigate how online news users represented her, the extent to which they endorsed or challenged the official discourse that has securitised the repatriation issue and what their stance reveals about their conception of countering violent extremism. it contends that an extreme form of enemy penology underpins their approach to is returnees. drawing on kristeva’s concept of the abject (1982), it will first demonstrate how gender, religion, class, and nationality intersected to exclude rivière from the nation. it will then show how her radical rejection justified extreme solutions to neutralise her based on unfettered state power, punitive retaliatory justice, and islamophobia, with far-reaching consequences. this study contributes to making sense of the discursive environment related to the repatriation of is-related nationals beyond elite and media discourses.

題目：‘outsourcing patriarchy’ in preventing and countering violent extremism (p/cve)

作者：ann-kathrin rothermel，伯爾尼大學政治科學系博士後研究員；megan kelly，巴塞爾大學博士生。

摘要：近年來，許多為打擊激進化為“聖戰主義”的極端主義，而創建的預防和打擊暴力極端主義（p/cve）項目，已經開始處理極右翼極端主義問題。在本文中，筆者以男性氣質為切入點，批判性地評估了這一擴展。筆者對 10 個從事跨國 p/cve 工作的有影響力的組織的 87 篇出版物中的男性氣質表現，進行了深度的交叉分析。筆者探究了這些表現是如何與種族、年齡、階級、地理位置的身份標記交叉作用，以及它們是如何與性別暴力和政治暴力的系統或異常觀念相聯繫。筆者認為，這與英德帕爾·格魯瓦爾（inderpal grewal）稱之為 "外包父權制 "的潛在動力有關，它將父權統治和厭女主義與非西方國家聯繫在一起。本文分析表明，儘管p/cve 計劃努力克服性別盲點和對“聖戰”極端主義的單一關注，但仍傾向於建立在延續父權制和殖民遺產的男性氣質觀念的基礎之上。

in recent years, many preventing and countering violent extremism (p/cve) programs, formed to counter radicalisation into ‘jihadist’ extremism, have begun to address far-right extremism. in this paper, we critically assess this expansion through a focus on masculinities. we conduct an in-depth intersectional analysis of representations of masculinities in 87 publications by ten influential organisations working in transnational p/cve. we explore how these representations intersect with identity markers of race, age, class and geographic location and how they are connected to notions about gendered and political violence as systemic or aberrant. we relate this to an underlying dynamic which inderpal grewal has termed ‘outsourcing patriarchy’, a move which aligns patriarchal and misogynist ideas with the non-west. our analysis shows that despite efforts to overcome both gender-blindness and the singular focus on ‘jihadist’ extremism, p/cve programs still tend to be based on notions of masculinities that perpetuate patriarchal and colonial legacies.

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