From ancient times to the present, China is probably the country with the most peasant uprisings among countries in the world. According to statistics, since the Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Daze Township Uprising, there have been 43 large-scale peasant uprisings!
However, the price of rebellion is also extremely high. If you become the founding emperor, you will be a rebel if you lose. At the least, you will be a rebel if you lose. At the worst, you will be implicated in the nine tribes. There are more uprisings in all dynasties and fewer wins. If you want to say that the one with the worst ending, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ranked first.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom took away half of the Qing Dynasty, and the Taiping Army was ruthless in killing Manchus. The Manchus were killed around the ten years of civil war. Because of this, the Qing Dynasty was sentenced to death for all the Taiping Army prisoners of war that were captured.
As early as the beginning of the uprising, the Qing Dynasty showed no mercy to the members of the Taiping Army.
On October 3, 1851, the imperial envoy Sai Shang'a reported that the "Changfa Rebel Belt Shen Chengzhang" was executed by Lingchi in Huajin Village, Teng County, Guangxi. On January 14, 1852, Wang Xiao, a female general of the rebel army in Yizhang County, Hunan Province, was executed by Ling Chi, and later "poke the corpse with a corpse" Xiao Shi. In November 1853, the leaders of Fujian Xiaodaohui, Huang Demei, Huang Guangzhu and Huang Guangyang were "headed by Lingchi" in Xiamen . On December 3, 1853, Li Xianchi, the leader of the Shanghai Xiaodao Association, was executed by Lingchi in Shima Town, Longxi County, Fujian, and his head was rumored to be displayed in public. On September 18, 1856, after Jiangnan Admiral Hechun and the governor Lin Rui captured Lujiang County, Anhui, more than 180 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom prisoners of war were scrambled at one time, and they cried on the execution ground, which was a terrible sight.
As for the leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, they were sentenced to cruel punishment of lingchi without exception.
Hong Xiuquan At the beginning of Jintian Uprising, there were only six kings, namely the "Six Kings of Yong'an": Heavenly King Hong Xiuquan, East King Yang Xiuqing, South King Feng Yunshan , West King Xiao Chaogui, North King Wei Changhui and Wing King Shi Dakai . Among the six people, Feng Yunshan was ambushed and died at the Xiangjiang Ferry, Xiao Chaogui died of illness, Yang Xiuqing and Wei Changhui died of internal strife in Tianjin in 1856, and Hong Xiuquan himself committed suicide before Nanjing was captured in 1864.
The only Wing King captured by the Qing Dynasty among the "Six Kings of Yong'an": Shi Dakai .
In 1862, Shi Dakai, the wing king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was defeated in the Dadu River and surrendered to the governor of Sichuan, Luo Bingzhang, and the Qing court issued an order to escort Shi Dakai to Beijing without having to escort him, and was sentenced to storm in Sichuan.
On June 25, 1863, Shi Dakai and others were escorted to Chengdu Prefecture for trial. Chengdu General Chongbao, Governor Luo Bingzhang and various officials sat in the lobby of the Supervision Bureau for trial. Shi Dakai's words are neither arrogant nor humble, nor do he speak sympathy for mercy, which makes the judge Chongbao speechless. Luo Bingzhang said: "I will kill you today, and it is worth it for you. Since the start of the plan, I have ravaged several provinces, and we have been appointed as the chief officials of our borders, and you have three people who have died. Now it's over with one death, so why should I hate it?" Shi Dakai replied with a smile: "As the saying goes, success, you will be king, and defeat, you will be a bandit. If you kill me in this life, how can you know that I will not kill you in the next life?"
On the day of execution, the Qing court set up a three-pray mat under the court. Shi Dakai and three others wore yellow satin scarves, yellow satin jackets, and yellow satin boots. Only Shi Dakai's yellow satin scarf was embroidered with five-color flowers. He was immediately tied up to the city. When Shi Dakai climbed down the steps, his steps were slightly slower. The two generals stood on the left and right and said, "I'll ask the commander to move forward." Shi Da began to take the lead. The execution was at the Chengdu North School. "The three of them were tied to the execution ground, all of whom were so arrogant and without any fear. And they were executed by Ling Chi's death, and they were silent until their death. They were so strange! " (Zhou Xun's "Shuhai Congtan")
Chengdu Chunxi Road Shi Dakai was sentenced to death
Sichuan governor Liu Rong said, "Xiao Jie's strong aura overflowed his face, but his words were neither arrogant nor humble, nor waving his tail, and begging for mercy. ... At the time of execution, his expression was pleasant, but he was the most fierce of the ugly." Huang Pengnian, an aide to the Governor's Office, sighed to Tang Yougeng's letter: "This thief's behavior is very stable, his language is neither arrogant nor humble, and he embodies strength in harmony.Just now he died and took his composure. If my loyal minister of the Qing Dynasty died in this way, and it would be a historical biography, wouldn’t it be brilliant for thousands of years? If such a person is not used by the court officials, but instead becomes a thief, who is the fault? "
Shi Dakai could not have been tortured. He once planned to "the demon comes to fight against the water. Fortunately, if he wins, he will move forward. If he fails, the master will go to the Qing River and will not be humiliated by axes and halberds." However, he later changed his mind and negotiated with the Qing army to "save all the disabled people". "Although the friendship between axes and halberds is mixed, there will be no harm in death; if the division of the body and head, there will be no humiliation. "
Unfortunately, the Qing court was untrustworthy and did not let Shi Dakai go to his army because of his voluntary surrender. Instead, he killed thousands of Taiping troops on the banks of the Dadu River. If Shi Dakai had known him underground, he would definitely regret the decision to surrender.
The youngest and only emperor in history to be executed by Lingchi: Young Heavenly King Hong Tianfugui.
After Hong Xiuquan's death, his eldest son Hong Tianguifu inherited the throne and was called the Young Heavenly King. After Tianjing was conquered in July 1864, Hong Tianguifu fled in a hurry. On October 25, the young king was captured, and on November 18, he was ordered by Shen Baozhen to be executed by Nanchang .
Sadly, Hong Tianguifu has never even made a step in his life for more than ten years. After being arrested, he fantasized that the Qing Dynasty could spare him, saying that he would go home and study hard and pass the scholarship, and never do anything illegal or illegal. However, with his identity like him, the Qing Dynasty could not let him go.
Jiangxi Governor Shen Baozhen reported: "The yellow-mouthed child has no choice but to mind, but Hong Xiuquan's stolen title for more than ten years, and the poison has been over ten years, and the remains are still there, and the gods and traitors rely on his name, which is enough to summon all the evil spirits. "
Hong Tianguifu was born in the 29th year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty. He was 16 years old when he was captured. He can probably be regarded as the youngest in Chinese history to be sentenced to Lingchi.
16 and was sentenced to Lingchi.
The first two kings to be executed by Lingchi: Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang .
In May 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom organized the Northern Expedition and appointed Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang, Ji Wenyuan and others as the main generals of the Northern Expedition. He led more than 20,000 elite soldiers to swear an oath to the Northern Expedition from Yangzhou. At the end of the year, the troops headed straight to Yangliuqing and headed straight to Tianjin. Because there were no reinforcements to support him, In February 1855, Lin Fengxiang and Li Kaifang, who fought alone, were captured one after another and were successively escorted to Beijing Lingchi.
Lin Fengxiang was one of the first members to participate in the Jintian Uprising. He served as the Imperial Guard. It is said that when the execution was executed (Lingchi) Lin Fengxiang was not afraid at all. "Where the knife is reaching, he still looks at it, but he never makes a sound." He was thirty-one. Qing Li Huan "Baochangzhai Congbiao" also records that when Lin Fengxiang executed his execution, he ordered sixteen executioners to be ordered to grab them with wooden handles and small iron, and hoes around him. In an instant, he went from top to heel, and his flesh and tendons were gone, leaving only bones." Moreover, because of the tragic scene, some viewers were frightened and died.
Three months later, Li Kaifang was captured by the Qing army in Fengguantun and then taken to Beijing. On June 11, 1855, he was executed by Lingchi in Beijing. People at that time described that during the execution, Li Kaifang looked up and said, "I have been stabbed several times, but I can still look up and look up."
Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang, Hu Yihuang , Huang Wenjin , Luo Dagang and other five people were called the Five Tiger Generals of the Taiping Army, and their contributions were second only to the early five kings. After his death, Lin Fengxiang was posthumously named the King of Seeking, and Li Kaifang was posthumously named the King of Seeking.
Lin Fengxiang and Li Kaifang died in the Northern Expedition, which was not worth the loss, which was a great loss in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The youngest commander of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom who was executed by Lingchi: Chen Yucheng .
King Chen Yucheng of the British, a native of Guixian County, Guangxi, was the youngest commander of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The old opponents of the Qing Dynasty gave him this comment: "Fierce is the crown of all thieves" (Feng Zicai's words); "The fierce one since the Han and Tang Dynasties" ( Zeng Guofan ); "It is rare to have a match in modern times" (Hu Linyi's words).
On May 15, 1862, Chen Yucheng was sent to Shouzhou, and was captured by the bandit Miao Peilin, and was sent to the imperial envoy Shengbao military camp. On June 4, 1862, King Chen Yucheng of the British King was executed by Lingchi on the ground of the Western Education Venue in Yanjin, Henan at the age of 26.At that time, people recorded the scene of him going to the execution ground: "People saw him wearing an orchid robe without a tie, his head was tied with black silk and drooping, and his feet were wearing yellow silk shoes." (Gong Gan's "Geng Yu Zuo Wen")
Under the sharp knife, Chen Yucheng "the color remains unchanged, he stands tall and is punished, his flesh is exhausted but his body is not servant." ("Chirror Record") The Qing court then took the head, and the general Bo Chong Wuzhi broke through the military camps and transferred it to the various camps of Chu and Anhui for display.
Lingchi's face remained unchanged, and he was ready to die. How might it be! King Chen Yucheng!
The most exaggerated death of Lingchi: the father and son were sentenced on the same day.
The commander of the Nian Army, who was named King of War in 1860, was betrayed by a traitor and escorted to the camp of Senggelinqin and was sentenced to the camp of Zhoujiaying in Bozhou, Bozhou, Yimenji. Gong Gan's "Gengyu Suo Wen" records the execution process: "When the execution, he took off all his clothes, tied them to wooden stakes, cut his flesh, and threw it into the air. The passage was exhausted for a while, leaving his head and face to show his head to the public. When the flesh and blood were dripping, he foamed at the mouth, and he could still open his eyes." The author sighed: "If you don't know the pain, it's difficult to be easy, and you will die like this."
Zhang Lexing's two sons were also sentenced to Lingchi on the same day. The father and son were sentenced to the same day, which is rare in history.
Zhang Lexing and his son died tragically and bravely.
After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the leader was executed by a large-scale storm.
In July 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising was officially failed, marked by the breaking of the capital Tianjing by the Hunan Army. A large number of kings were captured by the Qing army and sentenced to lingchi. For example, Huang Zilong, the Chao King guarding Wuxi, was unfortunately captured after the city was broken and his son Huang Demao was tortured by "sading Lingchi and hanging his head to public." The Chaowang Huang Zilong "has a short torso, a very cunning and brave man, his eyes are as bright as lightning, he pretends to be illiterate, he does not speak much, and has no confession, and he is calm when he is sentenced." (Hua Yilun "The Complete Record of the Sikkim Group Training") Chen Kunshu, the guardian of the Changzhou , failed, was ordered to be executed by Li Hongzhang , and was expelled from the east gate of Changzhou. On November 8, 1864, Hu Wang Lan Chengchun fought with Senggelinqin at Heishi Ferry, Anhui. After being defeated, he was betrayed by traitors Gan Huaide and Zeng Xuesan and bound to Senggelinqin camp. He was then executed by Ling Chi. In a traitor, "I put my body in my body, my blood was gone and the yellow water came out."
King Zhong Li Xiucheng was an important leader in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was captured after the fall of Tianjing. On August 7, 1864, King Zhong was executed by "Lingchi in Nanjing, and his head was rumored to be disturbed to the local area to please the people." He died at the age of forty. People at that time recorded his death scene: "No frowned", "In the evening, Tan (Tan) smiled calmly, and wrote ten sentences of desperate words,... to describe his loyalty." ( Zhao Liewen "Diary of Nengjing").
Ganwang Hong Renyan is the brother of the entire clan of the Heavenly King Hong Xiu. On November 23, 1864, he was sentenced to death by Lingchi in Nanchang. Before his execution, Hong Renyu recited a poem to express his ambition: "Heroes are as righteous as rainbows. Thinking about the present and the past, he was angrily upright. When he said that he was farewell, he expressed his strong thoughts. Even if the country passed away, he would be reborn in the future."
In addition, he also had Wang Tan Tiyuan. On February 12, 1866, Zuo Zongtang was sentenced to death on the grounds that "it should be against Tan Tiyuan, after Wang Haiyang's death, and he had been against Tongqumu for more than ten years, and his crimes were extremely evil." He was beheaded outside Jiayingzhou City. Tan Tiyuan was the last commander of the Southern Taiping Army to die for his country. From then on, there was no trace of Taiping Army in the south.
Zunwang Lai Wenguang , On January 10, 1868, Lai Wenguang was "execution of Lingchi in Yangzhou, and the leader was passed on to favor". When he was sentenced, he said, "In ancient times, the country was ruined and the family was destroyed, and the king was humiliated and the ministers died. The righteousness was obvious. Now he died to repay the country and the integrity of the ministers!" ("Lai Wenguang's Self-Report")
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising
Although the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising has been very controversial yet, it is undeniable that the uprising has a national revolutionary color that resists the rule of foreign races. Moreover, so many senior generals were punished by Lingchi, but they can put life and death out of their own terms and maintain their heroic integrity. It is indeed admirable.
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