The evolution of Taiwan's strategic position during the Ming and Qing dynasties was related to its natural and unique geographical location, and also to the intertwined historical evolution of China, East Asia and the world.

The evolution of Taiwan’s strategic position during the Ming and Qing dynasties is related to its natural and unique geographical location, and is also related to the intertwined historical evolution of China, East Asia and the world. As far as natural geography is concerned, Taiwan is located at the key position of the so-called "Asian Mediterranean" [1] between the southeast of the Asian continent and a series of arc-shaped islands. It is the intersection of ancient China's "Eastern" and "Western" routes [2] and has an important strategic position. This strategic position, with the evolution of the internal and external situation in China and the opening of a new route, completed the epoch-making historic evolution of epoch-making significance, as the evolution of the internal and external situation in China and the opening of a new route: the interaction between pirate strongholds and commercial transfer stations in the East Asian waters was evolved into the gateway and Pingfan of China's southeastern sea border.

About Taiwan’s strategic position during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many academic research has been involved, but none of them have systematic and clear arguments. This issue involves historical events such as the activities of the Han maritime forces in the Taiwan Strait, the invasion of Europeans from the east, the Zheng regime of the Ming Dynasty and the unification of Taiwan by Kangxi. Most Chinese scholars emphasized that long before the Europeans came to Taiwan, Han maritime pirate forces occupied Taiwan, established strongholds, and engaged in trade with China and Japan and Southeast Asia. Even when the Netherlands and Spain stole Taiwan's southern and northern regions, the Han forces were still quite active in the Taiwan Strait, which eventually led to the unification of Taiwan by Zheng Chenggong and Kangxi. [3] Scholars in Taiwan also paid attention to the activities of Han maritime forces in Taiwan in the early days, but later they obviously turned to the activities of the Dutch and Spanish forces in Taiwan and their impact on Taiwan. [4] As for Japanese and European and American scholars, they also mainly focus on . The Netherlands and Spain's influence in Taiwan and international trade activities in East Asian waters at that time. [5] These studies have deepened and expanded the relevant topic areas from different angles, but have not systematically discussed the evolution of Taiwan’s strategic position during the Ming and Qing dynasties from a macro perspective. Based on existing relevant research, this paper intends to demonstrate the historical context of the evolution of Taiwan’s strategic position during the Ming and Qing dynasties from the dual perspectives of East Asian waters and Southeastern seas for a long time - not a one-dimensional transformation process, but a complex process of interactive evolution, in order to have a further understanding of the early Taiwan history.

1. Pirate strongholds and commercial transfer stations in East Asian waters

Japanese scholar Masashi Haneda believes that the Indian Ocean waters controlled by the Portuguese and the East India Company of European countries in the 16th and 18th century were the "economic sea", and maritime trade has little to do with the land regime (state); the East Asian waters managed and dominated by the land regime along the coast were "political seas", and maritime pirates were closely related to the land regime. [6] In fact, the previous East Asian waters were both "political seas" and "economic seas", with a complex political and economic structure. In this East Asian waters, Taiwan during the Ming and Qing dynasties was the stage for the activities of pirate pirates in the East and West, and served as the role of pirate strongholds and commercial transfer stations. This role is first of all, the Han maritime forces shaping Taiwan. At that time, under the control of the implementation of the maritime ban policy by the Ming Dynasty, the Han maritime pirate forces were quite active in the Taiwan Strait, and once occupied the northern port area of ​​southern Taiwan, engaged in the re-export trade of China-Japan-Southeast Asia. With the opening of new routes, European powers came eastward, and the situation in the Taiwan Strait became increasingly complicated. After Dutch was repelled by the Ming army, they invaded the Dayuan Port in southern Taiwan, and Spaniards invaded the northern chicken coop and Tamsui . It is worth noting that at that time, the trade stronghold established by the Dutch East India Company and the Spaniards in Taiwan, and the re-export trade they engaged in, were nothing more than maritime pirate activities with obvious background in government , which further strengthened Taiwan's role as a pirate stronghold and a commercial transfer station.

(I) The position of the Han maritime forces and Taiwan in the political and economic structure of East Asian waters

The East Asian waters during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were first and foremost the stage for competition between various political and economic forces between China and Japan. Due to the invasion of Japanese pirates on China's coastal areas, the government implemented a strict maritime ban policy in the early Ming Dynasty, prohibiting privately going to sea to trade and fish.In the 14th year of Hongwu (1381), "the surveillance people were forbidden to engage in foreign countries"; in the 17th year, "the people were forbidden to enter the sea to catch fish in order to prevent the Japanese from getting rid of the past." [7] However, as time goes by, the maritime ban policy has gradually relaxed, and private private trade has been banned. After the "Japanese riots" in Jiajing were quelled, the Ming Dynasty government opened up a limited sea ban during the Longqing period (1567-1572), allowing merchants to go to sea to trade from the html March Hong Kong (Haicheng), but prohibiting trade directly to Japan. Later, illegal merchants went to Taiwan (East Federation) to trade with Japanese merchants, and coastal fishermen also often went to Penghu and Beigang (Tainan region) to catch fish. In the 44th year of Wanli (1616), Fujian Governor Huang Chengxuan reported: "Soon, the traitors of Yue often entrusted the East to transport goods to Japan. ...As for the coastal people, fishing is the business, and those who are harvested between Penghu and Beigang are tens of hundreds of ships every year." [8] At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Beigang, Taiwan had become a place where Han maritime pirate forces and fishermen gathered.

When did the Han people move to Taiwan, the exact time is difficult to examine. However, according to many sporadic historical records, it can be seen that the Han people in Taiwan had reached a certain scale in the late Ming Dynasty. As early as the winter of the 30th year of Wanli (early 1603), Fujian Wuyu sent a total of Shen Yourong to Taiwan to pursue Japanese pirates. Afterwards, his friend Tu Long wrote "The Record of Pingdong Fan", which recorded that at that time, Han merchants and fishermen had already engaged in commercial trade activities with local ethnic minorities in Taiwan. Some people said: "The Eastern Fan is the middle barbarians in the ocean islands outside Penghu. They stretch thousands of miles across and have a wide variety. They are rushing to eat, fishing and hunting, and they are also very fond of attacking the newborn. However, they are afraid of sailing, so they do not come and go with the barbarians, and they come from Xiong Island. Chinese merchants and fishermen go to trade with them at the time."[9] Chen Di, who once went to Taiwan with Shen Yourong, personally saw I heard that the "Dongfan Records" written by the author has a more realistic record: the people of "Dongfan" "beginning with the coast, at the end of Jiajing, they were burned and looted by the Japanese, so they lived in the mountains. The Japanese bird guns were good at gunfire, and the East Fan relied on the raid, so they were Forge. They lived behind the mountain and started to connect with China, and now they are prosperous. The Huimin, Chonglong, and Lieyu in Zhang and Quan often translated their words and traded with agate, magnetic vessel, cloth, salt, copper hairpin rings, etc., and changed their deer and dried skin horns."[10] These records can also be confirmed from Dutch historical materials. When the Dutch first arrived at the senior officials, they found that local Han people incited ethnic minorities to boycott the arrival of the Dutch, and a large number of Han fishermen and merchants engaged in fishery and commercial activities in Taiwan. According to the "Diary of Batavia City" on April 6, 1625, "The Chinese people did not like Yu and others coming to Formosa, so they incited the Tufan to deal with Yu and others, because they were afraid that our trade in deer skin , venison and fish would hinder them. It is said that deer skin can get 2 500,000 pieces each year, and there are a lot of dried deer and dried fish, which can get a considerable amount of supply. ... There are about 100 Junke ships in Taiwowan (Anping) Port, which are engaged in fishing industry and are transported to China for the purchase of venison. Most Chinese people who come on the junke ship will enter the mainland to purchase deer skin venison and other goods." [11] According to M. Sonck, the head of the Dutch Grand Secretary's Store, on December 12, 1624, to send C. deer (C. de (11) According to M. Sonck, the head of the Dutch Grand Secretary's Store, who came to Batavia, on December 12, 1624, to C. de (C. de) Carpentier's letter said: "Now there are about 100 [Chinese] fishing boats here to catch fish. These fishing boats carry many Chinese people here. These people enter the mainland to purchase deer jelly and deer skin and transport them back to China." [12] This is the second half of the above-mentioned "Diary of Batavia City". The translation seems to be more appropriate, which clearly shows that about 100 fishing boats carried many Han people to Taiwan to fish and engaged in deer skin and venison trade. As for how large the scale of Han people immigrating to to in Taiwan at that time, there is no exact data. Shi Lang When the issue of Taiwan abandonment after Kangxi unified Taiwan was reported, he once recounted the history of the Han people entering Taiwan: "Taiwan is originally a place outside the earth, and it is mixed with earth and fauna, and it has not been included in the territory. However, at that time, the Chinese people had arrived and gathered in it, and there were no less than 10,000 people." [13] From this we can see that before the Dutch arrived in Taiwan, the local Han residents had already reached tens of thousands.In fact, this number may not be accurate, because there were three main groups of Han people who came to Taiwan at that time: first, fishermen, mostly seasonal immigrants , fishing in Taiwan in the autumn and winter, and returning to the mainland in the spring and summer farming season; second, merchants, most of them were mobile, or traded with local ethnic minorities and Japanese merchants in Taiwan, or purchased Taiwanese deer skin, venison and other products to trade in the mainland and Japan; third, pirates, who also engaged in commercial trade and looting activities, had no fixed place to live and had a high mobility. Among them, merchants and pirates are often difficult to distinguish, and even merge into one.

At that time, Taiwan's position in the political and economic structure of East Asian waters was mainly a base for Han maritime forces to engage in robbery and business activities. It was not only a stronghold for pirates, but also a transfer station for maritime merchants to conduct commercial trade with Japan and Southeast Asia.

On the one hand, Taiwan is an island located on the border of mainland China, with weak rule in the court, so it has become the nest of pirates in Fujian and Guangdong. In the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), He Kai, the minister, reported the situation of pirates in Chenmin Province. Some say: "Since Yuan Jin and Li Zhong first attacked, the enemy disasters continued for more than 20 years. ...The thieves twenty years ago were not as many as today. At first, it was also said that Qu Kui was able to get it, and then the Qing dynasty could be expected, but the government was not the same. After Jin and Zhong, there were Yang Lu and Yang Ce; after Lu and Ce, there were Zhilong; after Zhilong, there were Li Zhiqi; after Zhiqi, there were Zhong Bin; and after Bin, there were Liu Xiang. Before he was expelled, he immediately gathered again.... Although, the Ruoth Cave was necessary. Why is the thief Cave? Taiwan is in Penghu. Outside the island, the waterway is about two days and nights away from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. The land is wide and fertile, which is comparable to a large county, and is not included in the territory of China. At first, poor people came to it, but the benefits of fishing and hunting were already taken. Later, when the soldiers in the mainland were not powerful, they often gathered and became thieves. "[14] He Kai Calculated the basic history of Fujian pirates Yuan Jin, Li Zhong, Yang Lu, Yang Ce, Zheng Zhilong, Li Zhiqi (Li Kuiqi), Zhong Bin, and Liu Xiang, and took Taiwan as their nests 20 years ago. This is generally in line with the facts. According to academic research, the important leaders of maritime pirate groups that have been wandering to Taiwan or occupied Taiwan for many years include Lin Daoqian , Lin Feng, Yuan Jin, Li Zhong, Li Dan, Yan Siqi, Zheng Zhilong, etc. They are all earlier than the time when the Dutch stole the Tainan Port (1624). Lin Daoqian and Lin Feng were pirates in Chaozhou, Guangdong. Under the pursuit of the Fujian-Guangzhou navy, they were unable to gain a foothold on the coast of Fujian-Guangzhou. From the first to the fourth year of Wanli (1573-1576), they were forced to travel to Penghu and Taiwan many times, and then fled to Cambodia, Philippines and , and eventually died in Nanyang. Yuan Jin and Li Zhong, a pirate of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in Fujian, entered Beigang, Taiwan in the 39th year of Wanli (1611). In the 47th year, they surrendered to the Ming Dynasty and occupied Beigang for eight years, and carried out a certain degree of development and operation of Taiwan. Li Dan, a native of Quanzhou, Fujian, and Yan Siqi, a native of Zhangzhou, were both famous leaders of the maritime pirate group in the late Ming Dynasty. They had been doing business in Japan for a long time and used the area of ​​Wugang in Taiwan as a base to engage in smuggling trade and maritime plundering activities against Japan and Southeast Asia. Zheng Zhilong, a native of Quanzhou, Fujian, went to Taiwan with Yan Siqi to do business and become a pirate in the first year of Tianqi (1621). After Yan Siqi and Li Dan died in the fifth year of Tianqi (1625), they inherited their property and became the leader of the largest pirate group in the Taiwan Strait. [15] These Han pirate groups took Taiwan as their base and became important political forces away from the brink of power of the Ming Dynasty, and even hostile forces that competed with Fujian local governments.

On the other hand, Taiwan is located at the intersection of East Asian waters and the East Asian Ocean route, and is also a transfer station for East and West Commercial Trade. This is also a fait accompli before the arrival of the Dutch. Because the Ming Dynasty government implemented a maritime ban policy, especially prohibiting Chinese merchants from trading directly to Japan, Taiwan became a place for Chinese merchants to trade privately with Japanese merchants. According to Dutch historical records, Taiwan, known as "Lequeo Pequeno" at that time, was "a place where the Chinese and Japanese trade secretly." The senior officials in southern Taiwan are also an important place for Japanese merchants and local residents to buy deer skin and engage in silk trade with Chinese maritime merchants."As the seniors, Japanese merchants come on sailboat every year to buy a large amount of deer skin locally, especially to do bulk silk business with Chinese maritime adventurers, who transported large quantities of raw silk and satin from Quanzhou , Nanjing and the northern coast of China." [16] Before the Dutch withdrew from Penghu, the fleet commander Relsson (C. Reijersen, also translated as Lei Yeshan, Lei Yoz, and Lyerson, once visited Taiwan Wowan (Da Yuanwan). In his diary on July 30, 1622, it recorded that according to the translation of the Han people, the Japanese had trading activities with the Han people and Taiwanese ethnic minorities in the place. Some say: "This port is where the Japanese come to 6 Junk ships every year to operate trade. There are many deer-skins here, and the Japanese go to Tufan. Purchase it. Since China every year, there are 6 Junke ships carrying silk fabrics to trade with the Japanese. "[17] Not only are Chinese merchants and Japanese merchants trading privately in Taiwan, but Taiwan is located at the intersection of traditional East-West Ocean routes, but it is also a must-pass place for Chinese merchants and Japanese merchants to trade in the East-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-Hong Kong-H According to statistics from Japanese scholar Iwaki, between 1614 and 1625, Andrea Dittis, a Chinese living in Japan, and his younger brother Whowe, had 23 merchant ships obtained the trade of Japanese generals, and traded between Jiaozhi, Tokyo (north Vietnam), Takasago (Taiwan), Luzon and other places, of which 11 trade ships went directly to and from Takasago (Taiwan). [18] It can be seen that before the Dutch invaded the Dayuan Port, Taiwan had already had a small scale as a East-West Commercial Transportation Station due to the operation of Chinese and Japanese merchants.

(II) The strengthening of the position of Europeans from the East and Taiwan in the political and economic structure of East Asian waters

15th and early 16th century, the Portuguese and Spaniards opened up new routes, opening a new era for European colonists to carry out pirate colonization activities in the New Continent of the Americas and the ancient Asia. From then on, East Asian waters have also been involved in the process of globalization. The Portuguese invaded Macau as a base in 1557. Because the Ming Dynasty government banned trade with Japan, Macau became an important trading base for Chinese silk, Japanese silver and Southeast Asian spices. 157html In 61, the Spanish occupied Manila of of in Luzon and began to establish colonies in the Philippines. Because the Spanish brought a large amount of silver from the American colonies, Manila soon became a place for Chinese and Japanese merchants to engage in prosperous commercial trade. In 1602, the Netherlands and East India Company were established, and followed the footsteps of Portugal and Spain, establishing colonial strongholds in Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia) on Java Island, and quickly extended the tentacles of pirate trade to the East Asian waters with more advanced military equipment and navigation technology. In the process of fierce competition between the Netherlands and Portugal and Spain in East Asian waters, Taiwan played an important role, and its position as a pirate stronghold and commercial transfer station in the political and economic structure of East Asian waters has been further strengthened.

The Netherlands broke into East Asian waters after Portugal and Spain, and was seeking trade bases from the beginning. After failing to attack Macau occupied by Portugal, the Dutch went north from the southeastern coast of China to enter the Taiwan Strait region and continue to find trade strongholds. At that time, the Dutch were enemies of the Portuguese and the Spanish. The reason why they tried every means to occupy Penghu and Taiwan was to obtain a stronghold in the southeastern coast of China to engage in Sino-Japanese re-export trade, "replaced the Portuguese and the Westerners to trade with Chinese goods with Japan, so as to exchange a large amount of silver in Japan to purchase goods transported back to the Netherlands." [19] The Dutch occupied Penghu in 1622 and built a castle, but soon under the strong pressure of the Ming army, they were forced to demolish the castle and withdraw from Penghu, and instead invaded the Dayuan Port in southern Taiwan in 1624. After the Netherlands occupied the top officials, trade between China, Japan and the Philippines (Manila) was cut off. In early 1626, when the trade in Manila was in crisis, the Spanish Governor reported to the king: "Now they [the Dutch] built this fortification [Relanzha Fortress] because the place controlled the ship access from Quanzhou to the city [Manila].Their method to achieve this was to bribe Ming officials and threaten to plunder them as they have so far, that is, to protect the raw silk and take it to Japan and the Netherlands, as they do now, to rob it from this country, and thus destroy it [Manila], because there is nothing important except this trade. The damage this [to us] is very clear. ”[20] In this regard, Archbishop Miguel GarcÍa Serrano of Manila believed that to balance the Dutch's trade activities, it was necessary to conquer northern Taiwan. It is said that "time will determine the importance of [our move to capture Fukushima]. The Dutch [because of this move] failed to take the action they had previously threatened, [that is,] obtain raw silk from China and quickly bring it to Japan for the silver bars rich in the Kingdom [Japan], which will give them enough wealth to continue to do business with China, and save them from the trouble of sending the raw silk back to their own land every year. ”[21] After 1626, the Spaniards successively occupied chicken cages and tamsui in northern Taiwan and began to build castles, trying to break through the Dutch blockade of Manila and restore Manila's trade with China and Japan. The Netherlands and Spain found trade strongholds in the south and north of Taiwan respectively, and were once able to enjoy a short-term peace in Taiwan. Spain occupied chicken cages and tamsui in northern Taiwan mainly to compete with the Dutch forces, carry out trade with China and Japan, and preach missions in China and Japan. However, things went against their wishes. About ten years later, the Spaniards discovered that achieving each goal was expensive and had little effect. In early 1637, the Spaniards planned to evacuate northern Taiwan, even demolished the castle of tamsui, and took the initiative to retreat to the chicken cage. [22]1642, the Spanish finally The Dutch drove out of Northern Taiwan by the Dutch.

It is worth noting that the Dutch and Spain occupied Taiwan's masters, chicken cages and tamsui period (1624-1662) did not change Taiwan's role as a pirate stronghold and a commercial transfer station in the political and economic structure of East Asian waters. In a sense, it can be said that it only further strengthened the function of this role.

First, the main purpose of the Dutch and the Spanish to Taiwan was only for commercial trade. Before the Dutch came to the East Asian waters, Portugal and Spain had established their own trade strongholds in China and Macau and Manila, the Philippines. In early 1622, the Dutch decided to attack the Macau occupied by Portugal, and planned to fail to attack Macau, it would be in Penghu or Xiaoliuqiu (Lequeo) Pequeno) obtained trade strongholds to prevent the Spanish and Portuguese from trading with China, in an attempt to monopolize trade with China. They declared: "If you have the ability, you will capture Macau; otherwise, you will abandon this plan and build a fortress and station it where it is most suitable, and then send a fleet to patrol near Macau and Zhangzhou respectively. In this way, we believe that enemies in Manila, Macau, Malacca and Goa can be prevented from engaging in trade with China, thereby allowing us to obtain this trade. As long as there is sufficient funds, there will be no doubt about obtaining trade with China. ”[23] In fact, after the defeat in the attack on Macau, the Dutch once occupied Penghu. In early 1624, before evacuating Penghu, the Dutch commander in Penghu, Lyerson (i.e., Relsson), went to , Xiamen to discuss with Chinese officials, and made it clear that they went to China's coast, "there is only one purpose, that is, to require friendly trade, which has been like this for more than 20 years. ”[24] To this end, the Dutch urgently needed to find a suitable trade base on the southeastern coast of China. “Our goal is to bring Manila’s trade with China to our place to ensure a permanent monopoly on most of the trade. This goal will not or even never be achieved unless we find a place to stay on the coast of China and keep this territory so as to use both soft and hard work to the Chinese according to actual conditions, and we will eventually get what we want. ”[25] As a result, after withdrawing from Penghu, the Dutch invaded Taiwan’s Dazhong Port. As mentioned earlier, after the Dutch invaded the Grandmaster, they directly threatened the Spanish trade with China and Japan in Manila, which prompted the Spanish to occupy the chicken coop and tamsui in northern Taiwan.Chinese literature also contains records about the private trade between the Dutch and the Spanish in Chicken, Tamsui and the Han Chinese, as well as the Dutch and the Spanish in Taiwan for trade. It is said: "The people on the coast are only profitable and go to the land of death. They often go to the outside of the island and call Taiwan. The Red Hair Industry regards it as a nest, and can reach Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in two days and nights from Taiwan. And Luzon Folangji When the barbarians saw that I was forbidden the sea, they also went to Jilong and Danshui to buy goods from the traitors. ...As for the red-haired fan, the barbarians were named Galiuba, and they competed for profit with Folangji, but they did not get along with each other. Although I was in great trouble in the past, I never complained about the market. I was in Taiwan and I was obviously forbidden to stop it, and the profit was completely resigned to the traitors. "[26] This is the direct observation of the Dutch and Spanish coming to East Asian waters to seek trade and profit.

Secondly, the Dutch and Spanish who came to Taiwan appeared as pirates. They are actually just pirates with obvious government background. When the Dutch first arrived in Penghu, the Chinese also felt that the Dutch were "just pirates" [27]. In order to prevent Chinese merchants from going to Manila to trade with the Spaniards, the Dutch robbed Chinese trade ships near Penghu and Manila, which was purely a piracy. According to the report of the Dutch East India Company commander in Penghu, Relsong, to Gu En, Governor of Batavia, on May 11 and June 4, 1623, the Dutch looted a 300-man Chinese merchant ship near Penghu and three Chinese merchant ships carrying about 800 people near Manila. [28] In order to gain the opportunity to trade with the Chinese, the Dutch not only tried their best to rob Chinese merchant ships that were heading to Manila to trade with the Spanish, but also waited for an opportunity to rob Portuguese merchant ships that were heading to Macau to Japan. According to a letter from Relsson, "We must send all the large ships or speedboats sent here to China, that is, in front of the Zhangzhou River, to attack the Chinese, because they are completely unwilling to trade... Our ships should only pursue the Junke ships that are going to sail to Manila. Although our people think that is impossible, because there are many harbors where they can go to sea, we should try to prevent them from going to sea and try our best to prevent their Junke ships from sailing to Manila; we should also capture the Chinese as much as possible. If we wait there for several days and see that there is no chance to capture the ships that are going to sail to Manila, we should go downstairs [south] to attack all the bays and rivers, to destroy their ships and to capture their people. And at the beginning of the seasonal wind, we should wait in front of Macau to intercept [as Van de Mr. Wercke said: Small Portuguese sailing ships to Japan at the beginning of the season. "[29] In fact, the Dutch East India Company is a pirate organization in Taiwan. Its occupies Penghu and Taiwan only serves as pirate strongholds and engages in international trade activities in the form of pirates. According to Chinese records, "Taiwan is located south of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. ... This place is also a pirate nest. Since the Dingsi year of the Ming Dynasty, when the Dutch pirate ships disturbed the coastal islands along Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in the northeast of Dongshan Island, they were all guided by Zheng Zhilong, and Taiwan was used as a place to live. From then on, they built cities and lived in residence and traded goods." [30] The Dutch occupied Taiwan, but only established a pirate trade stronghold in the East Asian waters.

Thirdly, the Netherlands and Spain only occupy several strongholds in Taiwan, chicken coops and Tamsui, and did not control the entire Taiwan. They did not carry out substantial political rule over the Han people and ethnic minorities in Taiwan. Shortly after the Dutch occupied the senior officials, Zheng Zhilong inherited the mantras of Yan Siqi and Li Dan, and became the leader of the Han pirate group, and was quite active in the Taiwan Strait. According to the "Diary of Batavia City" on June 1, 1628, "I heard that Chinese pirates dominate the sea, and our country had to retreat. The thief had 1,000 Jung ships, repeatedly attacked the land, invaded the land twenty miles on the land to chase Tufan, occupied Xiamen and Haicheng, destroyed and burned and killed, so everyone was afraid of it." [31] It can be seen that Zheng Zhilong (the official) was so powerful in the Taiwan Strait that the Dutch had to fear and avoid it. In June of the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Zheng Zhilong accepted the support of the Ming Dynasty government and took on the important task of "capturing the thief and capturing the barbarians" [32].Since then, as the "coastal defense guerrilla" of the Ming Dynasty's government, Zheng Zhilong has to deal with pirate forces such as Li Kuiqi, Zhong Bin, and Liu Xiang in the Taiwan Strait, but also has to deal with the Dutch and Spanish forces entrenched in Taiwan. With the maritime strength accumulated over the years, Zheng Zhilong not only defeated pirate groups such as Li Kuiqi, Zhong Bin, and Liu Xiang in succession, but also once suppressed the Dutch East India Company and actually controlled the dominance of trade in the Taiwan Strait. [33] At that time, Zheng Zhilong Group not only monopolized trade in the Taiwan Strait, but also had certain power on the island of Taiwan. During the Chongzhen period, Fujian suffered a severe famine due to severe drought. Zheng Zhilong once suggested to the governor, Xiong Wencan, to recruit hungry people to Taiwan to move to reclaim land. "Then he recruited tens of thousands of hungry people, and he gave three taels of silver, three of them gave one cattle, and carried it to Taiwan with sea ships. He ordered his house to reclaim wasteland. The land was the best, and the harvest was obtained from autumn, which was twice as high as the middle ground. The man rented the Zheng family with his spare time. Later, he took it away by the red barbarians and built several cities: Taiwan, chicken cage, and Danshui; in addition, there were dozens of earth cities. The city of Taiwan... There were only more than a thousand red barbarians in the city, and the rest were all moved by the Zheng family." [34] Zheng Zhilong not only attracted a large number of Han people to immigrate to Taiwan, but also during the so-called "Dutch-occupied Taiwan period", the forces of Zheng Zhilong and Zheng Chenggong had certain control in Taiwan. They had long collected annual taxes from Han fishermen in the area of ​​Wugang, Tainan. It was not until April 1651 that the Dutch caught a Jung ship that came to collect taxes from the mainland was accidentally discovered. [35] It can be seen that during the so-called "Dutch occupation of Taiwan", the Han maritime forces were still very active in the Taiwan Strait and Taiwan Island, and the Dutch and the Spaniards did not completely control Taiwan.

As for the relationship between the Dutch, Spanish, Taiwanese Han and ethnic minorities, it is actually worth re-examining. The institution established by the Dutch East India Company in its senior management was a commercial hall, whose main function was trade; the castles established by the Spanish in chicken coops and tamsui were also a commercial hall that engaged in trade activities. Whether it is the Dutch or the Spanish, they do not implement strict administrative jurisdiction in the south and north Taiwan. Their relationship with the Han people and ethnic minorities in Taiwan is mainly neighbors or enemies, commercial trading partners or opponents, and pagans of different beliefs. It is questionable how much political rule the Netherlands and Spain have implemented in Taiwan. A significant negative example is that on February 1, 62, the Dutch signed a surrender treaty with Zheng Chenggong for nine months after the army was besieged by Zheng Chenggong, a total of 18 articles, but none of them involved the transfer of territory, sovereignty and governance in Taiwan. They were just about how Dutch merchants and their ancillary items evacuated from the city of Jelan Cham. [36] It is like a powerful thief who broke into a house and was discovered by his owner, trapped by his equally powerful owner and escaped unscathed under his majestic supervision. It goes without saying that the Netherlands did not have Taiwan’s territory, sovereignty and governance. Looking a little more open and looking at it for a longer period of time, the Dutch and Spaniards have been competing with the Han maritime forces in Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong finally drove the Dutch out of Taiwan, which can be said to be the final victory of the Han maritime forces. In addition, the so-called taxation issue of economic rule is more complicated. The Spanish did not impose taxes on the natives of northern Taiwan. [37] The Dutch tried to impose taxes on the Japanese who came to trade in Taiwan, but was severely boycotted. [38] The Dutch began to impose taxes on ethnic minorities in Taiwan in 164, but the tax system was abolished in 1647. [39] As for the Dutch levy of the capitol tax on the Han people, it was actually regarded by the Han people as "the land withdrawal of protection fees", the Han people did not recognize the legitimacy of the Dutch regime. [40] Similarly, Zheng Zhilong and Zheng Chenggong forces have long imposed annual taxes on Han fishermen in Wugang, Tainan. In fact, they also charge "protection fees" for "poor and poor fishermen who pay taxes every year", "because if they do not pay taxes, they are worried that their family members, relatives or friends in China will encounter danger." [41] There is also a view in the academic community that the Dutch and the Han people jointly build a colony in Taiwan (the so-called "co-construction colonization" and co-colonization). [42] In fact, it is not a real historical existence.[43]

With the opening of the new route and the Europeans entered the East Asian waters, the Dutch East India Company established pirate trade strongholds in southern Taiwan, opening up trade routes from Fujian to Taiwan, and then from Taiwan to Japan or Batavia-Southeast Asia and Europe; the Spanish established pirate trade strongholds in Chicken and Tamsui in northern Taiwan, opening up trade routes from Fujian to Taiwan, and then from Taiwan to Japan or Manila-Southeast Asia, America and Europe. This will expand the China-Japan-Southeast Asia trade with Taiwan as the re-export trade center opened by Chinese maritime forces and Japanese merchants to Europe and the Americas, further strengthening the function of Taiwan as a commercial transfer station. Although the enhancement of this function is very obvious, there has been no substantial change, which is that it has not fundamentally changed the nature of Taiwan as a pirate stronghold and a commercial transfer station.

2. The portal of China's southeastern coastal borders and Pingfan

Taiwan has been closely related to mainland China since ancient times. It is not only geographically but also has a deep cultural and ethnic origin. These can be obtained solid evidence from a series of important archaeological discoveries in the Taiwan archaeological community over the years. [44] In the late Ming Dynasty, the Ming army in Fujian went to Taiwan to pursue pirates, and even built a city in Chikan (Chhikan). Taiwan began to be included in the scope of the Ming army's national defense zone. The Ming Zheng regime established after Zheng Chenggong expelled the Dutch was the first time that it implemented a truly established administrative management in Taiwan, making Taiwan the gateway and screening of China's southeastern coastal areas. Kangxi unified Taiwan, ended the remains of the remnants of the Southern Ming forces in Taiwan, achieved the complete unification of China's territory and sovereignty, and further strengthened Taiwan's role as the gateway to China's southeastern coastal borders.

(I) Taiwan’s strategic position in the southeastern coastal areas of China in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the deepening of Japanese invasion and the prosperity of the pirate forces in Fujian and Guangdong, the Ming Dynasty’s government also strengthened its defense and control over the southeast coastal areas. Taiwan, known as "Beigang" or "East Band" at that time, was already coveted by Japan, and also attracted great attention from local governments in Fujian. It even led to the idea of ​​sending troops to set up counties and counties in Taiwan. It can be seen that from the perspective of China's southeastern coastal defense, at least at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Taiwan had been included in the scope of the Ming Dynasty's national defense zone.

Fujian Ming army also went to Taiwan Island to chase and suppress pirates. There are two typical examples: one is Hu Juren to Taiwan to chase and suppress Lin Feng Group. In June of the second year of Wanli (1574), pirate Lin Feng (also known as Lin Fengming and Lin Afeng) fled from Penghu to Tainan Wanggang under the pursuit of Fujian General Hu Shouren and the participating general Hu Liangpeng. On Taiwan Island, the Ming army joined forces with local ethnic minorities to attack Lin Feng, forcing Lin Feng to leave Luzon (Philippines). According to the "Ming Shilu" records: "The thief Lin Fengming, who was surrounded by his party, ran eastward, and the Fujian general Hu Shouren chased him. He recruited fisherman Liu Yidaoyu to fight against the eastward and fled far away." "The Fujian pirate Lin Feng fled from Penghu to Dongfan Wanggang, and the general Hu Shouren and the general Hu Liangpeng chased him. He told the foreigners to attack the pirate ships, and Wu Jin, Feng and others fled." In September of the fourth year of Wanli (1576), Lin Feng was defeated by the Spanish army in Luzon and broke through again and fled far away. "The Governor Liu Yaohai, the deputy chief censor of Fujian, reported that Wang Wangsong and others defeated the thief Lin Feng in the sea with Luzon Yi, burned the boat and killed the ranks, and the Feng broke into the siege, and killed many more, and the tribute and cultural relics brought by Luzon were advanced." [45] According to Spanish historical records, Lin Afeng was pursued by the Ming army from Penghu and fled to Banzán Island (probably somewhere on Taiwan Island), and personally led 62 ships to expedition to Luzon, "the other troops and personnel were left behind on Banzán Island." It is obvious that Banzán Island was its base. The Fujian Governor sent the general Wang Wanggao (as if the mistake of "Wang Wangsong") and others searched for Lin Afeng all the way until Luzon, and jointly defeated Lin Afeng with the Spanish. [46]

The second is that Shen Yourong went to Taiwan to pursue and suppress the Japanese pirates. In the 30th year of Wanli (1602), a Japanese pirate who had been wandering along the coasts of Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang used Taiwan as a nest and plundered everywhere, seriously affecting the commerce, fishing activities of the Taiwan Strait and the lives of ethnic minorities on the island of Taiwan.According to relevant historical records, "First, the Japanese gangs robbed East Guangdong and went to Fujian and Zhejiang. When they arrived in the East, they covered their lands as nests and plundered them everywhere. The fishermen were sick of it." "The thieves occupied East China Sea for more than three months, and the fishermen were unable to live and enjoy their lives. Those who reported the water (fishermen took bribes to the thief and called the thief) were detained. Those who did not report the water were helpless, and the fishermen were sick of the strong Japanese and the weak Japanese. The Japanese occupied foreign Australia, and the barbarians in the East China did not dare to shoot pheasants and catch deer, and the barbarians were also sick." [47] In the winter of that year (early 1603), Fujian's Wuyu led the general Shen Yourong to lead the army from Kinmen Liluowan, went to Taiwan via Penghu to pursue and suppress the Japanese pirates, and fought against the Japanese pirates near Tainan. The Japanese pirates entrenched in Taiwan were annihilated in one fell swoop, which was very satisfying. "Now this is a victory, the Dongyi is thriving in the mountains, and the fishermen sing praises to the sea." Then, Shen Yourong led his army to land in Tainan and was warmly welcomed by local ethnic minorities. "The Yi chiefs of the Eastern Federation supported the elderly and brought their young, and competed to reward the king's army with pots of slurry and raw deer. They all added their hands to the brink of our army, and they were able to clean up the storm of our army." [48] In any case, the examples of Hu Juren and Shen Yourong going to Taiwan to pursue and suppress pirates show that Taiwan is within the military defense and control scope of the Ming army in Fujian.

The impact of Japan's invasion of Taiwan on China's southeast coastal border defense has forced local officials in Fujian to think about the Taiwan issue from the perspective of the safety of the southeast coastal border. In the 44th year of Wanli (1616), Nagasaki Daiguanmurayama and others sent 13 military ships to expedition to Taiwan (Jilong Tamsui and Dongfan), causing a border crisis on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian Governor Huang Chengxuan was highly alert and believed that Japan's occupation of Taiwan would pose a serious threat to the coastal areas of Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong. It is said: "Jilong Danshui is commonly called Xiao Liuqiu. Go to our Tai, Huai, Dongyong and other places, but only a few more water journeys. The south is the mountains of Dongfan, which are more likely to meet Penghu. These people are all in a prosperous settlement but have no king's longing, and they are used to plague and crossbow, and have fewer boats. If the Japanese slaves now have to load ships and lead their disciples, and the remaining strength of Liuqiu will be stroking and stroking them. If I am prepared, I will talk about the market and compete for profit. If I take advantage of my corner of the flaw, I will attack and attack. The intercourse between Fujian and Zhejiang and Guang will finally be temporarily depressed in one year." "Now, the chicken cage is actually forcing me to Dongbi, and only a few more water journeys will be left from the Far. If the Japanese get this, they will collect the mountains of Dongfan to consolidate their nests, and then do whatever they want. If I point to Taiwan and Huai to invade Funing, then the upper reaches of Fujian are dangerous; if I go to Dongchong to go to the Five Tigers, then the gates of Fujian are dangerous; if I go to Peng The lake is filled with springs and Zhangzhou, and the right arm of Fujian is in danger. I am fortunately prepared and there is no way to take advantage of it. He will hold the market to demand me, or let me traitors on the coast to see and hear me. He is the master and I am a guest, and he will be rebellious and I will be rebellious. He can attack and retreat and defend, but I am nowhere to be affected by the enemy, and there is no day to prevent flood prevention. This is not only the eight Fujianes are worried about it, but they may not be able to sleep between the two Zhejiangs."[49] Huang Chengxuan advocates strengthening the defense of Penghu and connecting Penghu with Wuyu and Tongshan into one for defense. This can not only prevent and control the smuggling trade between private maritime merchants through Taiwan and Japan, but also control the fishing activities of coastal fishermen to the Beigang area of ​​Tainan. More importantly, it can also establish a "maritime city" to prevent Japan from invading the Taiwan Strait. It is said: "There are dozens of islands in the Fujian Sea, and Penghu is the largest; the defense of the islands is more than ten, and Penghu is the most dangerous and farthest. The area is directly across Zhang and Quan, and the outside is adjacent to Dongfan. ... The land of Jilong belongs to Dongfan. If the Japanese are cunning and want to succeed, then this Penghu Island is exactly what they covet. If you take advantage of my gap and have it, you can move forward and divide the paths and internal conflicts, and retreat and make a nest to rest. If you can rest in Fujian, you can rest in peace. ... The danger of Penghu is in danger of being in a difficult situation. However, the Huatong Yiyou is actually confronting Penghu East and West, and the land is divided into two, so Qin Yue looks at each other; if the affairs are one, the lips and teeth are dependent on each other. Now Penghu is combined with Huatong, and it is changed to Huapingyou. Please set up a Qinyi to be the general member, and the one side is the one and the whole body is unified. Huatongyuan There were twenty-two ships, and Penghu originally had sixteen ships, and the neighboring villages had four ships to guard the village. Now it was proposed to build another 12 ships and add 400 troops to the Qin general. There were two other assistants, one led twenty boats to guard the Penghu, and the other led twelve boats to patrol the city. When there was a policeman, he would respond to the situation inside and outside. After the momentum of the arms and fingers, the horns could be reported. The bronze of the slugs was connected to the gates of Zhang and Quan, and Penghu was the barriers of the county. Now, an important town was set up, and there were tigers and leopards in the shape of the mountain, and one received internal support, but there was no need to recommend the food of snakes and pigs. This was the first time. The traitors often sent to the East to transport goods to Japan. Now, the equipment was added to the prevention and investigation of the traitors, and the traitors were strictly investigated, and the sailing of the reed could be observed....As for the coastal people, fishing is the industry, and those who catch between Penghu and Beigang are tens of thousands of ships every year. If the Japanese take it and drive it, the traces can be snatched; if I like it and caress it, the beak can be heard. If you cannot let it appear on your own, you should also ask the general to join forces with the Ministry of Education to make good and be kind and sign a banner. If you don’t listen to the boat and the fishing fishing, the police will order you to report the news. Not only will you send me the words, but your voice will become more and more exciting. This dangerous setting will always be a city on the sea. ”[50] In the 45th year of Wanli (1617), Murayama and others sent fellow Akishi to send back the captive Fujian detective Dong Boqi. During the handover, local officials in Fujian asked the Japanese without hesitation about "why did they invade chicken coops and tamsui" and "why did they plan to occupy Beigang?", especially because they were extremely dissatisfied with Japan's "wanting to occupy Dongfan and Beigang" and did not hesitate to cut off all foreign trade and issued a solemn warning to Japan's invasion of Taiwan: "If you fall in love with Dongfan, I will not be allowed to go into the sea, and it will be difficult to see the military's cleverness and dullness of the military trade, and the market vendors' mourning will be seen. "It is said that fellow Daoist Shi and others bowed their hands and said, "I dare not, I dare not." [51] Although Murayama and others were not successful in their invasion of Taiwan because of the hurricane blowing the fleet, this move made local officials in Fujian clearly realize that China's southeastern sea border was facing a severe situation of being violated by foreign enemies, forcing them to carefully think about the actual problems of the safety of Taiwan and the southeastern sea border.

It is worth noting that in the late Wanli period, under the complex situation of rampant pirates and Japanese pirates on the Taiwan Island, the military jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty government had reached Taiwan. A typical example is that Zhao Ruosi (Bingjian), a military officer of Fujian Navy, once built a castle in Chikan. Professor Chen Xiaochong discovered that Zhang Xie's "Feiyunju Sequel" Volume 40 "Haiguocheng Jing Ji" has the following records: "The Eastern Fen, outside Penghu Island, only wears water when going to Zhangzhou. The treacherous Lin Jinwu returned to the top and became the chief lord and returned with the Japanese slaves. Shen Guodong, a native of Changtai, was also Zijin. He gathered many people to go abroad to rob and his reputation became increasingly powerful. He wanted to take over the Eastern Front and steal this to be the King of Yelang. He thought that his body was not as good as the enemy, so he recommended Yang Zhongguo as the commander of Qu and established himself as the military advisor. If you think about planning to attack counties and counties and redeeming a settlement, there is nothing like Dongfan. Then Yang and Shen were taken as lips and teeth, and Xiamen commanded Lin Zhiwu and Penghu commanded the general square chariots, and after seven days of building a city, they were built and investigated (embedded). "According to Professor Chen Xiaochong's research, although Zhao Ruosi (Bingjian) was rebellious and was quickly suppressed by Fujian Governor Wang Shichang, his move to build a city of Chikan as an officer of the Ming Dynasty was quite symbolic. This shows that before the 46th year of Wanli (1618), the Fujian military had already set up a castle on the island of Taiwan. This was the first forward base established by our military authorities in Taiwan, which means that the jurisdiction of the Chinese government had officially reached the island of Taiwan. He further argued that Zhao Ruosi (Bingjian) was most likely to set up a castle in Chikan, Taiwan in 1617, which was exactly 7 years earlier than the Dutch colonists invaded Taiwan. 2019. [52]

Another key figure is Zheng Zhilong. Zheng Zhilong's identity is very complicated. He first started as a maritime pirate, and later was detained as a Ming Dynasty official in the first year of Chongzhen (1628). Not only did he develop and utilize Taiwan before the Dutch invaded Taiwan, but he also once controlled the trade dominance of the Taiwan Strait after the Dutch invaded Taiwan and occupied a certain force on the island of Taiwan. The Qing Dynasty "Taiwan Master" Lan Dingyuan directly stated Zheng Zhilong's position in the historical context of Taiwan's early development. It is said: "No one knew about the Taiwan Strait before the Song and Yuan dynasties. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eunuch Wang Sanbao sailed to the West and was caught in the wind and realized that there was such a place. Soon after, the pirate Lin Daoqian occupied it, Yan Siqi, Zheng Zhilong and the Japanese occupied it, the Netherlands occupied it, and Zheng Chenggong occupied it again. ”[53] After Zheng Zhilong was pacified in the first year of Chongzhen, he also recruited a large number of immigrants to to develop Taiwan. From Lin Daoqian and Yan Siqi, through Zheng Zhilong to the Dutch and then to Zheng Chenggong, it can be seen that Zheng Zhilong was a very critical link in Taiwan’s early development history.

Zheng Zhilong and Zheng Chenggong father and son and the Dutch in Taiwan were quite complicated. After the Dutch invaded Tainan, they did not quickly control the Tainan region, but competed with pirate forces such as Zheng Zhilong for a long time. Even whether they could carry out free trade in Taiwan depends on Zheng Zhilong's attitude. Of course, there are transactions behind this.A key historical fact is that in the early days of the Dutch entering Taiwan, Zheng Zhilong had an agreement with the Dutch to allow the Dutch to trade freely in Taiwan. According to Dutch historical records, after defeating Zheng Zhilong, Fujian pirate Li Kuiqi once ran rampant in the Taiwan Strait, causing the Dutch senior officials to have a very bad trade situation. "There is no ship from Japan at all, and the transaction with China is obviously very small in the short term." [54] Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and the Dutch urgently needed to obtain free trade between senior officials and Fujian through Zheng Zhilong. At the beginning of the third year of Chongzhen (February 1630), the Dutch assisted Zheng Zhilong (first official) and Zhong Bin to deal with Li Kuiqi. An important condition was put forward in advance, which was: "A official must let us trade in the Zhangzhou River after winning. There must be no restrictions on the channels for merchants to trade with us, and we must enthusiastically fight for the long-standing long-term free trade from the military." The Dutch's purpose was very clear, which was to ask Zheng Zhilong to help achieve free trade in the Taiwan Strait, which shows how great Zheng Zhilong had in the Taiwan Strait at that time. After defeating Li Kuiqi, the Dutch and Zheng Zhilong negotiated in Xiamen. Zheng Zhilong promised to agree to the above conditions of the Dutch: "1. He will allow us to enjoy trade in Zhangzhou River and his senior officials throughout his life. After his death, his successors will continue to abide by this principle. 2. He will write to the military gate to help us obtain the long-committed free trade and free trade that we can enjoy forever." [55] The Dutch needed to obtain Zheng Zhilong's promise in "Zhangzhou River (Fujian Yuegang) and his senior officials" to show that Zheng Zhilong had certain control in the Taiwan Strait and Taiwan Island at that time. This fact was later believed to be that Zheng Zhilong once rented Taiwan to the Netherlands, which became a legitimate reason for Zheng Chenggong to drive the Netherlands and restore Taiwan. When Shi Lang recounted Taiwan's history, he said: "When Zheng Zhilong was a pirate, he thought it was a nest. In the first year of Chongzhen, Zheng Zhilong took care of him and used the local tax and red hair as a place for mutual trading." [56] Because of this, when Zheng Chenggong failed to expedition to Nanjing and retreated to Xiamen, some people suggested that he advance to Taiwan in order to collect his "homeland". According to Huang Zongxi's "The First and Last" records: "Success is the first and last time, he returned because Xiamen is weak and is the only one who is planning to plan. He met a red and barbarian ship on the way. His official business was from Nan'an, and he said to Chenggong: 'Why don't you take Taiwan? The homeland of the public family. If you have Taiwan, you will not worry about having no salary.'" [57] There are also many clear records in Dutch historical materials. Zheng Chenggong led a large army to attack Taiwan. On the second day after arriving at Luermen (May 1, 1661), he sent letters and notices to the Dutch Chief in Taiwan, Kuiyi and others, claiming that

Penghu Islands (Piscadores) is not far from the Zhangzhou Islands, so it is affiliated with Zhangzhou; similarly, because Taiwan is close to the Penghu Islands, Taiwan should also be under the rule of the Chinese government; therefore, it should be understood that the residents of these two coastal areas [referring to the Penghu Islands and Taiwan] are Chinese, and they have occupied this place since ancient times and cultivated it. In the past, when the Dutch ships came to seek trade, the Dutch did not even have a small piece of land in these places; at that time, his father and his official, out of friendship, referred to them the land, but were just borrowed. …

Now, I'm going to take my land. This land was lent to the Dutch company by my father. Who can object to this? Now I am here in person to improve this land and build several beautiful cities on this land. Therefore, now we must think about it and quickly come and submit to me.

Then, Zheng Chenggong kept writing letters to urge the Dutch to surrender as soon as possible, and further emphasized: "I came here not to seize anything with an unfair attitude, but to take back the land that belongs to my father, so now I belong to me; this land is only borrowed by the company and has never given the company ownership. This matter must be recognized no matter what." [58] He also explained to the Dutch envoy: "The island has always belonged to China. When the Chinese do not need it, the Dutch can be allowed to borrow temporarily; now the Chinese need this land, and Dutch guests from far away should return it to the original owner, which is a matter of course."And it is clear: "The purpose of this is not to fight with the company, but to take back its own industry. "Although the Dutch had also quibbled and even accused Zheng Chenggong of "the invasion was illegal", Zheng Chenggong was unwavering, "reiterating that his unwavering purpose was to ask the Dutch to give up the entire island. "[59] Zheng Chenggong, from the perspective of the earliest living, first developing and utilizing, and actually occupying Taiwan - the so-called "the residents of these two coastal areas [referring to the Penghu Islands and Taiwan] are both Chinese. They have occupied this place since ancient times and cultivated it." This shows that Taiwan should belong to China. Compared with the Netherlands that is only temporarily borrowed as a place for trade and trade, there is undoubtedly a more sufficient reason. [60] What he said to the Dutch envoy, "The island has always belonged to it." "For China," it clearly declared China's territorial sovereignty over Taiwan.

When Zheng Chenggong attacked Taiwan, most of the Han people in Taiwan were immigrants moved from Zheng Zhilong's period. It was these Han people who immigrated who once gave strong support to Zheng Chenggong's army. When Zheng's army implemented a landing in Luermen Bay, "thousands of Chinese people came out to greet them and helped them log in with trucks and other tools. In this way, in less than two hours... thousands of soldiers had completed their login. "The Zheng army surrounded Provencha City and cut off its ties with Relanzha City. "It was completed within three or four hours due to the help of 25,000 Chinese residents. "[61] It was precisely because of the support of thousands of Han Chinese immigrants to that Zheng Chenggong was able to siege the Dutch castles for a long time and eventually forced the Dutch to surrender. The poem "Futai" written by Zheng Chenggong after conquering Taiwan says: "The opening of jinglings and hazels to chase the Dutch barbarians, and the recovery of the foundation was finally defeated in ten years; there were still three thousand guests in Tian Heng, and he couldn't bear to leave after suffering. "After the second sentence "It was finally defeated in the tenth year," it was particularly noted: "The Taishi joined forces to accumulate grain here. After he became an official, he was the eldest brother of the Red-haired Dutch Yi Wang, and he was secretly entrenched. ” [62] It can be seen that Zheng Chenggong was very clear that Taiwan was once the foundation of his father, but was "stolen" by the Dutch, so he consciously identified the cause of regaining Taiwan with the restoration of his ancestors, which was the ideological basis for his daring to solemnly declare China's territorial sovereignty against the Dutch colonists.

It is particularly worth noting that Zheng Chenggong expelled Dutch colonists and regained Taiwan, which led to a fundamental change in Taiwan's strategic position: on the one hand, it made Taiwan a base for the Ming Zheng regime to operate maritime trade, and continued to play the role of Taiwan as an international trade transfer station; on the other hand, it made Taiwan a base for the Ming Zheng regime to resist the Qing Dynasty, and it was also a key place for the southeastern sea border of China's Southern Ming Dynasty. The second aspect of the change Change is crucial, which is related to the nature of the Ming Zheng regime, and to the various constructions of Zheng Chenggong and the Ming Zheng regime in Taiwan.

The regime established by Zheng Chenggong in Taiwan after the reinstatement of Taiwan was not an independent kingdom, but was actually part of the Southern Ming Dynasty. It can also be said to be the remnant of the Southern Ming Dynasty. Zheng Chenggong used the identity of "Ming Ming recruiting generals and national surnames" in his negotiations with the Dutch, which clearly demonstrated the relationship between Zheng Chenggong and the Ming Dynasty, so it is appropriate to call it "Ming Zheng regime". This can also be proved by its administrative system in Taiwan. In fact, during the process of expelling the Dutch and restoring Taiwan, Zheng Chenggong began to focus on operating Taiwan. First of all, the administrative system. "Chikan was changed to the eastern capital Mingjing, and one prefecture and two counties were established. The prefecture was Chengtian Prefecture, Tianxing County, Wannian County, and Yang Rongzheng was the prefecture. Zhuang Wenlie was responsible for the affairs of Tianxing County, and Zhu Jing was responsible for the affairs of Wannian County. The prefectural chief inspected the pastoral book and collected silver. Taiwan was changed to Anping Town. "[63] Zheng Chenggongyao regarded the Yongli regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty as the main theme. This so-called "Eastern Capital Mingjing" is the eastern capital of Emperor Yongli of the Southern Ming Dynasty. This included Taiwan into the territory of the Southern Ming Dynasty and became its outpost of the southeast coastal border. It is particularly noteworthy that its prefecture-county system is the first appearance of grassroots regime in Taiwan since the Qin and Han Dynasties in mainland China, and is also a typical symbol of the internalization of Taiwan's administrative institutions. The second is to incorporate troops into agriculture and implement a system of settlement. All civil and military officials and the families of generals of the towns and large and small towns are allowed to enclose land in Chengtian Prefecture or other places, create houses and open up pastoral areas, "forever to be a worldly business, use tenants to fish and do business, and make temporary benefits, but the local people and the people are not allowed to cultivate the fields."[64] Once again, I recruited to immigrate to and promoted the mainland's advanced agricultural production technology. [65] Unfortunately, Zheng Chenggong died shortly after he drove the Netherlands and restored Taiwan (1662 on June 23, 62). His son Zheng Jing inherited Zheng Chenggong's career and further developed Taiwan. Although the Qing government implemented a blockade policy of banning the sea and moving the border on Taiwan, it was in the 22 years of the Zheng regime in the Ming Dynasty (1661-1683) Taiwan's social economy is still developing and its population continues to grow. According to statistics, the total arable land area in Taiwan reached 30,054 yuan, an increase of 178 00 yuan in the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of Sulfur, vines, sugar, deer skin, and all daily needs are all there. There are fewer cloth ears in the eyes, and then kapok is filled with it, and there is no shortage of warp weaving. Moreover, the boat sails are everywhere, and silk threads are coming. Even though the ban is strictly enforced, it will never be eliminated. A real area of ​​fertility and a dangerous area. ...Now, Taiwan has dense populations, household registration is rich, and farmers, industry, commerce and businessmen are all born. ”[67] It can be seen that after the operation and development of the Ming Zheng regime, Taiwan has become a wealthy treasure island along the southeast coast of China.

(II) Kangxi unifies Taiwan and Taiwan’s position in China’s southeast coastal areas and strengthens its position in the southeast coastal areas of the Ming Zheng regime, due to the confrontation between the Southern Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan and the mainland were divided. Emperor Kangxi sent Shi Lang to complete the unification of China’s territory and sovereignty, and ultimately made Taiwan the gateway and barrier of China’s southeast coastal areas and an inseparable part of the unified China.

in the Qing Dynasty During the confrontation between the North and the Zheng regime of the Ming Dynasty, due to the lack of stability in the internal politics of the mainland, wars continued. The two sides had implemented a policy of pacification against Taiwan, and the two sides conducted long-term peaceful negotiations intermittently. During this period, Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing and his son used the so-called "according to the examples of North Korea" many times to deal with the negotiators of the Qing government, hoping that the Qing government would allow Taiwan to be a vassal state that paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty like North Korea. In response, Emperor Kangxi firmly refused, saying, "As for the saying that North Korea does not shave its hair and is willing to surrender, it is inconvenient to obey. North Korea has always been foreign countries, and Zheng Jing is a Chinese person. If you live in Taiwan and cannot shave your hair, you will surrender to the truth and what is the basis for it? ”[68] “The Taiwanese thieves are all from Fujian and cannot be compared with Ryukyu and Goryeo. "[69] In Emperor Kangxi's mind, Taiwan and North Korea are obviously different from China and abroad. Taiwan is not a foreign country like North Korea and Ryukyu. Zheng Jing was originally a Chinese. If he wanted to express his sincerity to surrender, he had to "shave his hair", that is, follow the system and culture of the Qing Dynasty representing China. Regarding this, Emperor Kangxi was unambiguous. From the historical fact that Emperor Kangxi repeatedly refused Taiwan's Zheng family to "according to the Korean examples", it can be seen that the bottom line of his policy of responsiveness to Taiwan is national unity, which means to include Taiwan in a unified way. After quelling the "Three Feudal Rebellion", Emperor Kangxi believed that: "Today, all the rest have been flattened, and the rest are in the sea. "[70] The "area on the sea" that Emperor Kangxi cares about is Taiwan. Shi Lang successfully conquered Taiwan, and Emperor Kangxi promoted Shi Lang to a title, which was very content. It is said: "Since the Ming Dynasty, the enemy has been punished and destroyed, and it has been lying on the coast and remote borders, and it has been peaceful and peaceful. "[71] Pacifying Taiwan to make the southeastern seas peaceful, this is an important step for Emperor Kangxi to complete national reunification, and it is also an unparalleled achievement he is proud of.

After Kangxi unified Taiwan, due to differences in his understanding of Taiwan's status, there was a dispute over the issue of Taiwan's abandonment within the Qing government. The main general of the platform, Shi Lang, submitted a memorial to the interests of Taiwan's abandonment and resolutely advocated retaining Taiwan. Shi Lang believed that Taiwan's strategic position was very important. "Taiwan is connected to Wuhui in the north and to Guangdong Jiao in the south, extending for thousands of miles, with steep mountains and rivers and winding harbors, which is the left protection of the four provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong." He advocated that Taiwan must not be abandoned and must be adhered to. It is said that "the situation in the world must be fully qualified." Although Taiwan belongs to an outer island, it is actually the key to the four provinces.Don’t say that if you cultivate in that place, you can buy less soldiers and eat, so you should keep it. Even if it is a barren land, you must use the mainland to redeem your fortune, and it will be absolutely impossible to abandon it. ...If you abandon it, you will inevitably lead to a disaster, and if you stay, you will always be in the border area. ”[72] Therefore, Emperor Kangxi decisively took Taiwan back to the Qing Dynasty territory and established one prefecture and three counties in Taiwan: Taiwan prefecture , which was under Taiwan County, Fengshan County and Zhuluo County. It was divided by the Taiwan Military Bureau and was under Fujian Province. Taiwan established prefecture and county, and was then included in the jurisdiction of the Central Qing Dynasty government and , accelerating the process of Taiwan's journey from border to internalization. During the Kangxi period, the northeast, northwest and southwest borders of China were the places where Emperor Kangxi fought for many years, and the southeast coast centered on Taiwan was also the area where he managed it with great care. In the long-term peace era, Emperor Kangxi did not forget to think about the Taiwan issue. He often said to his ministers: "Today, there have been peace, and there have been fewer ministers in the past battles, and those who know the methods of naval battles are rare, and Taiwan will be aware of it in the future. Taiwan is difficult to regain if it loses. ”[73]”I think about the place of Taiwan and Penghu, which has a great relationship. ”[74]”It is like Taiwan and South Australia, and people think it is lonely and irrelevant. If you are satisfied with your own place, the thieves in Fujian and Guangdong will have no place to live, and the bandits are indifferent. "[75] It was during the process of managing Taiwan that Emperor Kangxi gradually developed the concept of sea border. In his edict, it can be seen that the term "mainland of sea border" [76] was called Taiwan. Obviously, in the mind of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan had become an important strategic base for China's southeastern coastal areas. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, the Qing government's governance of Taiwan was closely related to the construction of "mainland". In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), the inspector of Taiwan censor Wu Dali and others reported: "The mistakes of Taiwan's civil affairs are all due to the proper adjustment of local officials, so that they can benefit the sea border. ”[77] In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), an imperial edict on the replacement of Taiwan squad soldiers said: “Taiwanese flood prevention soldiers are sent to replace them by the mainland, and the generals and officers of the battalion often refuse to send out those who are diligent, honest and capable in the camp. Therefore, the soldiers do not abide by the constraints and cause troubles more easily. This is a kind of accumulated problems in history, and I know very well. Later, Taiwan will change its squads, and the officers will be sent to the officers who are diligent and cautious. If the officers come to the scene, they may find out, or be involved in the official stationed in Taiwan, the officers will be sent to the officers. In this way, the troops sent by each battalion did not dare to be responsible, and the seashore would benefit from flood prevention. ”[78] In the first year of Qianlong (1736), the governor of Zhejiang and Fujian Hao Yulin reported: "But Taiwan is alone in the sea surface, and it is a barrier in various provinces such as Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang and other provinces. The people are mixed, and the places are the most important. All civil and military personnel are in the right position. If they are not suitable for humans and land, they will not be competent. ”[79] Due to Taiwan’s important strategic position as a barrier in the southeastern provinces, the Qing government was particularly cautious when selecting officials to Taiwan after the establishment of a prefecture and county in Taiwan, in order to ensure the security of the southeastern sea border.

Because the Qing government implemented effective jurisdiction over Taiwan and long-term implementation of a relatively closed maritime ban policy in foreign trade, Taiwan’s functions as a pirate stronghold and a commercial transfer station have gradually lost. However, Taiwan’s important position in China’s coastal defense strategy has been continuously strengthened, which has been valued by those who have always paid attention to the safety of the sea border of . As Lan Dingyuan said: “Taiwan’s overseas natural hazards, governance and security are very important to the southeast of the country. The land is full of mountains and a thousand hectares of plains, and boats and oars travel around and connect with each other. Outside, Japan, Ryukyu, Luzon, Galaba, Siam, Annan, Western, and Netherlands, one reed can sail; inside, Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangnan, Shandong, , Liaoyang, , it is like living in the same house, living in neighboring places, connecting doors, and having no barriers, which is not like ordinary islands and counties. ”[80] In fact, after Kangxi unified Taiwan, the Qing government of the Qing Dynasty continued to strengthen its political and military jurisdiction over Taiwan, and gradually included Taiwan in the southeastern coastal national defense system. According to Professor Wang Hongbin's research, just like the coastal provinces and prefectures of China, the Fujian Taiwan Prefecture in the early Qing Dynasty not only strictly divided the internal and foreign countries in accordance with the imperial decree, clarified the water and land areas of the navy officers and soldiers, but also established a relatively strict patrol and post system.All islands and oceans near the islands where the Taiwan Prefecture and the Penghu Office are located (Taiwan Island and Penghu Island ) are classified into the inner ocean and are included in the common jurisdiction of civil and military officials; all islands and oceans far away from the islands where the Taiwan Prefecture and the Penghu Office are located (Taiwan Island and Penghu Island) are classified into the outer ocean, and naval officers and soldiers are responsible for patroling and observing. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Taiwan Strait had formed a "two vertical and eight horizontal" sea channel network. The jurisdiction of the Navy roughly includes all waters of the Taiwan Strait and internal and external ocean waters within the seaways around Taiwan Island. The Ryukyu Island and Qixingyan in the south of Taiwan, the Lanyu (Red Head Island) and Green Island (Huoshao Island) in the east, and the Chicken, Hua Vin Island, Mianhua Island, Diaoyutai in the north, as temporary ports for merchant ships, fishing boats, military ships or pirate ships and their ocean surfaces are important parts of the Taiwan sea route in the Qing Dynasty, and have been included in the scope of the Qing army naval commander patrol and control. [81] Taiwan and its surrounding affiliated islands were included in the effective defense zone of the Qing army's naval division, indicating that Taiwan's status as the gateway and barrier of China's southeastern sea border has been unprecedentedly strengthened.

3. Conclusion

To sum up, from the dual perspectives of East Asian waters and southeastern seas, it has a historical process of two-way evolution and interactive evolution for a long time.

First, from the perspective of world history, Taiwan is a pirate stronghold and an international trade transfer station in the East Asian waters. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the East Asian waters were first and foremost a stage for competition between various political and economic forces between China and Japan. Han maritime pirates, Japanese maritime merchants and Japanese pirates were once entrenched in Taiwan, and Taiwan was used as a commercial transshipment station between mainland China, Japan and Southeast Asia. After the opening of the new route, European power came from the east. Early colonial countries such as Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands had coveted Taiwan to varying degrees. In particular, the Dutch and the Spanish had temporarily occupied Taiwan's southern officials and northern chicken cages and tamsui as pirate-style trade strongholds, which strengthened Taiwan's status as an international trade transfer station in the East Asian waters, and expanded from trade between China, Japan and Southeast Asia to Europe and the Americas. At that time, Taiwan's role in the political and economic structure of East Asian waters was first shaped by the Han maritime pirate forces. The Dutch and Spanish, as maritime pirate forces with a Western colonialist country background, only strengthened this role and did not fundamentally change its nature.

Second, from the perspective of Chinese history, Taiwan is the gateway and screening of China's southeastern coastal areas. As early as the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the continuous invasion of Japanese pirates and the prosperity of the pirate forces in Fujian and Guangdong, the Ming Dynasty government also strengthened its defense and control over the southeast coastal areas, and included Taiwan within the scope of China's southeast coastal national defense zone, making Taiwan a forefront of China's southeast coastal areas. Subsequently, Zheng Chenggong drove the Netherlands to restore Taiwan, and the Zheng regime of the Ming Dynasty began to set up prefectures and counties in Taiwan to build and develop Taiwan, making Taiwan a key maritime base for the Southern Ming Dynasty and an important base for confrontation with the Qing Dynasty; Kangxi unified Taiwan, ended the confrontation between the Qing Dynasty and the Zheng regime of the Ming Dynasty, and continued to build and develop Taiwan in accordance with the regulations of the mainland, accelerating the process of Taiwan's internalization, and further strengthening Taiwan's strategic position as the gateway to China's southeastern coastal border and Pingfan.

Taiwan has had a relatively independent evolutionary historical process, whether it is a pirate stronghold and an international trade transfer station in the East Asian waters, or the portal and Pingfan of China's southeastern seas. Only during the reign of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially after Kangxi unified Taiwan, did Taiwan’s strategic position achieve a complex process of interactive evolution: completing the fundamental transformation from the pirate strongholds and international trade transfer stations in the East Asian waters to the portal and Pingfan in China’s southeastern seas.

Note

[1] Professor Ling Chunsheng , a Taiwanese scholar in Taiwan, proposed the concept of "Asian Mediterranean", and believed that: "The southeast and west coasts of the Asian Mediterranean are surrounded by circular islands, from north to south to west, there are Aleutian Arc, Qiandao Arc, Japanese Arc, Ryukyu Arc, Philippine Arc, and Moluga Arc. From Timor to Java to Sumatra, there is Andaman Arc to the north. The sea among these series of arc islands can be called the Asian Mediterranean in a broad sense.The Mediterranean in Europe is east-west and is divided into the East-West Mediterranean by Sicily . The Mediterranean in Asia is north-south, and Taiwan can be separated into the north-south Mediterranean. Sometimes we call it the Beiyang and the Nanyang. ” (See Ling Chunsheng: "Ancient Chinese Marine Culture and the Mediterranean Asian" (original published in "Overseas Journal" Volume 3, Issue 10, 1954), "Chinese Frontier Ethnicity and Pacific Rim Culture" Volume 1, Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Company 1979 edition, page 335) French scholar François Gippu published a monograph on "The Mediterranean of Asia". The so-called "The Mediterranean of Asia" is also known as the "East Asian Maritime Corridor" , This corridor starts from Vladivostok and south to Singapore , connecting the Sea of ​​Japan, the Yellow Sea, the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea and the Sea of ​​Cilibos (see [France] François Gipulu: "The Mediterranean Sea of ​​Asia: Commercial Ports and Trade Circles of China, Japan, Southeast Asia in the 13th and 21st Century", translated by Gong Huayan et al., Guangzhou, New Century Publishing House, 2014 edition, pages 1-2). Japanese scholar Yuhei Ogawa once wrote the Sea of ​​Japan and the Yellow Sea The sea and the East China Sea are commonly known as the "East Asia Mediterranean Sea", and proposed the concepts of "East Asia Mediterranean Economic Circle" and "East Asia Mediterranean Free Trade Circle" (see Ogawa Yuhei: "East Asia Mediterranean Economic Circle" and Intercity Economic Cooperation", "Northeast Asia Forum" 1997 Issue 4; "Possibility of the Formation of the Mediterranean Free Trade Circle in East Asia", "Northeast Asia Forum" Issue 4, 2000 Issue 4). Chinese mainland scholar Zhang Sheng also came from "East Asia Land" The Diaoyu Islands issue was analyzed from the perspective of the Chinese Sea. He called the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and its affiliated straits and the marginal inland seas the "East Asian Mediterranean" (see Zhang Sheng: "The Diaoyu Islands issue in the perspective of the "East Asian Mediterranean"", "Research on the War of Resistance Against Japan" Issue 3, 2015). In fact, whether it is the "Asian Mediterranean" or the "East Asian Mediterranean", the scope may be of size, but Taiwan's geographical location is very critical.

[2] After the Song Dynasty, there were two routes for Chinese naval ships to travel abroad: one was to go south from Fujian and Guangdong along the coastline of East Asia, through the Indochina Peninsula, through the "Western" wherever they passed through; the other was to cross the Taiwan Strait from mainland China, along the Taiwan Island, along the Philippine Islands and then south wherever they passed through, and the "Eastern" wherever they passed through. See Liu Yingsheng: "The Origin of "Eastern" and "Western"; Sea and Land: Research on East-West Exchange in the Middle Ages", Peking University Press, 2011 edition, pages 17-18.

[3] Important works on the activities of early Han forces in the Taiwan Strait and the competition for sea rights and trade in the Taiwan Strait before and after the arrival of Europeans in the east include: Lin Renchuan's "Private Maritime Trade in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties", East China Normal University Press 1987 edition; Yang Yanjie's "History of Taiwan based on the Times", Jiangxi People's Publishing House 1992 edition; Xu Xiaowang's "Research on the History of the Early Taiwan Strait", Haifeng Publishing House 2006 edition; Li Dexia , "Commercial Competition in East Asian Waters in the First Half of the 17th Century", Yunnan Fine Arts Press, 2009 edition; Chen Si, "Traditional Marine Culture and the Mainland" (Edited by Yang Guozhen, "Special Research on China's Marine Civilization" Volume 9), People's Publishing House, 2016 edition; Wang Tao, "The Rise and Fall of Pirates (Marine Merchants) in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Based on the Perspective of Global Economic Development", Social Sciences Documentation Press, 2016 edition. Important works on the study of Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Zheng's commerce activities in the Taiwan Strait region and at the time, are worth . Pay attention to . The three important academic seminars for Zheng Chenggong research held by Xiamen University : "Zheng Chenggong Research Papers" edited by Xiamen University History Department, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1965 edition; "Sequel to Zheng Chenggong Research Papers" edited by the academic group of Zheng Chenggong Research Academic Seminar, Fujian People's Publishing House 1984 edition; "Zheng Chenggong Research International Academic Conference" edited by the History Research Office of the Taiwan Institute of Xiamen University Collection of papers, Jiangxi People's Publishing House 1989 edition. Important personal research collections include: Chen Bisheng's "Research on Zheng Chenggong's History", Xiamen University Press 1995 edition, Jiuzhou Press 2000 edition; Deng Kongzhao's "Research on Zheng Chenggong and Ming Zheng's History", Taiwan Strait Press 2000 edition, its revised version "Zheng Chenggong and Ming Zheng in Taiwan", Xiamen University Press 2013 edition.The latest research paper is: Wang Chang's "Zheng Chenggong and East Asia's maritime power competition" (Volume 4 of "Special Research on China's Marine Civilization" edited by Yang Guozhen), People's Publishing House, 2016 edition. Important papers that clearly discuss Taiwan's status during the Ming and Qing dynasties include: He Bingzhong: "About Taiwan's status in the Far East in the 16th and 17th centuries and Zheng Chenggong's driving the Lotus into the Lotus and Taiwan", edited by Yang Guozhen, "A Collection of Papers on Yanping, Commemorating the 340th Anniversary of Zheng Chenggong's driving the Lotus into the Lotus and the Lotus into the Lotus", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2003 edition, pp. 11-29; Xu Xiaowang: "On Taiwan's Legal Status when Zheng Chenggong's recovery of Taiwan", Fujian Forum (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) 2012 Issue 10; Chen Kongli : "The Twenty-two Years of Kangxi: Historical Status of Taiwan", "Taiwan Research Journal" 1983 Issue 2.

[4] The first thing is worth noting is Fang Hao's research. Fang Hao's basic views that moved from the mainland to Taiwan in 1949 are similar to those of mainland scholars. His important works include: "Outline of the Early History of Taiwan", 1994 edition of Taiwan Student Book Company; "Selected Papers on Professor Fang Hao's Taiwan History", Taipei, Jieyou Publishing House 1999 edition. In the study of early Taiwan history, Cao Yonghe's views are quite representative. He was no different from mainland scholars in the early stage, and later advocated the study of "Taiwan Island History". The view of Taiwan's history has a clear turn and directly influenced the study of Taiwan history on the island. There are two important works: "Early History Research in Taiwan", Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Company 1979 edition; "Sequel to the Research on Early History of Taiwan", Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Company 2000 edition. Representative works related to the new generation of Taiwanese scholars include: Chen Zongren's "Jilong Mountain and Tamsui Ocean: Early Research on East Asian Seas and Taiwan (1400-1700)", Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Company, 2005 edition; Zheng Weizhong's "Taiwan Society in the Dutch Era - The Problems of Natural Law and the History of Civilization", Taipei, Qianwei Publishing Company, 2004 edition; Weng Jiayin's "Continuity Issues in the Continuity of Taiwan History in the Dutch Era", Taipei, Daoxiang Publishing Company, 2008 edition; Zhou Wanyao's "A Collection of Oceans and Colonial Taiwan", Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Company, 2012 edition.

[5] Japanese scholars Naojiro Murakami, Iwatoichi, and Takashi Nakamura were pioneers of Taiwan history research in the Dutch era. His representative papers were written by Naojiro Murakami and others, translated by Xu Xianyao, Yilan , Foguang Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2001 edition. In 1936, Iwashenyi published "Li Dankao, a Chinese man from Japan in the late Ming Dynasty", saying that Yan Siqi and Li Dan's deeds overlapped, and suspected that Yan Siqi's real existence in history, which caused debate in the academic community about whether Yan Siqi really had it. Takashi Nakamura's representative works are: "Research on Taiwan History in the Dutch Era" Volume 1 and 2, Wu Micha , Weng Jiayin and Xu Xianyao, Taipei, Daoxiang Publishing House 1997, 2002 edition. In addition, you can also refer to "Pirates in East Asian Waters and Taiwan" by Matsuura, translated by Bian Fengkui, Taipei, Boyang Culture Company in 2008. For the latest research, please refer to Masahi Haneda's "East India Company and the Ocean of Asia: How Multinational Companies Create a Two Hundred Years of Eurasia's Overall History", translated by Lin Qingchun, New Taipei, Eight Banners Cultural Company 2018 edition. Important works on related research by European scholars include: "The Chinese in Batavia and Sino-Dutch Trade" by Dutch scholar Leonard Blussé, translated by Zhuang Guotu, Guangxi People's Publishing House 1997 edition; Italian scholar Patrizia Carioti, translated by Zheng Chenggong, translated by Zhuang Guotu, Guangxi People's Publishing House 1997 edition; Belgian scholar Pol Heyns, translated by Zheng Wei, translated by Sowing Culture Company in 2002 edition; Spanish scholar José Eugenio Borao) wrote "The Spanish Experience in Taiwan (1626-1642): A Renaissance Aspiration and its Baroque Ending", translated by Nakao Eki, Taipei, Nantian Book Company, 2008 edition.Related research works by American scholars include: John R. Shepherd, "Governance and Political Economy of Taiwan's Frontier (1600-1800)" (1600-1993 English Edition), translated by Lin Weisheng et al., Taipei, National Taiwan University Press Center, 2016 edition; Emma Jinhua Teng, "Imaginary Geography of Taiwan: Chinese Colonial Tourism Writing and Imagery (1683-1895)" (2004 English Edition), translated by Yang Yating, Taipei, National Taiwan University Press Center, 2018 edition; Ouyang Tai (Tenio Andrade) "How Formosa became a Taiwan Prefecture? 》 (2006 English version), translated by Zheng Wei, Taipei, Yuanliu Publishing Company in 2007.

[6] See Masashi Haneda: "East India Company and the Ocean of Asia: How Multinational Companies Create a Two Hundred Years of Overall History of Eurasia" pp. 107-108.

[7] Li Guoxiang and Yang Chang, edited by: "Ming Dynasty Records Ushering from Fujian Taiwan Volume", Wuhan Publishing House 1993 edition, page 511.

[8] "For the atmosphere of the sea, you should be alerted to the defense of Yan Jingchen, begging for the sages to choose to be responsible for the actual results" (Fujian Governor Huang Chengxuan, submitted in August 44, Wanliu), edited by the editorial committee of the Taiwan Historical Materials Integration: "Compilation of Taiwan Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Taipei, Yuanliu Publishing Company, 2004 edition, 171 page.

[9] Tu Long: "Pingdong Fan Ji", compiled by Shen Yourong: "Minhai Gifts" ("Taiwan Literature Series" No. 56) Volume 2, Taiwan Datong Book Company 1987 edition, page 21.

[10] Chen Di: "The Record of the East", compiled by Shen Yourong: "Minhai Gifts" ("Taiwan Literature Series" No. 56) Volume 2, pages 26-27.

[11] Translated by Guo Hui: "Diary of Batavia City" Volume 1, Taipei, Taiwan Provincial Literature Commission 1989 reprint, page 49.

[12] "Letter to the Governor Kabentier" (December 12, 1624 at the Grand Secretary's Store), translated by Jiang Shusheng/Note: "Collected Letters of the Chief of the Netherlands Taiwan to the Governor Batavia (1), 1622-1626", Taipei, Nantian Book Company, 2007 edition, 144.

[13] Shi Lang: "Commentary on the Abandoned and Remained by Gong Chen" (December 22, 22nd year of the Kangxi reign), "Chronicles of Jinghai", annotated by Wang Duo in the whole school, Fujian People's Publishing House 1983 edition, pages 120-121.

[14] "On the Pirates of Fujian Province" [He Kai, Chongzhen (Speculation)], "Compilation of Taiwan Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Volume 1, pp. 438-439. Note: He Kai's commentary should be in the eighth year of Chongzhen. According to the "History of Ming Dynasty", "In the eighth year of Chongzhen, the minister of the Ministry of Justice He Kai and Chen Jinghai's strategy, saying: 'From Yuan Jin, Li Zhong, Yang Lu, Yang Ce, Zheng Zhilong, Li Kuiqi, Zhong Bin, and Liu Xiang, they have been in chaos one after another, and there is no peace in the sea every year. Now, if you want to calm the atmosphere of the enemy, you must ruin the cave. What is the cave? Taiwan is. Taiwan is outside Penghu Island, two days and nights away from Zhang and Quan, and the land is wide and fertile. At first, when the poor people arrived at the place, they regulated the benefits of fish and salt, but later they saw that the military was not powerful, and they often gathered and became thieves.'" (Zhang Tingyu et al.: "History of Ming Dynasty" Volume 323, Biography No. 211, Foreign Country 4, Chicken Closure, Zhonghua Book Company 1997 shrink-printed and combined edition, page 2145)

[15] See Lin Incheon: "Private Maritime Trade in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties" pp. 108-116; Xu Xiaowang: "A Study on the History of the Taiwan Straits" pp. 150-153, pp. 192-193; Xu Xiaowang: "Yuan Jin and Li Zhong, the Pirates who pioneered Taiwan before Zheng Zhilong - also on the dispute over Taiwan sovereignty between Zheng Chenggong and the Dutch", "Fujian-Taiwan Cultural Exchange" Issue 1, 2006; Chen Si: "Looking at the relationship between Yan Siqi and Li Dan and the Dutch colonists from various historical materials", "Taiwan Research Collection" Issue 5, 2017.

[16] Cheng Shaogang's translation note: "The Dutch in Formosa", Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Company, 2000 edition, pages 8 and 28.

[17] See Guo Hui's translation: "Diary of the City of Batavia", Volume 1, Preface, page 11.

[18] See Iwa Genesis 1: "A Catalog of Li Dan, a Chinese in Japan in the late Ming Dynasty", Naojiro Murakami et al. "Collected Papers on Taiwan History in the Dutch Era", translated by Xu Xianyao, pp. 75-77.

[19] Cheng Shaogang's translation note: "The Dutch in Shermosa", page 12.

[20] Quoted from Bao Xiaoou: "The Spanish Experience in Taiwan (1626-1642): A Renaissance Aspiration and its Baroque Ending", translated by Nagua, Taipei, Nantian Book Company, 2008 edition, page 35.

[21] Quoted from Bao Xiaoou: "The Spanish's Taiwan Experience (1626-1642): A Renaissance Aspiration and its Baroque Ending", page 232.

[22] See Bao Xiaoou: "The Spanish's Taiwan Experience (1626-1642): A Renaissance Aspiration and its Baroque Ending", page 347.

[23] Cheng Shaogang's translation note: "The Dutch in Formosa", pages 8-9.

[24] Cheng Shaogang's translation note: "The Dutch in Formosa", page 26.

[25] Cheng Shaogang's translation note: "The Dutch in Formosa", page 33.

[26] "A Preliminary Discussion on the Opening of Foreign bans" [Fu Yuanchu, Ministry of Works Director General, March 1, March 1, 2018, Chongzhen (Speculation)], "Compilation of Taiwan Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Volume 1, pp. 403-404. Note: Here, "Red-haired Fan" refers to the Dutch, "Luzon Flangji" refers to the Spanish in Manila, and the so-called "traitorous people" refer to the Han maritime forces.

[27] "Letter to Governor Gu En" (March 5, 1623 in Penghu), "Collected Letters from the Chief of the Netherlands Taiwan to the Governor Batavia (1), 1622-1626", page 34.

[28] "Letter to Governor Gu En" (September 26, 1623 in Penghu), "Collected Letters from the Chief of the Netherlands Taiwan to the Governor Batavia (1), 1622-1626", pp. 50-51.

[29] "Letter to Governor Kabentier" (January 25, 1624 in Penghu), "Collected Letters from the Chief of the Netherlands Taiwan to the Governor Batavia (1), 1622-1626", page 77.

[30] "Zhejiang's Governor Shi Weiqi's title book: Cut off the source of money and grain to break Zheng Jin" (Seventh day of the seventh month of the seventh year of the Kangxi reign), edited by China's First Historical Archives and Cross-Strait Publishing Exchange Center: "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 6, Jiuzhou Publishing House, 2009 edition, page 272-273.

[31] Translated by Guo Hui: "Diary of Batavia City" Volume 1, page 61.

[32] "Fujian Governor Zhu Yifeng Questions Book • Zheng Zhilong Voluntary Meritorious Services" (June 4, 16th, 125, "Compilation of Taiwan Archives of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 3, page 125.

[33] According to the latest research in the academic community, from the fourth year of the Tianqi revelation (1624) to the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), trade between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait went through three stages: starting, developing and declining. The ten years before the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635) were the period when the Ming Dynasty's maritime merchants led by Zheng Zhilong dominated the Taiwan Strait trade, and it was also the stage when Taiwan's re-export trade was just emerging. After the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635) to the time of the fall of the Ming Dynasty (1644), the Dutch East India Company gradually controlled the dominance of the Taiwan Strait trade. With the demise of the Ming Dynasty, the production of goods in mainland China decreased due to war, and the brief shrinkage of the Japanese market's demand for Chinese goods caused trade between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait to decline, and Taiwan's function as a re-export trading post was lost. See Huang Junling: "A New Exploration on the Issuance of Trade Dominance in the Taiwan Strait in the First Half of the 17th Century - Centered on the Re-export Trade in the Early Decade of the Netherlands' invasion of Taiwan", "World History" No. 5, 2016.

[34] Huang Zongxi: "The Origin and the End of the Name", edited by Zheng Chenggong Historical Investigation Research Group of Xiamen University: "Selected Historical Materials of Zheng Chenggong Recovery of Taiwan" (revised version), Fujian People's Publishing House 1982 edition, page 34.

[35] Jiang Shusheng's translation note: "Relan Chacheng Diary" Volume 3, Tainan City Government , 2004 edition, pages 204-205.

[36] Jiang Shusheng's translation note: "Relan Chacheng Diary" Volume 4, Tainan City Government 2011 edition, page 788-790.

[37] See Bao Xiaoou: "The Spanish's Taiwan Experience (1626-1642): A Renaissance Aspiration and its Baroque Ending" pp. 83-84, 214-215.

[38] "Letter to Governor Kabentier" (October 29, 1625 at the Grand Secretary's Store), "Collected Letters from the Dutch Taiwan Chief to the Governor Batavia (1), 1622-1626", pages 188-189.

[39] See Yang Yanjie: "History of Taiwan in the Holy Times", Jiangxi People's Publishing House 1992 edition, page 91; Bao Xiaoou: "The Spanish's Taiwan Experience (1626-1642): A Renaissance Aspiration and its Baroque Ending" page 167.

[40] See Zheng Weizhong: "Taiwan Society in the Dutch Era - The Problems of Natural Law and the History of Civilization", Taipei, Qianwei Publishing House, 2004 edition, 185, 308.

[41] Jiang Shusheng's translation note: "Relan Chacheng Diary" Volume 3, page 205.

[42] See Ouyang Tai: "How did Formosa become a Taiwan Prefecture? 》, translated by Zheng Wei, Taipei, Yuanliu Publishing Company, 2007 edition, page 22.

[43] See Wang Yuguo: "The Relationship between the Dutch and the Han Chinese Immigration in the Dutch Period", edited by Deng Kongzhao, "Research on Fujian and Guangdong Immigration in the Social and Historical Development of Taiwan", Xiamen University Press, 2011 edition, pages 115-129.

[44] See Chen Zhiping: "A Reexamination of the Relationship between Early Taiwan History and Mainland China", "Southeast Academics" No. 1, 2018.

[45] Li Guoxiang and Yang Chang, edited by: "Ming Dynasty Records Ushering from Fujian Taiwan Volume", pp. 495-496, 497.

[46] Li Yuzhong Editor/Translator Note: "Compilation of Historical Materials of Relations between Taiwan and Spain" Volume 1, Nantou, Taiwan Document Museum 2008 edition, 153-154 pages, 156-157, 165, 172 pages.

[47] Huang Fengxiang: "Jinghai Monument", Chen Di: "Q&A of the Zhoushi", compiled by Shen Yourong: "Minhai Gifts" ("Taiwan Literature Series" No. 56) Volume 1, page 11, volume 2, page 30.

[48] Chen Di: "Q&A of the Zhoushi", Tu Long: "Pingdong Fan Ji", compiled by Shen Yourong: "Minhai Gifts" ("Taiwan Literature Series" No. 56) Volume 2, pages 30 and 22.

[49] "Reporting the Ryukyu Ship to Fly" (Guardian Huang Chengxuan of Fujian, submitted in June of the 44th year of Wanli), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Volume 1, Pages 1 64, 165.

[50] "For the atmosphere of the sea, please beg the sages to choose the right to take action to ensure the effectiveness of the defense" (Fujian Governor Huang Chengxuan, submitted in August of the 44th year of Wanli), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Volume 1, 170-171 pages.

[51] "Reporting the Japanese Ship to Fly" [Fujian Governor Huang Chengxuan, August 45, 2018 (Speculation)], "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Volume 1, 181-184 pages.

[52] See Chen Xiaochong: "The sequel to Zhang Xiefei's Yunju historical materials on Taiwan", "Taiwan Research Journal" No. 1, 2006.

[53] Lan Dingyuan: "East Execution Volume 3: Copying the Military Taiwan Manager's Book", edited by Jiang Bingzhao and Wang Dian: "The Complete Works of Luzhou" Volume 2, Xiamen University Press 1995 edition, page 552.

[54] Jiang Shusheng's translation note: "Relan Chacheng Diary" Volume 1, Tainan City Government reprinted in 2011, page 3.

[55] Jiang Shusheng's translation note: "Relan Chacheng Diary" Volume 1, pages 15 and 18.

[56] Shi Lang: "Commentary on the Abandoned and Remained by Gong Chen" (December 22, 22nd year of the Kangxi reign), "Chronicles of Jinghai", pp. 120-121.

[57] Huang Zongxi: "The Origin and the End of the Name", "Selected Historical Materials of Zheng Chenggong's Recovery of Taiwan" (Revised Version), page 34.

[58] Jiang Shusheng's translation note: "Relan Chacheng Diary" Volume 4, pages 417, 418, 428.

[59] C.E.S.: "The Neglected Formosa", "Selected Historical Materials of Zheng Chenggong's Recovery of Taiwan" (revised version), pages 153, 154.

[60] The Dutch also clearly said to the Japanese: "Taiwanese land does not belong to the Japanese, but to the Chinese emperor." See Gan Weilin: "Taiwan occupied by the Dutch", "Selected historical materials for Zheng Chenggong's recovery of Taiwan" (revised version), page 95.

[61] C.E.S.: "The Neglected Formosa", "Selected Historical Materials of Zheng Chenggong's Recovery of Taiwan" (revised version), pages 142, 147.

[62] Zheng Chenggong: "Restoring Taiwan", "Selected Historical Materials of Zheng Chenggong's Restoring Taiwan" (revised version), page 1.

[63] Written by Yang Ying and edited by Chen Bisheng: "Annotation of the Records of the Old Kings", Fujian People's Publishing House 1981 edition, page 253.

[64] Written by Yang Ying and edited by Chen Bisheng: "Records of the Records of the Old Kings", page 254.

[65] See Chen Guoqiang: "Zheng Chenggong's Construction in Taiwan", "National Hero Zheng Chenggong", Xiamen University Press 1997 edition, pages 167-172.

[66] See Chen Kongli: "Revised version of Taiwan Immigration Society in the Qing Dynasty" (Revised version), Jiuzhou Publishing House, 2006 edition, page 93.

[67] Shi Lang: "Commentary on the Abandoned and Remained by Gong Chen" (December 22, 22nd year of the Kangxi reign), "Chronicles of Jinghai", page 121.

[68] "Imperial Imperial Pearl and others" (September 8, Kangxi), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 1, Volume 7, page 86.

[69] "Records of Emperor Shengzu Ren" (II) Volume 109, May 12th year of the 22nd year of Kangxi, "Records of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 5, Zhonghua Book Company 1985 photocopy, page 118. .

[70] "Nest Notes on Daily Life: Orders to the Money and Grain required to capture Taiwan will be distributed by Fujian" (7th July 19, 22nd year of the Kangxi reign), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 7, page 419.

[71] "Imperial Poetry and Essays: Order Shi Lang to be appointed as the title of General Jinghai to be the Marquis of the Emperor" (September 10, 22nd year of the Kangxi reign), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 8, pages 4-5.

[72] Shi Lang: "Commentary on the Abandoned and Remained by Gong Chen" (December 22, 22nd year of the Kangxi reign), "Chronicles of Jinghai", pages 120 and 123.

[73] Compiled by China's No. 3: " Kangxi's Daily Notes ", Volume 3, October 65, 10th day of the 45th year of Kangxi, Zhonghua Book Company 1984 edition, pages 2022-2023.

[74] "Records of Emperor Shengzu Ren" (III) Volume 252, November Jiachen of the 51st year of Kangxi, "Records of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 6, page 497.

[75] "Records of Emperor Shengzu Ren" (III) Volume 274, September Bingwu, 56th year of the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Volume 6 of "Records of the Qing Dynasty", page 691.

[76] "Records of Emperor Shengzu Ren" (III) Volume 295, October Bingxu, the 60th year of the Kangxi reign, "Records of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 6, page 864.

[77] "Memorials of the Inspection of Taiwan Censor Wu Dali and others: Responsible for the Debt of Yang Yujian, the Tongzhi of Taiwan Prefecture," (On the 6th day of the first year of Yongzheng), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 8, page 314.

[78] "Nest Notes on Daily Life: Order to Replace Taiwanese Soldiers and Generals Select those who are diligent and cautious to send them to" (On the 6th day of the 5th year of Yongzheng), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 10, page 156-157.

[79] "Memorial of Hao Yulin, Governor of Zhejiang and Fujian, Requesting to Order the New Taiwan General Ma Ji to be in charge of the system" (the sixth day of the first lunar month of the first year of Qianlong), "Compilation of Taiwan Archives in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Volume 11, page 378.

[80] Lan Dingyuan: "East Execution Volume 3: Copying the Military Taiwan Manager's Book", "Luzhou Complete Works", Volume 2, 551 pages.

[81] Wang Hongbin: "Translation of Taiwan's internal and foreign countries and the jurisdiction of the navy in the early Qing Dynasty - China's jurisdiction over the Diaoyu Islands", "Military History Research" No. 3, 2017.

*Author profile: Li Xizhu, male, researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

**Fund project: The phased results of the key project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on the Governance of Taiwan by Qing Government " (17AZS007).