" Jelancha Castle and the entire Formosa were lost, causing our citizens to suffer a lot of humiliation in this East India region, and also causing our boss and owner to suffer a great loss. I was completely bankrupt, and all my things were lost..." ("Mei Diary")
This is the last sigh of relief that Philip May, a Dutch engineer who was captured by Zheng Chenggong , left Taiwan on a Dutch East India Company ship.
1662 On February 1, 2016, the Dutch Governor to Taiwan, who was trapped in the castle of Geranzha, officially signed the surrender treaty drawn up by Zheng Chenggong and the Netherlands.
This officially announced the complete failure of the Dutch colonization of Taiwan, and also symbolized the struggle of the Guo family to restore Taiwan, and achieved the final victory after nearly a year of hard work.
1 On February 9, 2016, all the remaining Dutch left Taiwan on the East India Company ship, just 360 years have passed.
However, the Dutch surrender was not achieved overnight.
How did the Dutch quarrel over war and surrender a few days before the end of the war? How did they surrender "decently"? How many spoils did the Guo surnamed receive?
. The governor who resolutely does not surrender
1662 January 25, 201662 was an important day for the victory of the struggle for the resumption of Taiwan, because the Zheng army captured Utrecht Fort on that day.
This is a round fort standing next to of Relanzha City. It not only has the gateway defense line of Relanzha City, but also has a fierce firepower, which has caused Zheng Jun to suffer a lot of losses in the strong attack.
Finally, under the guidance of the Dutch "traitor" Hans, the Zheng army built three forts to encircle Utrecht Fort and mobilized 28 heavy artillery to bombard Utrecht.
According to the Dutch records, the Zheng army poured more than 2,500 shells that day, and the entire Utrecht Fort was bombed into pieces.
This means that the gateway to Relanzha City is open, and Zheng Jun can attack the castle anytime, anywhere, and it is only a matter of time before the castle is broken.
At this time, in the city of Gerlandzha, the Dutch Parliament headed by Governor Kuiyi, was holding a conference in a panic. The content of the meeting was simple but it was difficult to choose:
That is whether the next battle or surrender of the castle of Gerlandzha will be.
This review conference was held secretly. In addition to the members of the Dutch Parliament, some senior businessmen from East India Company were also invited, as well as senior officers in charge of commanding operations in the castle.
A total of 29 people attended the conference. This secret conference will determine the direction of the Dutch colonization of Taiwan. Whether the Dutch fights or surrenders or leaves or stays must be determined.
So the meeting broke out from the beginning of the meeting.
Because the Governor Kuiichi, who led the conference, firmly demanded to stick to the castle of Geranzha and asked the participants to give up the idea of surrender because he felt that the Dutch could hold on.
and lists four advantages that he believes the Dutch will win:
First, Zheng's army just consumed huge gunpowder to destroy Umbass, and there may not be enough gunpowder to attack Relanzhe;
Second, Zheng's army also suffered huge losses in the battle, so Zheng's army may not have the strength to attack Relanzhe ;
Third, reinforcements from Batavia immediately came;
Fourth, there is still sufficient food and gunpowder in the Relanzhe castle, and at least it can hold on for more than four or five months.
So Kuiyi set the tone for the conference to fight with the Zheng army to the end without compromise. For this reason, he expressed his willingness to defend the city himself, or lead troops to launch a surprise attack on the Zheng army outside the city to boost morale.
Of course, Kui Yi may not really want to fight to the end, but he must choose to fight to the end with Zheng Jun because he is the governor of the East India Company in Taiwan.
At that time, he will definitely be the person who signs the contract for refusal, and he will become the scapegoat for the Netherlands to lose Taiwan. It is difficult to guarantee that the East India Company will not settle the accounts in the fall.
In fact, Kuiyi himself is not popular within the East India Company. His relationship with many colleagues cannot be said to be very good, and he is basically irreconcilable.
Even Kaowu, the commander of the fleet who reinforced Relanz, could make the city feel inconsistent with the wind and rain, and Kaowu was so angry that he led the fleet back to Batavia.
and followed the situation and sued Kuiyi for losing the Prominent people to the city.
So Kuiyi actually didn't have the choice, and anyone could praise him for survival and surrender quickly. However, Kuiyi cannot give up resisting, otherwise he will definitely take the blame.
In fact, Kuiyi was sentenced to hang for signing surrender.
. The Dutch who was eager to surrender
Although he had definitely made a tone of resolute resistance, he also tried his best to incite the Zheng army to be unable to siege the city, and the Dutch would achieve the final victory.
But now Zheng Jun’s cannons are all in front of him, and no one will be blinded by Kuiyi’s passionate chicken soup. Everyone knows what the situation is now.
They didn't see the so-called reinforcements, but if they didn't surrender, the Zheng army would blow the city. Everyone was originally doing business and making money, and no one would make a decision to live and die with the castle.
Among the 29 members of the meeting, despite Kuiichi's strong call, only four of them agreed to resist to the end, and one of them was the officer guarding the city.
And the remaining 3 people are all businessmen, one of them has a more bizarre reason:
"The reason why agrees to attack is completely out of his despair. He said that everyone can die together so that they will not be punished ." ("Negated Formosa")
He simply thought of going with Kuiichi.
But this obviously cannot move other Dutch people who want to survive, so the rest chose to surrender and refuted the four major advantages of Kiichi's resistance to the end.
is the first problem of gunpowder, because the two sides are still in the war, and there are no detailed works and internal responses of the Dutch in the Zheng army, so it is impossible to judge how much gunpowder the Zheng army still has.
Kuiyi said that the Zheng army lacked gunpowder;
The second is that the Zheng army was unable to attack the city. The Zheng army outside the city was several times that of the Dutch army in the city. The Zheng army always had the advantage of military strength; and the Zheng army's morale against attacking Relanzha was extremely high because of the capture of Utlizhi Fort.
In contrast, the Dutch defenders in the city had no fighting spirit.
" The soldiers are completely exhausted and cannot support them anymore. In fact, morale has gradually collapsed and they are unwilling to wait for the attack of the enemy they feared ." ("Negated Formosa")
is once again the problem of Batavian reinforcements.
Last year, the Kau U fleet had just arrived for reinforcements, but did not achieve any results; now you say that Batavia still has reinforcements, and it is known that the castle of Gerlandzha has been blocked. How did you know the reinforcements?
Not to mention that you made this reinforcement. Even if there are really reinforcements coming to reinforce, who can guarantee that they will defeat Zheng’s army?
Besides, reinforcements come at the right time? When reinforcements arrived from Batavia, the Dutch had long been in a different place.
Finally, there are indeed food, gunpowder and other substances in the city, but they cannot last for up to four or five months, and this has little effect on perseverance.
There may be still a slow reserve of materials today, and there will be nothing after the Zheng army's artillery fire will wash the floor tomorrow.
So the other participants asked Kuiyi to surrender quickly:
" If the fight continues, a terrible fate will come to everyone, and this persistence will not be beneficial to the company. " ("Negated Formosa")
The so-called "everyone's will is difficult to violate the will of everyone. In time, Kuiyi wanted to kill himself, and other Dutch senior officials did not want to accompany him to be buried. In the end, the parliament was an absolute advantage of 25 votes to 4 votes.
passed the resolution to surrender immediately to Jelancha.
Kuiichi, who was originally desperate because of Umbourg's loss, was even more depressed by the Council, but he could not change the Council's decision.
Finally agreed to submit a surrender document to Guoxingye, strive to conduct a surrender ceremony "decently", and negotiated with Guoxingye on the conditions for surrender.
0 Since January 27, 1662, the two sides have conducted repeated negotiations and struggles on the conditions for surrender formulated by the Relanzha Pradesh Council for five days.
Guo's surname finally accepted the text of the final surrender conditions formulated by Kuiyi on February 1, and the two sides stamped and signed the text on the treaty.
The Dutch finally announced his surrender and withdrew from Jelanzha.
. What did the Dutch take away from Taiwan?
Although the Dutch finally recaptured Taiwan by force, the Dutch did not surrender to him unconditionally. On the contrary, many of the surrender treaties guarantee the interests of the Dutch.
In layman's terms, the Dutch surrendered with conditions.
First of all, the Dutch can carry smuggled property. Article 3 of
reduction stipulates that since Jelanzha is far from Batavia's sea route, the Dutch should carry sufficient food and gunpowder when leaving;
grain is used to ensure diet on the road, and weapons such as muskets and artillery were used to defend themselves on the road. After all, Portugal, Britain and other robberies were also robbed along the road.
The property belonging to the Dutch East India Company was handed over to Guojieye for inspection and accepted in full. However, Guojieye and his subordinates could not take over or confiscate the personal material and property of the Dutch in the city.
should be inspected by Guoxingye and his subordinates, and allowed the Dutch to carry away without blocking them. Moreover, the Zheng army shall not intentionally destroy it during the transportation process;
Relanzhe comments on the Council and other officials, officers, soldiers, etc. can carry a certain amount of money to leave (the salary paid to them by the East India Company);
Guoxingye should return the Dutch ships captured in the war to them because they lack enough ships to leave Rlanzhe;
Before the Dutch completely left Rlanzhe, Guoxingye should ensure that they have sufficient supply of rice, flour and other crops, as well as cattle or other meat;
just can't starve them.
The second is that Zheng Jun released the Dutch prisoners.
As long as they are prisoners of war that are still in the hands of the Master Guo’s surname, whether they are soldiers or merchants, men or women, elderly or children, missionaries or slaves, and other personnel related to the Netherlands, the Master Guo’s surname must be released and sent back unconditionally.
Of course, the Dutch also had a lot of prisoners of war in their hands. In return, they would also send the Zheng army prisoners of war back. In fact, it was just exchanged between the two sides.
年0年吧官网站 In the early days of re-rest in , especially after forcing the landing of Prominic City, he captured or seized hundreds of Dutch people (the rumors said that he also took a Dutch woman as his concubine), including senior officials such as Mao Shi Dingnan, as well as engineer Philip May mentioned at the beginning.
has become the biggest bargaining chip in Guoxing's hands.
In the late period of the war, Dutch soldiers were constantly captured, and many Dutch soldiers took the initiative to surrender. The Kuomintang captured and seized the Dutch people in front and behind.
However, according to Philip May and others, the Guoxian treats Dutch prisoners of war moody, so most of the captured Dutch people were executed by him.
Only a few Dutch people are still living a life of silence. They are either transferred to Jinxia and other places to seize, or they are simply sold to the mountain people as slaves.
Like engineer Philip May, who has a skill and has very few people who survived to the end, so the master surnamed Guo actually did not have many prisoners of war in his hands.
It was only after signing the contract that the Dutch learned from Philip May:
" Now we really know that our compatriots were tragically killed by the Guoxian in Formosa. " (" Gelanzha City Log ")
Finally, we guarantee the decentness of the Dutch when surrendered.
When the Dutch surrendered and left the city, they should not lose their armor but be fully armed. The Dutch soldiers' co-rope gun must be lit.
Not only should the Dutch flags be fluttered inside and outside the city, but the Dutch also had to leave and board the ship with drums and drums, and also fired cannons to show solemnity .
Before the Dutch completely left Rarangzhe, the city could only fly a white flag at most, and Zheng Chenggong's flag was not allowed to be hung. Zheng army could replace the flag after the Dutch retreated.
The most excessive thing is to show the sincerity of the Master Guo. Before the Dutch completely left Relanzhe, the Master Guo should send two senior civil and military officials into the city to act as hostages of the Dutch.
If the Guoxian Ye fails to fulfill the treaty in the middle or things change, the Dutch will kill them to show their struggle to the end.
The Dutch recorded the Zheng Jun officials who acted as hostages, but it was difficult to translate because it was Dutch , so it was impossible to clearly verify who acted as hostages.
However, the grade should not be too low. It should be second only to Ma Xin and Yang Chaodong. Anyway, it has given enough face to the Dutch.
As planned, the Dutch should have evacuated from Jelan Cha on February 2, but because of strong winds, they could not go to sea, so they did not completely leave the castle until February 9.
and handed over the key to the castle to the receiving Zheng Jun officials, leaving Taiwan, which they had colonized for 38 years, by boat. The "Relan Cha Cha Diary", which has been "serialized" for 33 years and has never stopped, also completely stopped writing and "revising" on February 9, 1662.
(One person's opinion, seek common ground while reserving differences, thank you for reading)
